The Cold War 1945-1990US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Semester Test Questions over Cold War

• 1. Understand the causes, effects, goals and major events of the Cold War.

2. Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Korean Conflict.

3. Understand the causes, effects and major events of the Vietnam Conflict.

Definition

• A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945-1990.

• Spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Discussion

Communism vs. Democracy

Socialism vs. Capitalism

Discuss History of the Soviet Union

Lenin Dies-1924

Stalin Takes Over-1927

Democracy vs. Communism

Capitalism vs Socialism

Causes of the Cold War

• Different political systems-US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom-USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control

• The Red Scare-1919• Both thought their system was better and

distrusted the others intentions• Stalin despised capitalism

Causes of Cold War

• Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta Conference

• American fear of a communist attack(Red Scare) and USSR’s fear of a US attack

• USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb• USSR’s actions in their German zone • USSR’s goal to spread communism around the

world• This feeling of suspicion lead to mutual distrust

and this did a great deal to deepen the Cold War

Stalin and Hitler

Yalta Conference Feb 1945

Yalta ConferenceFeb 1945

• Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

1. The establishment of the United Nations.

2. Germany to be divided into four zones.

3. Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.

4. Russia promised to join the war against Japan.

• The “West”

• The “East”

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US

• Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression

• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa

• Stop the spread of communism– Policy of Containment

Post WWII/Cold War Goals for the USSR

• Wanted to create greater security for itself

-lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges

-feared a strong Germany• Establish defensible borders• Encourage friendly governments on its borders

• Spread communism around the world

Key Term Project-20 Points

• Book definition(5)

• Student Friendly definition(5)

• Two pictures or one under three minute video(5)

• One political cartoon(5)

Key Terms

• Iron Curtain Speech

• Domino Theory(Effect)

• Policy of Containment

• Truman Doctrine

• Marshall Plan

• Brinkmanship

• Massive retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction

• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

• CIA vs. KGB

• Peaceful coexistence

• De-Stalinization

• Detente

• Perestroika

• Glasnost

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963

• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(Treaty)-1972

• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 1972

• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996

• Missile Defense System

Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech1946

• “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.”

Domino Effect-Eisenhower-1954

Policy of Containment-1946

Truman Doctrine• In 1947, the British were

helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas.

• They appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine.

• Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists.

•

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan• In 1947, US Secretary of State

Marshall announced the Marshall Plan.

• This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war.

• There were two motives for this: – Helping Europe to recover

economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry.

– A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism.

Marshall Plan

Brinkmanship-1950’s-1960’s

Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterrence/Mutual Assured Destruction

NATO• In 1949 the Western nations formed the

North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia

• NATO was a defensive alliance

• This was the first peacetime alliance in US History

• It consisted of:-America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy

– Still around today and has expanded

Warsaw Pact-1955-1991

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

NATO Today

CIA vs KGB

• Central Intelligence Agency-1947-Present

• Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti

–Committee for State Security–1954-1991

Stalin Dies-1953

Nikita Khrushchev-1953-1964

Peaceful Co-existence-After 1953

De-Stalinization-After 1953

Détente-1970’s

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR-1985

Perestroika and Glasnost-1985• Video• Perestroika-Restructuring

of the Soviet economy and political system– More democracy

– Free elections

• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people – Free speech and press

Nuclear Powers of the World

• Can you name them?

• How many nuclear missiles would it take to blow up the Earth?

• United States-1945

• Russia-1949

• United Kingdom-1952

• France-1960

• China-1964

• India-1974

• Pakistan-1998

• North Korea-2006

• Israel-??

• Iran-Developing?–New Deal Struck(4-

2-15)–Maybe Not(4-9-15)

Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963

–Underground nuclear testing

• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1968– More on next slide

• SALT I Treaty-1972-More on future slides

JFK Signing Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963

“As I Was Saying, a Test Ban Agreement Might Have Resulted in a Fatal Gap”

• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1970–“Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons

and weapons technology” –“Promote cooperation in the peaceful

uses of nuclear energy” –“Further the goal of achieving nuclear

disarmament and general and complete disarmament”

Anti-Ballistic Missile -1972-US/USSR

–Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched

– In the 1980’s, President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI)

–US withdraws in 2002 under George W. Bush

• Withdrew due to missile defense system

The Ballistic Missile Defense System-Missile Defense Agency

• Program is designed to counter any nuclear missile attack on the US or allies

• Video

SALT I TREATY-US/USSR-1972

• SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels

• Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).

RICHARD NIXONPresident of the United States of America

L.I. BREZHNEVGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

• SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress – Due to Soviet Union’s invasion of

Afghanistan in 1979

• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996

–Signed by President Bill Clinton

–Not ratified by the Senate

–Why? Senate reasoning:

–“A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of America’s existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee treaty compliance by all countries.”

• International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)-1957

INF Treaty-1987

• Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (300-3,400 miles).

• USSR and US

The START Treaties

• Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

• START I(1991)• Largest and most complex arms control treaty

in history

• Resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence

• The START I treaty expired in 2009

START I-1991

SORT-2003

• Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty

• Between US and Russia

• Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons was to be cut in half by 2012.

• The goal was achieved in 2007 for US

• Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took it’s place

New START-2011

• Signed by President Obama and former Russian President Medvedev

• The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half

• A new inspection and verification system will be established

• Lasts until 2021

United Nations

• Bright Blue-1945 original members• Dark Blue-1946-1959• Bright Green-1960-1989• Dark Green-1990-present

1948 Election Truman vs. Dewey

• •

1948 Election

The Berlin Crisis-(June 1948-May 1949)

•

• In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's(US,France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to Marshal Aid.

• The west wanted the east to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.

• In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector.

• Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission.

• The West responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive.

• In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

Alger Hiss Trial

Alger Hiss Trial• In 1948, Alger Hiss was accused of being

a member of a Communist cell whose purpose had been to infiltrate the U.S. government

• Hiss vigorously maintained innocence. • In 1949, the trial ended with a

deadlocked jury- 8-4 in favor of conviction.

• The second trial began on later in 1949, and ended two months later in early 1950,

• The new jury found Hiss guilty

• Hiss' conviction was later upheld by the Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court.

• Hiss served five years in prison.• In 1992, a former Soviet intelligence

officer said that Hiss was not a Soviet spy, but rather a victim of Cold War hysteria.

East and West Germany

•

USSR’s First Atomic Test

Chiang Kai Shek vs. Mao Zedong

Senator Joe McCarthy

•

McCarthyism• Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a

Republican Senator from Wisconsin

• In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department

• No one in the press actually saw the names on the list, but McCarthy's announcement made national news and caused panic throughout the country

• McCarthy became one of the most powerful people in the US

Supporters of McCarthy

1. Republicans

2. Catholics

3. Conservative Protestants

4. Blue-collar workers

5. Joseph and Robert Kennedy

McCarthy’s Downfall

• In the spring of 1954, McCarthy charged the US Army had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist.

• For the first time, television broadcast allowed the general public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a misguided scam.

• In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges.

• McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.• The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-

Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by association.

US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952

• 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb

• Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

1952 Eisenhower vs. Stevenson

1952 Presidential Election

1956 Eisenhower vs. Stevenson

1956 Election

USSR Launches Sputnik

Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

Francis Gary Powers Shot Down in USSR

Eisenhower Embarrassment

• Khrushchev:

• “I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well… and now just look how many silly things [the Americans]” have said.

1960 Election Kennedy vs. Nixon

First Televised Debate

1960 Election Map

Yuri Gagarin

Berlin Wall-1961

Why was the Wall Built?

• What did the USSR want?

• Video

Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs

Bay of Pigs

• What was it?

• What were the results?

• How did it hurt President Kennedy?

Cuban Missile Crisis

Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

Thirteen Days

• Be able to describe what happened in the crisis.

• Be able to describe the different choices that Kennedy had to choose from in dealing with this threat.

• Be able to explain the compromise that was reached to end the crisis.

• Be able to explain how this crisis was an example of brinkmanship.

JFK Killed, Johnson President

• •

1964 Election Johnson vs. Goldwater

Leonid Brezhnev

1968 Election Nixon vs. Humphreyvs. Wallace

Kent St. Massacre

• The Kent State Massacre occurred at Kent State University in the Kent, Ohio on May 4, 1970

• The incident was the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard

• The guardsmen fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others

• Some of the students who were shot had been protesting against the American invasion of Cambodia, which President Richard Nixon announced in a television address on April 30

• There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of colleges and high schools closed throughout the US due to a student strike of four million students

• The event further affected the negative public opinion over the role of the United States in the Vietnam War

Détente-1970’s

Nixon Visits China

Nixon Visits Moscow

Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev toasted United States President Richard Nixon in Moscow, marking the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty on May 26, 1972.

SALT I TREATY

• SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels

• Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).

• FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:RICHARD NIXONPresident of the United States of America

FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS:L.I. BREZHNEVGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

1972 Election Nixon vs. McGovern

• •

Watergate

Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward

Mark Felt-Deep Throat

Nixon Resigns, Ford is President

1976 Election Gerald Ford vs. Jimmy Carter

Russia Invades Afghanistan

1980 Election Jimmy Carter vs. Ronald Reagan

Yuri Andropov-USSR Leader-1982

SDI- “Star Wars”

How it Missile Defense System Works

• CNN.com - Pentagon: Missile defense test successful - March 16, 2002

Chernenko Takes Over in USSR

1984 Election Reagan vs. Mondale

Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR-1985

Perestroika and Glasnost-1985• Video• Perestroika-Restructuring

of the Soviet economy and political system– More democracy

– Free elections

• Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it’s people – Free speech and press

INF Treaty

1988 Election Bush vs. Dukakis

Berlin Wall Comes DownNov. 9, 1989

Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia

Discussion

• Why did the US win the Cold War?

• Why did the USSR lose the Cold War?

1. We had close ties with our Allies and the USSR didn’t.

2. China started siding with us after 1972.

3. The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US’s was flourishing.

1. Huge deficit

2. High inflation

3. Corruption

4. Social problems

5. Shortage of basic needs(food, housing)

4. The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan.

5. Gorbachev’s willingness for change and reform.1. glasnost and perestroika2. admitted Soviet mistakes3. took blame for the Cold War4. communist system had failed**5. allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted**

6. Arms Reduction Talks1. SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings

7. Soviet Mistakes

1. invasion of Afghanistan

2. ignoring social concerns

3. spent everything on military

Post-Cold War

• In the 1990’s, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place

• President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military

• 9-11 caught the US off guard

Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary Join NATO-1999

Putin New Leader in Russia-1999-2008 and 2012-??

Russia vs. Ukraine-2014-15

• Ukraine wanted to join the European Union but leader did not want to as he was Pro-Russia

• Ukrainian leader is forced out

• Russia moves troops in the Crimean Peninsula and annexes it after Crimean voters vote to approve annexation

• The United Nations declares this act by Russia as illegal

We Didn’t Start the Fire