The Cold War:

1947-1990’s

The Cold War:

1947-1990’s

What were the

issues?

What were the

issues?

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8s

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhTWH1kvIOk&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhGsBGK-ucg&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP-2L3jnxFY

Part I – Tensions Build

STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS

• Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany

• This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference

In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and

capitalism were incompatible – and another

war was inevitable

U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

• Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets”

• In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment

• Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

Marshall Plan aid sent to

European countries

SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY

• At the end of the war, Germany was divided among the Allies into four zones for the purpose of occupation

• The U.S, France, and Great Britain decided to combine their 3 zones into one zone – West Germany, or the federal Republic of Germany

• The U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany, or the German Democratic Republic

• Now the superpowers were occupying an area right next to each other – problems were bound to occur

BERLIN AIRLIFT – 1948

• When the Soviets attempted to block the three Western powers from access to Berlin in 1948, the 2.1 million residents of West Berlin had only enough food for five weeks, resulting in a dire situation

Like the whole of Germany, the city of Berlin was divided

into four zones

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Part 2- The Cold War Heats UP

1- China

• Two decades struggled against communism (US support $3 Billion)

• Mao Zedong’s Communist Party Strong (Civil War)

• People Republic of China established

KOREAN WAR• Japan had taken over

Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945

• As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets

• Japanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered to the Americans

• As in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea)

Soviet controlled

U.S. controlled

Cold War Fallout in United States

• 80,000 Americans had joined communist party during WWII

• Spy cases develop

• 500 actors, directors, writers, producers, were blacklisted

• McCarthy Launches Witch Hunts to fight against Communism

- Accused 205 state department members of being communist

Other Cold War Conflicts

Latin America

-Guatemala- Cuba

Middle East

Europe

- Hungry

Asia- Vietnam

Part II:“European

Union”

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1.1. 1947 1947 GGeneral eneral AAgreement on greement on TTariffsariffs and and TTrade [GATT]rade [GATT]

23 nations.23 nations.

Became the foundation of Became the foundation of postwar global commerce.postwar global commerce.

It set up procedures to handle It set up procedures to handle commercial complaints.commercial complaints.

It provided a framework for It provided a framework for continuing negotiations continuing negotiations [“rounds”].[“rounds”].

By 1990, 99 nations were By 1990, 99 nations were participating.participating.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

2.2. 1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].

HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.

““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux Benelux nations, nations, France, Italy, France, Italy, W. Germany. W. Germany.

Placed their coal and steel Placed their coal and steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority.supranational authority.

Eliminated tariff duties Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and and quotas on coal and steel.steel.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy, Benelux.Benelux.

Created a larger free trade Created a larger free trade area, or customs union.area, or customs union.

Eliminate all trade barriers.Eliminate all trade barriers.

One common tariff with the One common tariff with the outside world.outside world.

Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor.labor.

Fall of Berlin Wall1989