the component of petroleum and petroleum products number in the tens of thousands-1 (1)sha

7/27/2019 The Component of Petroleum and Petroleum Products Number in the Tens of Thousands-1 (1)Sha

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ITRODUCTION

Petroleum ( petroleum, from Greek: (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)) naturally

occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geologic formations beneath

the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of

fuels. This liquid contains aliphatic hydrocarbons, or hydrocarbons

composed of nothing but hydrogen and carbon. The carbon atoms link

together in chains of different lengths. It turns out that hydrocarbon

molecules of different lengths have different properties and behaviors.

For example, a chain with just one carbon atom in it (CH4) is the lightest

chain, known as methane. Methane is a gas so light that it floats

like helium. As the chains get longer, they get heavier. The first four

chains CH4(methane), C2H6(ethane), C3H8(propane) and C4H10(butane)

are all gases, and they boil at -161, -88, -46 and -1 degrees F,

respectively (-107, -67, -43 and -18 degrees C). The chains up through

C18H32or so are all liquids at room temperature, and the chains above

C19are all solids at room temperature. The name petroleum covers

both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products

that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil-fuel, petroleum is formed

when large quantities of dead organisms,usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary

rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure .

Petroleum is refined to produce petrol and diesel. FractionalDistillation process is used on petroleum and at varioustemperatures, different by products are formed from it. Petrol anddiesel both are derived at varying temperatures during refining

process. Petrol is produced at temperature between 35 degrees to200 degrees while diesel is produced at a boiling point of 250-350degrees. After distillation, in order to use these byproducts ascommercially acceptable petrol and diesel, some blending withother elements has to be done. Petrol is produced first in thisprocess as it is produced at a lower temperature than diesel.


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The component of petroleum and petroleum productsnumber in the tens of thousands. They range in molecular weightfrom methane (16) to very large uncharacterized components withmolecular weight in the thousands. The toxicity of the components

varies immensely. Overall, the components of these mixtures haveonly two common properties: They are derived from petroleum andthey contain hydrocarbon functional groups (C-H). The morecommon functional categories of compounds found in petroleumproducts are n-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, andaromatic compounds. In certain mixtures there are other functionalcategories present (alkenes, mercaptans, porphorins, etc.). Theyprovide energy to heat our homes and places of work, fuel our

transportation systems and power manufacturing processes andtools, as well as providing a source for the numerous syntheticmaterials we take for granted in our lives. When they are used asintended, PHCs provide great benefits to society. However, whenreleased to the soil environment as raw feed stocks or refined fuelsor lubricants, problems can result. These include fire and explosionhazard, human and environmental toxicity, movement through soilto air or water, odour and impairment of soil processes such as

water retention and nutrient cycling.

Diesel Fuel:

Diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarilyparaffins including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatichydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes). Theaverage chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23,

ranging from approx. C10H20 to C15H28. Petrol consists ofhydrocarbons with between 5 and 12 carbon atoms per moleculebut then it is blended for various uses. Overall a typical petrolsample is predominantly a mixture of paraffins (alkanes),naphthenes (cycloalkanes), aromatics and olefins (alkenes). Theratios vary based on a variety of factors.


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Impacts on Animals and Human health :

Health effects from exposure to petroleum products vary

depending on the concentration of the substance and the length of

time that one is exposed. Breathing petroleum vapors can cause

nervous system effects (such as headache, nausea and dizziness)

and respiratory irritation. Very high exposure can cause coma and

death. Liquid petroleum products which come in contact with the

skin can cause irritation and some can be absorbed through the skin.

Chronic exposure to petroleum products may affect the nervous

system, blood and kidneys. Gasoline contains small amounts of

benzene, a known human carcinogen. Animals exposed to high

levels of some petroleum products have developed liver and kidney

tumors. Whether specific petroleum products can cause cancer in

humans is not known; however, there is evidence that

occupationally exposed people in the petroleum refining industry

have an increased risk of skin cancer and leukemia.

A spill that affects a home or business may affect the health ofpeople who live and work there. Thus, spill or leak should bestopped and cleaned up. Health complaints should be takenseriously.

Individuals who experience health problems that may be related toa petroleum spill should see their family physician or health careprovider. Some individuals are more sensitive to petroleum odorsand to the effects of exposure than others. The county healthdepartment or state health department may be able to helpprovide additional health information to affected individuals andtheir doctors.


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In situations where the indoor air environment has becomecontaminated to the extent that strong odors are present or airmonitoring indicates serious contamination, home owners,businesses, and tents may be advised to relocate until the cleanup

is completed. Generally, a DEC inspector or a county healthdepartment assessor determine whether relocation isrecommended. People, including residential tents who may not belegally responsible for the spill, can request relocation financialassistance from the Fund to cover reasonable expenses for lodgingand meals. The county health department should be contacted forrelocation assistance. Concerns about possible exposure via soil orwater contamination should also be directed to the county health

department (See attached list of county health departmentcontacts).

Environmental problems :

Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large

number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment

due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills.There are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and

sludge. In the United States, it has been estimated that contaminated site

treatment costs may approach 1.7 trillion dollars over the next 30 years.

Increasing industrialization and associated oil explorationhas resulted in vast quantities of petroleum contaminants beingreleased into the environment. Accidental spills from the petroleumindustry are one of the leading causes of soil and groundwater

pollution. Soils contaminated by petrochemicals can rapidly losetheir function and stability, with severe contamination eventsleading to considerable environmental deterioration and/or loss ofnatural and agricultural productivity.This is a reverse-chronological

list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s)


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that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude

oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons, or 7.33 barrels, or

1165liters. This calculation uses a median value of 0.858 for the specific

gravity of light crude oil; actual values can range from 0.816 to 0.893,

so the amounts shown below are inexact. They are also estimates,

because the actual volume of an oil spill is difficult to measure exactly.

Traditional remediation techniques involving physical (washing,

excavation) and/or chemical treatments are expensive and can be

environmentally destructive. For example, chemical treatment

technologies such as flushing soil with strong oxidisers or

surfactants can exceed costs as high as US$300 yard3 soil (US

EPA,2006). There is, therefore, a growing need to develop green

technologies that reduce both financial and environmental costs.

Bio-remediation, whereby enhanced microbial degradation of

contaminants occurs within the soil (rhizosphere), is one such

technology with great potential for mitigating the effects of organic

pollutants in surface soils. The remediation method, bio-augmentation, involving the introduction of microorganisms into

contaminated water or soil, is widely used for cleaning up

environments polluted with organic compounds, co-contaminated

with hydrocarbons and heavy metals, or polluted with heavy metals.

In bio-augmentation of petroleum-contaminated soil, hydrocarbon-

degrading bacteria are applied to polluted environments in order to

accelerate the degradation of toxic compounds. One of the mainproblems that limit the effectiveness of this process is very low

solubility and high hydrophobicity of oil pollutants. These

compounds strongly bind to soil particles, and thereby they are

poorly available for bacterial cells. Solution to this problem is the


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use of bio-surfactants or bio-surfactant producing microorganisms.

Bio-surfactants are a structurally diverse group of surface-active

substances produced by microorganisms that exhibit the ability to

reduce surface and interfacial tension. They may enhancehydrocarbon bioremediation by two mechanisms. The first includes

the increase the substrate availability for microorganisms, while the

second involves interaction with the cell surface, which increases

the hydrophobicity of the surface, allowing.

MATARIALS AND METHODS:

Glass wares:

All glass wares include conical flasks; petriplates, test

tubes and measuring cylinder were rinsed with tap water

and then deionized water.

Cleaning:

All the glass wares used in this experiment was

cleaned with teepol, a detergent. Finally rinsed with

deionized water.

Deionized water: obtained from deionizer plant (bhanu

aqua DM 600, BHANU scientific company).it is used

for cleaning and media preparation.

Chemicals:

All chemicals are obtained from either sigma-aldrich

or S.D fine-chemical ltd or Himedia or qualigens or

Emerck.


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Sterilization:

Sterilization was done by autoclaving at 121

:

Orbital shaker:

Centrifuge:

All isolates were centrifuged at 10,000rpm/10min for

emulsification test.

Pcr amplifier:

Agarose electrophoresis:

16:

Gas chromatography:

Reagents:

Include dichloromethane, sodium anhydrous sulfate.

Sample collection:

Three samples were collected from diesel oil

contaminated sites in Hyderabad.


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Enrichment of culture:

Mineral salt media with 5% diesel oil as sole carbon

and energy source of 50ml in each 100ml conical flask,

and 1g of soil sample was inoculated then incubated at

37c forthree days in orbital shaker.

Isolation:

Isolation was done with loop by the transfer of culture

from enriched flasks to petriplates.

Purification:

It is done by repeated streaking.

Characterization and identification:

SNo mor

the component of petroleum and petroleum products number in the tens of thousands-1 (1)sha

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