the current state of rotator cuff repairs llc, oberd,...

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2/7/2018 1 The Current State of Rotator Cuff Repairs Gerald R. Williams, Jr, MD John M. Fenlin, Jr, MD Professor of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Conflict of Interest Slide Royalties Depuy: shoulder arthroplasty DJO: shoulder arthroplasty Walters Kluwer: shoulder texts IMDS/Cleveland Clinic: arthroplasty Research: Tornier, Depuy, Synthasome Stock Ownership: Invivo therapeutics, CrossCurrent Business Analytics, LLC, OBERD, LLC, Force Therapeutics 1) Anatomy/Physiology/Pathogenesis 2) Rotator cuff repairprognostic factors 3) Surgical techniques 4) Rehabilitation 5) Results 6) Augmentation techniques 7) Irreparable cuff tear A. Partial repair B. Superior capsular reconstruction C. Transfers– lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi Agenda Anatomy Rotator cuff Supraspinatus outlet Anterior acromion CA ligament AC joint Anatomy Mochizuki T, Sugaya H, Uomizu M, et al. Humeral insertion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. New anatomical findings regarding the footprint of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:9629. Kato A, Nimura A, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki T, Sugaya H, Akita K. An anatomical study of the transverse part of the infraspinatus muscle that is closely related with the supraspinatus muscle. Surg Radiol Anat 2012;34:25765. Physiology

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2/7/2018

1

The Current State of Rotator Cuff Repairs

Gerald R. Williams, Jr, MD

John M. Fenlin, Jr, MD Professor of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

Conflict of Interest Slide

•Royalties• Depuy: shoulder arthroplasty

• DJO: shoulder arthroplasty

• Walters Kluwer: shoulder texts

• IMDS/Cleveland Clinic: arthroplasty

•Research: Tornier, Depuy, Synthasome

•Stock Ownership: In‐vivo therapeutics, CrossCurrent Business Analytics, LLC, OBERD, LLC, Force Therapeutics

1) Anatomy/Physiology/Pathogenesis

2) Rotator cuff repair‐ prognostic factors

3) Surgical techniques

4) Rehabilitation

5) Results

6) Augmentation techniques

7) Irreparable cuff tearA. Partial repairB. Superior capsular reconstructionC. Transfers– lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Agenda Anatomy

• Rotator cuff

• Supraspinatus outlet• Anterior acromion

• CA ligament

• AC joint

Anatomy

Mochizuki T, Sugaya H, Uomizu M, et al. Humeral insertion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. New anatomical findings regarding the footprint of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:962‐9.

Kato A, Nimura A, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki T, SugayaH, Akita K. An anatomical study of the transverse part of the infraspinatus muscle that is closely related with the supraspinatus muscle. Surg RadiolAnat 2012;34:257‐65.

Physiology

2/7/2018

2

Rotator Cuff and CA Arch

Arm

Deltoid

Physiology PathogenesisRotator Cuff Tears

Age

Impingement Trauma

Most cuff tears are the result of a combination of 3 factors

Pathogenesis‐‐ Age

Sher, et.al., JBJS 77A, 1995

Increasing cuff tears

Pathogenesis‐‐Impingement

Critical Shoulder Angle

Gerber C, et al. OrthopTraumatol Surg Res 2014;100:489‐94.

Bigliani LU, Ticker JB, Flatow EL, Soslowsky LJ, Mow VC. [Relationship of acromial architecture and diseases of the rotator cuff]. Orthopade1991;20:302‐9.

Cuff Repair– Prognostic Factors

• Patient age (> 70)

• Cuff tear size

• Chronicity

• Tendon quality

• Smoking

• Patient compliance/rehabilitation protocol

• Lag signs/proximal migration

• Workers compensation/litigation

Prognostic Factors– Size, Chronicity

• Poor prognosic factor (Fenlin, Goutallier, Gerber, others)

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Prognostic Factors‐‐ Chronicity

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time from Injury (weeks)

Rep

air

Ten

sio

n (

N)

Gimbel, J. A., S. Mehta, Williams, G, et al. (2004).

Surgical Techniques

• Open vs. Arthroscopic

• Single vs. double row

• Mobilization techniques (repair tension management)

• Anchorless repairs

Cuff Repair Principles

(Neer 1972)

• Open superior approach

• Subperiosteal anterior deltoid take‐down

• Coracoacromial ligament excision

• Anterior acromioplasty

• Cuff mobilization

• Cuff repair to bone through tunnels

• Early (immediate) passive motion

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Open vs. Arthroscopic Repair

• Less deltoid morbidity

• Less post‐operative pain

• Less subacromial scarring

• Better cuff mobilization/visualization

• Better patient acceptance

• Simple sutures

• Anchors vs. tunnels

• Cuff repair footprint• Surface area available for healing

• Double row may help

• Technically demanding‐‐may be volume dependent

Pot. Arthro. Adv. Pot. Arthro. Disadv.

Repair Techniques

Systematic ReviewSuture Bridge or Double row

(1 cm)

Transosseous or single anchor (1 cm)

Suture Bridge or Double row (5 cm)

Transosseous or single anchor

(5 cm)

Re-tear rate

7% 17% 41% 69%

•1252 repairs, 23 studies•No difference between arthroscopic, open, or mini‐open techniques

Duquin, T. R.; Buyea, C.; and Bisson, L. J.:. Am J Sports Med, 38(4): 835-41, 2010.

Arthroscopic Repair Techniques– Single vs. Double Row

Suture Bridge

Double Row

Single Row

Copyright © 2011 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees

George J. Trappey, MD and Gary M. Gartsman, MD

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow SurgeryVolume 20, Issue 2, Pages S14‐S19(March 2011)DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.12.001

Single vs. Double Row

Systematic Review

George J. Trappey, MD and Gary M. Gartsman, MD, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages S14‐S19 (March 2011)DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2010.12.001

Copyright © 2011 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees

Mobilization Techniques– Repair tension management

Burkhart, S. S., et al Arthroscopy, 12(3): 335-8, 1996.

Margin Convergence

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Traditional MobilizationArthroscopic Interval Slides 

Lo, I. K., and Burkhart, S. S.: Arthroscopy, 20(1): 22-33, 2004. Tauro, J. C.: Arthroscopy, 15(5): 527-30, 1999.

Large  U‐shaped Tear

Anchorless Repair Rehabilitation

• Neer (1972)– immediate, full, passive range of motion

• Reported high failure rates have lead to delayed rehab

• Must be individualized• Pre‐op stiffness

• Concommittent pathology

• Tear size and chronicity

Rehabilitation

Cross Sectional Area

Thomopoulos, S., G. R. Williams, et al. JOR (2003).

Organization

Material Properties

Structural Properties

Immobilization vs. Activity (rat model)

Rehabilitation

Immobilization vs. Loss of motion

• Injury and repair caused loss of motion

• Addition of immobilization transiently increased loss of motion

Sarver, J. J., C. D. Peltz, Williams G, et al. JSES(2008).

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Rehabilitation

Passive Motion may be detrimental

0

20

40

60

80

100

CA IM PM

RO

M (

% o

f p

re-

inju

ry)

*

*,†

0

20

40

60

80

100

CA IM PM

RO

M (

% o

f p

re-

inju

ry)

*

*,†

0

20

40

60

80

100

CA IM PM

RO

M (

% o

f p

re-

inju

ry)

ROM 2 weeks

*=sig from CA, †=sig from IM

• CA = cage activity

•IM = immobilization

•PM = passive motion

Sarver, J. J., C. D. Peltz, Williams G, et al. JSES(2008).

FE and ER at 1 year F/U

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Post-op FE Post-op ER

StiffNon Stiff

6 week ROM

Parsons BO, Gruson KI, Chen DD, Harrison AK, Gladstone J, Flatow EL. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2010;19:1034‐9.

Repair Integrity at 1 yr (MRI)

6 wk ROM Intact Cuff Retear

Stiff 7 3 70% intact

Good 12 21 36% intact

p=0.10

Overall 44% rate of intact repair at 1 year

Parsons BO, Gruson KI, Chen DD, Harrison AK, Gladstone J, Flatow EL. J Shoulder Elbow Surg

2010;19:1034‐9.

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Cuff Repair ResultsRepair Integrity

• 105 shoulders, avg 5 year f/u

• Supraspinatus‐‐ 20% recurrence

• Two tendons‐‐ 45% recurrence

• Three tendons‐‐ 65% recurrence

• Most patients satisfied‐‐ even with recurrent defect

• Function and satisfaction correlated with integrity

Harryman, et.al., JBJS 73A, 1991 Successful outcome in 54%

Labor‐intensive occupation

Mean ASES Score: 91 vs 69

Younger age, Work Comp, Lower Education

Distribution RCR + dermal patch

• Reinforced fascia lata patch

• greater ultimate load at Time 0 than nonaugmented repairs

• 2‐tendon tears

• 44 patients

• Mean 2 –year followup(minimum 1‐year)

• 85% healed with augmentation, 40% healed without augmentation

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Irreparable Tears

• Treatment options depend on level of function and presence or absence of arthritic change

• Choices• Partial repair

• Superior capsular reconstruction

• Transfers

• Reverse arthroplasty

Deciding on Treatment

Pain

Active Motion Loss

Weakness

Tendon TransferBiceps Tenotomy, Tuberoplasty

ReverseArthroplasty

• Age• Activity level• Work demands• Expectations

Superior Capsule Reconstruction

Partial Repair

Nonoperative

Superior Capsule Reconstruction

$

$

$

$$$$

$

$

$

$

$$$$

$

Tendon TransfersSpecific Indications

Pectoralis Major Transfer

Latissimus or lower trapezius Transfer

Reverse

Rotator Cuff Repair 

Conclusions• Rotator cuff tears multifactorial

• Age (senescence)

• Trauma

• Impingement?

• Cuff repair techniques should aim to improve healing rates

• Biologics will probably have a role

• Early repair of retracted tears desirable– especially in young patients

• Slow early rehab

• Management of irreparable tears difficult, especially in young patients

Thank You