The Digital Revolution

What is a COMPUTER?

• Different uses of COMPUTERS

Objective

• Explain the importance of computers

• Define the term computer

• Identify the components of a computer

• Explain why a computer is a powerful tool

• Differentiate among the various categories of software

• Explain the purpose of a network

• Discuss the uses of the Internet and the WWW

• Describe the categories of computers and their uses

Computer Literate: When you have knowledge and

understanding of computers and their uses.

Accept Data

Manipulate

Data

ProduceResults

Store the results

What is a COMPUTER?

Data vs. Information

$400.00$10.0040 HoursJuan Perez

SalaryRateHours WorkedName

DATA INFORMATION=

HARDWARE and SOFTWARE

// my first program in C++#include <iostream.h> int main ( )

{ cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; }

Hardware

Software

Hello World

INPUT: It is a data or instructions you enter into a computer.

OUTPUT: It is a data that has been processed into information.

DATA INFORMATION

It is an area in a computer that can hold data and

information for future use.STORAGE:

OUTPUT

OUTPUT

INP

UT

INP

UT

PROCESS

PROCESS

Information Processing CycleInformation Processing Cycle

Data vs. Information

$400.00$10.0040 HoursJuan Perez

SalaryRateHours WorkedName

DATA INFORMATION=

System Unit:

Chassis Motherboard

CPU

Central Processor Unit

Memory

Chips

Peripheral

Devices:Keyboard, mouse, microphone, monitor, printer, scanner,

digital camera, and PC camera

SystemBoard/MotherBoard: Largest and most complex component in a

computer.

Port: To

communicate to

external devices like

printer.

Expansion slot: An

expansion card, which

lets you add features

to a computer, plugs

into an expansion slot.

Memory Slot:

Memory

module which

holds memory

chips for

storing data.Cache Memory:

Stores recently

used data.

Processor socket: Holds

the CPU, which is the

main chip in a computer.

Chipset: is a

series of chips

that contains

instructions for

controlling the

movement of

data through the

system board.

Power connector:

is a socket on the

system board.

The system board

power cable

attaches to the

power connector.

Basic Input/Output

System (BIOS)

chip: controls the

transfer of data

between devices

attached to the

system board.

Cache Memory: is used to speed up the transfer of data by storing data the computer has recently used. Is faster and more expensive than main memory.

Buses: Carries data between components of the system board. (Speed from 100 to 400 MHz). Three common types of expansion bus: Industry Standard Architecture (ISA). Peripheral ComponentsInterconnect (PCI) and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).

Power Supply: changes the alternating current (AC) that comes from an electrical outlet to the direct (DC) current that a computer can use.

CPU: Central processing unit; processes instructions, performs calculations and manages the flow of info through the computer system.

The speed of the CPU is measured in MHz and the new ones in GHz.

Faster CPU Faster Computer

ProcessorsThe first computers used processors manufactured by Intel, which

is still the dominant processor manufacturer in the industry.

1995 Increased the speed of the PentiumPentium Pro

1993 This is where the numbering scheme was changed to a name. 80586 or 586 chip. This chip is 5 times faster than 486.

Pentium

1989 called “486”. Some still in use today. Added a math coprocessor and memory controller to the main processor chip.

80486

1985 called “286”. Also obsolete.80386

1985 called “286”. Obsolete now.80286

1979 used in the first IBM PCs8088

1978 used in the first PCs8086

More about Intel's…

Contains 2 arithmetic logic units and they operate faster.Pentium IV (…3GHz)

Designed for workstations and network servers.Pentium III Xeon

Provides features of the Pentium III but at a little slower speed. Less expensive than Pentium III.

Celeron (400 MHz..533 MHz)

Speeds up to 800 MHzPentium III (450 MHz..1000

MHz or 1G)

1997. Increased the speed and added MMX technology to the Pentium.Pentium II (233 MHz..400 MHz)

Increased the multimedia capabilities of the PentiumPentium with MMX

Activity:

1. New processors are introduced periodically. Visit Intel’s Web site at www.intel.com to find information about what products are recommended for consumers, what for businesses? Why?

2. Based on the evolution of processors. Name 6 new processors that came after Pentium IV and their speed or most important features.

Storage Device:

• Floppy Disk

• Zip Drive

• Hard Disk Drive

• CD-ROM Drive

• CD-RW Drive

• DVD-ROM Drive

• Media Cards

Storage holds data, instructions and

information for future use.

MEMORY STORAGE

Memory: Temporary stores data in a computer. The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory RAM.

SRAM:

DRAM:

RDRAM:

SDRAM:

Static RAM is effective and fast but expensive. It is used in

small amounts as cache memory. Issued in small amounts a

cache memory.

Dynamic RAM was the first used but is no longer used in new

computers.

Rambus DRAM new type of memory found in high

performance computers.

Synchronous DRAM most popular type of memory used in

newer computers.

Double Data Rate Random Access Memory - RAM that transfers

data on both 0-1 and 1-0 clock transitions, theoretically yielding

twice the data transfer rate of normal RAM or SDRAM.

DDRRAM:

Communication Devices:

• Modems

USING cables

telephone lines

satellites

Enable computer users to communicate and to exchange items such as data,

instructions, and information with another computer.

Why is a computer so powerful?

• Speed

• Reliability

• Accuracy

• Storage

• Communications

Advantages of Using Computers

Why is a computer so powerful?

Speed: Inside the system unit, operations occur through electronic circuits. When data, instructions and information flow along these circuits, they travel at close to the speed of light. This allows billions of operations to be carried out in a single second.

Reliability:The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of the components enables the computer to produce consistent result.

Accuracy: Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error free results, provide the data is entered correctly. Output depend on the accuracy of the input.

Storage: Storage enormous amount of data and make it available for processing any time it is needed. Using storage devices, the computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it and the store it again for future use.

Communications: Computers connected by communication devices can share stored data, instructions, and information.

Disadvantages of Using Computers

• Violation of Privacy

• Impact on Labor Force

• Health Risks

• Impact on Environment

Computer SoftwareSystem Software

Programs that control the

operations of the computer

and its devices.

• Operating System

Instructions that coordinate all activities among computer and hardware devices.

Instructions that allows you to run application software.

• Utility programs

Performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.

Application Software

Programs that perform specific

task for users.

• Packaged Software: is copyrighted retail software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users.

• Custom Software: Perform an specific functions based on a user’s request.

Categories of Computers

• Personal Computers

• Mobile Computers/Mobile Devices

• Midrange Servers

• Mainframes

• Supercomputers

• Embedded Computers

A computer’s size, speed, processing power, and price determine the category it best fits.

Categories of Computers

Personal Computers:PC and ApplePC: Desktop and Notebook

Mobile Computers:Notebook or LaptopTablet PCMobile Devices:

Handheld computerHandtop computerPDASmart PhoneSmart Watch

Midrange Servers: Servers that support several hundred and sometimes up to thousand connectedcomputers at the same time.

Mainframes: Store huge amount of data, instructions, and information. Can handle hundreds or thousands ofconnected computers.Examples: Companies like banks and airlines.

Supercomputers: Capable of processing more than 100 trillion instructions in a single second. Allow applicationsrequiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations.Examples: Large scale simulations and applications in medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, petroleum exploration use a

supercomputer.

Embedded Computer: Home automation devices and appliancesAutomobilesProcess controllers and roboticsComputer devices and office machines

Activities:

Start your browser and then enter the URLscsite.com/dc2002/ch1/learn.htm

Find the definitions using the previous site.

HOMEWORKFind out what spreadsheets, databases, graphics packages, and word processors are used for. List 2

examples for each. Imagine that a software company has manufactured four new programs, one of each of the above types. Give each program a

creative name that indicates what type of program it is.