the history and methods of cognitive psychology •why...
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The History and Methods of Cognitive Psychology
• Why look at the history of psychology?– Science as a process, not a set of answers– Borrowing and reinventing old ideas
• Movements in the psychology of cognition– Structuralists: 1870-1920– Behaviorists: 1920-1960– Cognitive psychology: 1956-present
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Structuralism/Introspectionism
• Methods– Anectdotes– Describe sensory experience
• Avoid “stimulus error”
– Stream of consciousness– Test self
• Ebbinghaus as a cross-over to scientific psychology
• Problems– Different people get different results– Cannot introspect on all processes– Introspections can be wrong
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IntrospectionismWilhelm Wundt
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Ebbinghaus: Tested self, but experimentally
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Introspections can be wrong• Unconscious influences on judgments
– Right-side preference
• Change-blindness: difficulty detecting obvious changesfrom one scene to another– And “Change-blindness blindness” - people don’t think that
they would have a hard time detecting obvious changes
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Behaviorism• Only care about behavior
– Don’t hypothesize internal events
• Stimulus-response (S-R) psychology• Align psychology with science• Empiricist
– Tabula rasa = blank slate– Empirical = uses experimental research methods
• Problems with behaviorism– Animals are not infinitely malleable, nor tabula rasas– Not just learning S-R combinations
• Tolman’s maze experiments• Learning by observing - don’t need reward
– Language
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Acquired taste aversion is very strongTaste-to-stomache-ache associations are easily built
Not all associations are equally learnable
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Learnlights->shocktaste->stomache ache
Don’t learnlights->stomache achetaste -> shock
There’s more toassociation than simplyreinforcement history
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Tolman’s cognitive maps
Food
Rat learns more than just the response (route)necessary to get reward
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Learning is possible even if not personally reinforced
Learning by observing (Thorndike, 1911)
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Noam Chomsky: Languagecannot be learned solely bylearning stimulus-responseassociations.
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Cognitive Psychology• Mental processes exist and can be studied• Need to give abstract, functional descriptions of behavior• Use rigorous empirical methods• Active processing
– Not just passive response to stimulus
• Understanding minds through decomposition– Flow charts
• Information processing and representation– Transformation of information– Representation = symbol that stands for something the real world– Computer metaphor
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Developing Functional Descriptions
ABCDEF
Input
ABCDEFF
Mirror
Duplicate?
Duplicate?
Add one?
Add flipped shape to left side?
Add flipped version of rightmost shape to left side?
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Flowcharts for breaking down cognition into pieces
Abstract description of the stages necessary for cognition,and how the stages are ordered and transfer information
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Response times for analyzing information processing