the human oral microflora
TRANSCRIPT
TITLE
DATE CLASS22-03-12 1ST YEAR B.D.S
THE HUMAN ORAL MICROFLORA
DR.ALI YALDRUM
Friday, March 23, 2012
Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture students should be able to
Describe what is Human Microflora, Oral Microflora
Describe the importance of relationship between host and
microflora
Describe the diverse ecosystem of Oral Microflora
Describe the relationship between Oral Health and General
Health
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WHAT IS NORMAL MICROFLORA
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‘is the aggregate of microorganism that reside on
the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva
and oral mucosa, in the conjuctiva, and in the
gastrointestinal tracts.’
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Microflora is a misnomer, Researchers prefer
“Microbiota”
In a healthy human, internal tissues are devoid of
microorganisms
Brain, Blood, Muscles etc
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human body contains an estimated up of 1014 cells
only 10% are mammalian cells
90% are resident microbiota
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so what is oral microflora?
the microflora existing in the oral cavity is called as
oral microflora.
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FUNCTIONS OF ORAL CAVITY
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COMMUNICATION
DIGESTIVE
SENSORY
GENERAL HEALTH
FIG.1
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ORAL MICROFLORA
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The presence of nutrients, epithelial debris and
secretions makes the mouth a favorable habitat for
a variety of microorganisms
Streptococcus
Actinomyces
Prevotella
Fusobacterium
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The oral cavity represents a unique environment
succession of different ecological situations with
age
corresponds with the changes in the composition
of normal flora
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CorynebacteriumS. mitisStaphylococcus
HaemophilusNeisseriaS. mitisS. pneumoniae
StreptococcusActinomycesFusobacteriumPorphyromonas
S. pyogenesS. salivarius
CandidaStreptococcus
FIG.2 SITE SPECIFICITY OF MICROBIAL ADHERENCE & COLONIZATION
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at birth the oral cavity is composed solely of the
soft tissues of the lips, cheeks, soft palate and
tongue.
kept moist by the salivary secretions
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other species of streptococci adhere strongly to
gums and soft tissues
with the creation of gingival crevice area increases
the habitat for the variety of anaerobic species
complexity continues to increase with time
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOST AND MICROFLORA
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does not have a passive relationship
Beneficial association
contributes directly and indirectly to the normal
development
physiology
nutrition
defense
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Microbial colonization of all environmentally
accessible surfaces begins at birth
Exposed to wide range of microorganisms
Each surface is suitable for colonization by a
proportion of these microbes
Acquisition, selection and natural development of
diverse but characteristic microflora
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Microbial flora exists in a harmonious relationship
with the host
if this relationship breaks down, disease can occur
in mouth this relationship is more prone to
breakdown than other parts of the body
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Breakdown is usually associated with
major changes to the biology of mouth from exogenous
sources
presence of the microorganisms at sites not normally
accessible to them
such microorganisms are termed as
‘opportunistic pathogens’
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Many oral microorganisms have capacity to
behave as opportunistic pathogens
Common clinical manifestations of oral microflora
imbalance are
Dental Caries
Periodontal diseases
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Dental Caries
‘is the dissolution of enamel or root surfaces
(demineralization) by acid produced primarily by
fermentation of carbohydrates in the diet by
bacteria colonizing the tooth surface (dental
plaque).’
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Periodontal diseases
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MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
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ENVIRONMENTAL
TRIGGER
SUSCEPTIBLE
HOST
KEY ORAL
MICROORGANISM
DISEASE
THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS THAT LEAD TO ORAL DISEASE.
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SALIVA
MICROFLORA
LIFESTYLE
HOST
DEFENSES
ORAL
MICROBIAL
ECOLOGY
INTER-RELATIONSHIPS THAT INFLUENCE THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF THE MOUTH
IN HEALTH & DISEASE
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THE ORAL MICROFLORA AND GENERAL HEALTH
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Newer evidence is accumulating suggests that
periodontal diseases have an impact on general
health.
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PRETERM LABOR
PRETERM LOW BIRTH
WEIGHT
DIABETES/ GLYCEMIC
CONTROL
ENTER BLOOD STREAM
TRANSIENT BACTERAEMIAS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
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RESERVOIR FOR
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
ASPIRATION OF THESE PATHOGENS
INTO LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
CAN LEAD TO SERIOUS LUNG
INFECTION
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
DETECTED IN DENTAL PLAQUE
LINKED WITH DEEP PERIODONTAL
POCKETS
CHRONIC GASTRITIS & STOMACH
ULCERS
(GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX)
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References
Philip D Marsh and Michael V Martin.”Introduction” in Oral Microbiology, 5th Edition. Churchil
Livingstone, 2009, pp 1-7.
Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology, Internet: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/normalflora.html
[Mar 3, 2012]
Fig 1. http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-51438295/stock-vector-oral-cavity.html
Fig 2. “Complex Communities” in Oral Microbiology at a Glance, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. pp 28.
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