The Industrial Revolution

Dawn of the Industrial Age(1750-1850)

• In 1750, most people made a living farming the land, and most goods were produced by hand in a domestic (home) setting.

• Travel was limited, and few people knew the world outside their village.

• By the 1850s, many small towns had become large industrial cities.

• Food and clothing were made by machines in a factory and were bought in stores in exchange for wages earned at a job.

• This is referred to as the rise of industry and the demise of “cottage industries”

The Agricultural Roots of the Industrial Revolution

• 1st Agricultural Revolution occurred 11,000 years ago when man first changed from hunter gathering to domesticating animals and farming.

_________________________• About 300 years ago, a

2nd Agricultural Revolution occurred that greatly improved the quality and quantity of agricultural products.

-Planting seeds and staying in one place and open range herding.

_________________________________

-Seed culture, enclosure, fertilizer

The Agricultural Roots of the Industrial Revolution (continued)

• The British (England) (1700s) – Enclosures-fencing in land-

more productive methods used to improve yields-displaced small farmers

– Crop rotation-replaced three field system

– Jethro Tull- the seed drill (better than scattering and wasting seed)

– Improved livestock breeding.

Population Explosion!!!

• As food supplies increased and living conditions improved population grew.

• Increased demand for food & goods.

• Many farmers who lost their land to enclosure became factory workers.

Why England?

• Large population and extensive natural resources!

• Industrialization-the process of developing machine production of goods-requires such resources

• Water power and coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors

Why England?

• Economic Strength and Political Stability• Capital to invest in new inventions• Highly developed banking system-loans• Military & Political success=positive attitude• Laws passed to protect business and help

them expand• Factors of Production=Land, Labor, and

Capital!

New Technology Drives The Industrial Revolution

• Energy Revolution– James Watt vastly

improves the steam engine (invented by Thomas Newcomen) which was key to the industrial revolution.

New Technology Drives The Industrial Revolution

• Textile industry first to be transformed

• Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water frame, spinning mule-ALL increased production

• Factories-production moves from homes to large buildings

• Cotton-Cotton gin increased cotton production

Textile Mills

Why England? (continued)• Transportation

– Turnpikes privately built roads that charged fees for use- “macadams”

– Steam powered locomotive invented by George Stephenson, and the first major railroad was built in 1830.

– The steamboat invented by Robert Fulton (USA) shipped goods on water at record speeds.

– By the late 1800s, coal powered freighters with iron hulls were hauling 10 to 20 times the cargo of wooden ships.

The Rest of the World Catches Up• Many places such as the new nation of

Germany (who united in 1871) and the US had greater amounts of natural resources than did England.

-Nickolaus Otto- first car-Karl Benz – first patent for car (3 wheels)-Gottleib Daimler- first four wheeled auto-Sam Morse – telegraph-Alexander Graham Bell – the phone

• They stole ideas from England and made them better

The New Technology(late 1800s- early 1900s)

• Alfred Nobel- dynamite (1866)

• Electricity- dynamo machine that generates electricity

• Henry Ford- assembly line to make cars (Model T)

• Wright Brothers –first airplane

Yeah, I blow stuff up.

New Economic Systems Flourish

• The spread of industrialism to Europe and the US accelerated the spread of colonialism and imperialism.

• New investors (capitalists and investors) invested money (and received stock) and time to build on the creative ideas (technology) of others (entrepreneurs) to make goods (supply) out of cheap goods (raw materials) obtained from overseas possessions (colonies in an empire) for those wage earners (labor) who had money to spend (demand) on goods they used (thus, they were consumers).

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• continued demand for slaves in the U.S.– Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased the need for people to

pick cotton

The Haves =bourgeoisie

• The entrepreneurs (Individuals who start a new business and risk their own $) who opened factories and shipping companies became very rich during the early industrial revolution.

The Have-Nots=Proletariat

• The people who worked in the factories for the entrepreneurs (the working class), were soul-crushingly poor.

Urbanization

• Urbanization: The movement of people to the cities

• The Industrial revolution brought rapid urbanization.

Causes of Urbanization

• Population explosion

• High demand for workers

Don’t Forget!

• The enclosure movement pushed people off the farms and into the cities

City Life

• Cities grew around factories

• These cities grew rapidly, without planning

• Working people lived in tenements in hellish slums

• The lack of planning meant that there was no sewage, running water, or sanitation system

No sanitation meant the streets were filled with trash

The crowded, filthy slums were a breeding ground for diseases such as cholera

Working Life in Factories

• Factory work was difficult and dangerous

• Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours

• If you complained, you were fired.

• If you got sick, you were fired.

• If you got hurt and could no longer work, you were fired.

Women at Work

• Factory owners hired women because they could pay them less

• Women with families worked 12 hours a day and were still expected to cook, clean, etc. when they finally got home.

Children at Work

• Families needed the income working children could provide.

• Children could be hired at very low wages

• Children worked in the same dangerous factories, for the same long hours

Child labor in the textile mills

Industrial pollution (London 1840s)

Poverty in the tenements

Workers respond to the awful conditions of their lives

• 1) Workers protested their conditions

• These protests were put down violently by the British government

Worker Response…continued• 2) Luddites: skilled

workers rejected the new machines that cost them their jobs by smashing them

Worker response…continued

• 3) Methodism: a new religious movement founded by John Wesley. Working people tried to focus on a better life to come rather than their lives on earth

New Ways of ThinkingNew Ways of Thinking

• The industrial revolution changed the way The industrial revolution changed the way people thought about everything from people thought about everything from economics to the way governments should economics to the way governments should work.work.

“Iron law of wages”

• English economist David Ricardo developed idea

• Believed that workers should only be paid enough to survive

• If they make more, they will only have more children and therefore become poor again or die off from starvation

• Leads to the idea that poverty is caused by character flaws in an individual

Rise of Socialism

• Critics of the Industrial Revolution began advocating for a more even distribution of the wealth and the benefits of industrialization

• Many were labeled utopians because ideas were impractical and impossible to implement

Robert Owen

Rise of Socialism

• Robert Owen set up an utopian system in his factories, creating an ideal working community

– workers worked less, children were taken care of while parents worked, productivity and profit increased

Socialism• Goals

• Factors of production owned by the public-operate for the welfare of all. Protect workers from greedy employers

• Government & Business:• Government should actively plan the

economy. Equality and end of poverty.

• Major Philosophers:• Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

• Big Downside:• More taxes and less freedom than

capitalism

Communism and Capitalism

• Karl Marx and Frederick Engels witness the horrors of industrialization

• Together they write the Communist Manifesto, the following chart outlines the major differences between communism and capitalism

Karl Marx

Communism• Major Philosophers:

– Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles (1848) write the Communist Manifesto and Das Capital

• Vocabulary:– Bourgeoisie – upper middle class factory

owners (abusers)– Proletariat – lower working class, factory

workers (abused)

• Government & Business:– Government controls all businesses and

provides for everyone.

• Note:– He believed that in the end the proletariat

would rise up and take the means of production and set up a “classless” society.

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Founders Adam Smith Karl Marx/Frederick Engels

Book Wealth of Nations

The Communist Manifesto

Communism and Capitalism

View on people

People become wealthy because they offer something – a product or service, that others wantEveryone has the opportunity to succeed

People should cooperate to obtain success, eliminating competitionEveryone should have an equal share of the available wealth/property

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

View of government

Government should not interfere with economy – laissez faire

Everything owned by governmentGovernment closely regulates economy (sets prices, etc.)

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Individual Freedom

People are free to choose their own careersFreedom of religionFreedom is more important than security

Government determines job placementReligion considered a burdenSacrifice freedom for security

Communism and Capitalism

Capitalism Communism

Social Conditions

Through hard work people can lift themselves out of poverty

Government ownership of the economy will end unemployment, poverty, hunger, and slave-like working conditions

Communism and Capitalism

Future of the World

Capitalism is the only efficient economic system

Capitalism is self-destructiveWorkers will eventually rise up in a violent revolution and take powerThe future of the world is communism

Legislation and Reform

• Early attempts to regulate factories lacked any real enforcement

• Unions-collective bargaining (negotiation between employers and employees)-strikes if demands not met.

• Unions were outlawed by the government in the early stages of industrialization because they would interfere with the natural order of the factories. After 1825, unions were “unhappily” tolerated.

Legislation and Reform

• Initial legislation only limited child labor• Kids could only work twelve-hour days and

it only affected the textile mills (excluded the mines, shipyards, match factories, etc.)

Legislation and Reform

• Factory Acts of 1833, 1842, and 1847– limited child labor– prohibited women and children in the mines– set the maximum number of hours for women

and children at ten

Benefits of Industrialism• Growing middle class

– Investment– Higher education and standard of living

• Health benefits– Longer life expectancy– Edward Jenner- discovers smallpox vaccination– Louis Pasteur- discovers bacteria, and how to eliminate it in

food

• Population increase• Britain and US outlaw slave trade, and eventually

slavery• Women’s movement (suffrage) begins to gain

momentum

Advances in Medicine

Above: smallpox victim

Top Right: Edward Jenner- the man who found a vaccine for smallpox (1796)

Bottom Right: Louis Pasteur- microbiologist who found a vaccine for rabies, and developed the pasteurization process (1865)