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ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO–CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL FROM

FIVE DIFFERENT ACCESSIONS OF GLORIOSA SUPERBA L

CULTIVATING AREA

J.A.PAUL JASMINE 1 , T. SUNDARI, 2 V. BALAKRISHNAN 1,3*

1Research Scholar, Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University,

Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, K.S.R. College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode-637 215 Tamil Nadu, India 3 Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Botany, Arignar Anna Government

Arts College, Sanyasikaradu, Namakkal – 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Gloriosa Superba L. is an important medicinal plant. The tuber and seeds

are commonly used for drug preparations in medicinal industries. In Tamilnadu, five

different locations were selected for the present investigation such as Sirumalai(GA1),

Mulanoor(GA2), Thuraiyur(GA3), Konganapuram(GA4) and Vedaranyam(GA5). The soil

properties influence the growth , development and accumulation of alkaloids in Gloriosa

Superba. L. Soil physico–chemical properties such as colour, PH, soil texture like sand ,

silt, clay percentages, EC level, soil peruse ability, organic matter, in-organic nutrient like

nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium zinc and lime status of the

soil were estimated in five different locations where exogenous nutrient both organic and

inorganic were not supplied to the plant and expressed as percentage.

KEY WORDS: Gloriosa superba L., Physico-chemical properties, soil, medicinal

industries

I.INTRODUCTION

Tamil Nadu state is one of the significantly active agriculture accessions in India .Soil is

the important sink for releasing household and industrial wastes to the environment in

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various ways [1].Generally land is important for cultivation of agricultural crops. Land use

is characterized by various arrangements, agricultural activities and inputs is manure and

fertilizers [2]. .Management of soil and land use practices as influence the nutrient of soil

and relevant soil processes ,for eg soil erosion, mineralization, leaching and oxidation

[3,4]. Nutrients are an essential source for soil better development and sustainable

agriculture. Soil organic matter as well as macro and micro nutrients plays significant role

in plant growth ,physiology and nutrient metabolism.

The nutrient dynamics and application of organic and inorganic fertilizers leads to

improve the soil nutrients and health. Agronomic practices contributes a major role in land

use development and in enhancing the physico –chemical properties of soil. The present

study focus analyisis of physico-chemical properties of soil at five different places Viz

Sirumalai, Mulanoor, Thuraiyur, Konganapuram and Vedaranyam. The five different

places selected for present study and samples were collected from Gloriosa superba L.

cultivated soil.

II.MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental site and climatic condition

Field experiments were conducted at five different accessions such as Sirumalai(GA1),

Mulanoor (GA2), Thuraiyur (GA3), Konganapuram (GA4), and Vedaranyam (GA5) from

Tamil Nadu state with five different districts. Meteorological data were collected from

Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore web portal. Monthly variations such as

Rainfall (mm) ever recorded in five different locations of study areas. The data was

recorded for the year 2014 to 2018 during to study period (Table 1 to 5).



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Collection of Soil Sample

Soil Samples were collected from the five different places such as

Sirumalai, Mulanoor,Thuraiyur, Konganapuram and Vedaranyam. The surface soil samples

collected from 0 to 20cm in depth where exogenous nutrient both organic and inorganic

were not supplied to the plant.

Laboratory study

The collected soil samples were dried in the open air. After drying with air, it comes

for grinding and finally sieving by using 2mm sieve.



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Design

Randomized Block Design (RBD) was followed in the present study. Number of

replication is five.

Soil sample preparation:

The collected five different location soil samples were air dried in shadow condition.

The soils were grounded with wooden mallet and pasied through a 2mm plastic sieve. The

processed soil samples were stored in polythene bags for further laboratory studies.

Colour :

The colour of soil samples were measured in the laboratory under controlled lighting

conditions ,then by using soil Munsell Soil colour charts [5].

pH

Determination of soil pH in 1:2.5 ratio soil and water suspension with the help of

digital glass electrode pH meter [6].

Sand (%)

Comprise quartz and resistant primary minerals such as mica. Sand particles are

between 2mm and 20 microns in size.

Electrical conductivity:



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Electrical conductivity of the soil was estimated in the ratio of 1:2.5 soil

and water respectively. EC measured with the help of sol bridge conductivity water at 25°C

[7].

Permeability :

The permeability of a soil is the ability of water to move through it. It depends on the

physical and chemical properties of the soil, notably particle size distribution, pore space,

pore size and the continuity of the spaces.

Organic matter:

The method suggested by walkley and black’s wet oxidation was followed for the

determination of organic carbon in soil [7]. Organic matter was calculated from the organic

carbon content using the factor 1.724 and expressed as percentage.

Nitrogen:

The available nitrogen content of soil was estimated by alkaline permanganate method as

described [8].

Phosphate:

The available phosphorous in soil was extracted with 0.5N NaHCo3 (p4 8.5) (Olsen’s

method). The content of phosphorous in the extract was determined by chloro stannour

reduced molybdo phosphoric blue colour method using Spectronic – 201.

Spectrophotometer at 660mm wavelength [7].



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Potassium :

The soil was extracted with neutral normal ammonium acetate and the content of

potassium in the extract was estimated by flame photometer [7].

Lime Status :

The lime requirement of soils can be determined by titrating acid soils to the

desired pH with a base such as KOH or Ca(OH)2. Titration of mineral soils to pH 5.6-5.8

will give the amount of lime required to neutralize exchangeable. The amount of lime on

an equivalent basis is more than the exchangeable.

Silt :

Silt are typically composed of quartz and small particles such as feldspars and mica and

between 2 and 20 microns in diameter.

Clay :

Clay are made up of secondary clay minerals and oxides/oxyhydroxides of iron and

aluminum and are less than 2 microns in diameter.

Calcium and Magnesium:

The available calcium and magnesium content of soil was estimated by versanate

titration method [7].



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Sodium:

The available sodium was estimated by using flame photometer method [9].

Zinc:

Ten grams of air dried soil was shaken with 20ml of extracting solution (0.005m DTPA

+ 0.01M calcium chloride + 0.1m TEA (P4 7.3) for two hours. The soil suspension was

filtered and the content, Zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer [10].

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The colour of the surface soils selected from five different accessions of Gloriosa

superba cultivated area where exogenous nutrient both organic and inorganic were not

supplied to the plant. The colour of the soil is dark brown colour in Sirumalai, light

brown in Mullanoor and Vedharanyam, Red colour in Thuraiyur and Konganapuram

accessions.(Table.6)



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Table.6. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil from five different accessions of

Gloriosa superba L. cultivated soil.

S.No Parameters Sirumalai Mullanoor Thuraiyur Konganapuram Vedharanyam

1. Colour Dark brown Light

brown

Red Red Light brown

2. pH 6.54 7.69 7.85 7.91 8.03

3. Sand (%) 35 49.20 42 46.60 43

4. Electrical conductivity

mmhos/cm

0.596 0.576 0.57 0.572 0.552

5. Permeability (mm/hr) 26 29.40 25.20 26.55 26.20

6. Organic matter (%) 11.85 12.50 9.90 10.33 12.52

7. Nitrogen (%) 1.30 1.80 1.61 1.62 0.93

8. Phosphate (%) 0.65 0.75 0.32 0.35 0.22

9. Potassium (%) 0.48 0.45 0.25 0.28 0.18

10. Lime status (%) 4.55 0.20 4.80 4.18 6.81

11. Silt (%) 26.20 22.50 24.15 24.65 29.80

12. Clay (%) 5.70 5.35 5.35 5.30 7.30

13. Magnesium (%) 0.72 0.70 0.63 0.65 0.55

14. Sodium (%) 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.22 0.22

15. Calcium (%) 1.85 1.40 1.60 1.50 1.39

16. Zinc (%) 0.21 0.20 0.25 0.20 0.16

PH of the soil is reported as 6.54,7.69,7.85,7.91 and 8.03 from Sirumalai, Mullanoor,

Thuraiyur, Konganapuram and Vedharanyam respectively in the soil taken from five

different accessions.

The percentage of sand in soil is estimated as Sirumalai (35%), Mullanoor (49.20%),Thuraiyur

(42%), Konganapuram (46.60%) and vedharanyam (43%) where electrical conductivity of soil

is high in Sirumalai (0.596 mmhos/cm) followed by Konganpuram (0.572 mmhos/cm), Molanoor

(0.576mmhos/cm), Thuraiyur (0.552mmhos/cm) in Vedharanyam accessions respectively.

Soil permeability is analyzed in five different accessions of Gloriosa superba cultivated

soil such as 26mm/hr in Sirumalai, 29.40mm/hr in Mulanoor, 25.20m/hr in Thuraiyur,



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26.55mm/hr in Konganapuram and 26.20mm/hr in Vedaranyam were recorded.The

Percentage of organic carbon were recorded in 11.85% in Sirumalai,12.50% in Mulanoor,

9.90% in Thuraiyur, 10.33% in Konganapuram and 12.52% in Vedaranyam accessions.

The Highest value recorded in Vedaranyam accession.

The percentage of nitrogen were recorded as 01.30%, 01.80%, 01.61%, 01.62%, and

0.93% from Sirumalai, Mulanoor,Thuraiyur, Konganapuram and Vedaranyam regions

respectively.

The percentage of phosphorus were recorded as 0.65% in Sirumalai,0.75% in Mullanoor,

0.32% in Thuraiyur, 0.35% in Konganapuram and 0.22% in Vedaranyam. The percentage

of potassium is recorded as highest of 0.48% in Sirumalai soil and lowest of 0.18% in

Vedaranyam soil. The percentage of lime status were reported as 04.55%, 0.20%, 04.80%,

04.18% and 06.81% taken from different locations Viz Sirumalai, Thuraiyur,

Konganapuram and Vedaranyam regions respectively. The Percentage of silt recorded as

highest of 29.80% in vedaranyam and lowest of 22.50% in Mulanoor. The clay of the

soil is highest of 07.30% in Konganapuram region and lowest of 05.30% in vedaranyam

region. The percentage of magnesium were recorded in 0.72%, 0.70%,0.63%,0.65%,0.55%

in Sirumalai,Mulanoor, Thuraiyur, Konganapuram and Vedaranyam respectively.



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The percentage of sodium were recorded almost as nearby value in all five different

locations. The percentage of calcium were recorded 01.85% in Sirumalai,01.40% in

Mulanoor, 01.60%, Thuraiyur,01.50% in Konganapuram and 0.22% in Vedaranyam

accessions. The percentage of zinc was 0.25% in Thuraiyur accession and 0.16% was

recorded in Vedaranyam accession.

Several researchers conducted soil physico-chemical properties [11,12,13].Organic

matter changes and due to climatic conditions and diagenesis of temperate regious, Then

organic components level to accumulate soils [14].The results are in conformity with the

findings [15,16,17].. Our results are in accordance with several works in physico chemical

analysis of soil [18].

IV.CONCLUSION

The physic chemical a characteristic of the soil varies five different accessions of Gloriosa

superba L cultivated soil.

V.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, K.S.Rangasamy College of

Technology (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India for providing laboratory

facilities to carry out the study.

VI.REFERENCES

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of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Science. 3 : 296-300.



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3. Celik, I., 2005. Land use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a

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New Delhi: 498.

8. Subbaiah,B.V., and Asija.G.L., 1973. A rapid procedure for the determination of

available nitrogen in soils. Curr Sci.25: 259-260.

9. Stanford, S., and English, L., 1949. Use of flame photometer for analysis of Na, K and

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11. Wosten, J.H.M., Pachepsky,Y.A., Rawls W.J., 2001. Pedo transfer functions bridging

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13. Karahan, G.,ErSahin, S., 2016. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity using soil

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16.Najar,G.R., Akhtar,F., Singh,S.,R, and Wani.J.A., 2009. Characterization and

classification of some apple growing soils in Kashmir. Journal of the Indian

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17.Ramzan, S., Bhat, M.A., Kirmani, N.A., and Rasod, R., 2014. Fractionation of zinc and

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18.Soumare, M., Jack, F.M.G., Verloo,M.G., 2002. Dynamique des elements nutrients

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