The Jolly Roger Flies!

A brief history of piracy.

Pirates are evil thieves, murderers, liars, kidnappers, rapists, terrorists, and torture experts.

There is no such thing as a “good pirate.”

Please remember…

What do you know about pirates?

• Did pirates have parrots? – Sure. Monkeys were popular, too!

• Did pirates have peg legs and hooks?– Yes, many lost limbs, but few had hooks.

• Did pirates “grapple” and swing from boat to boat? – Not really, usually ships would launch the long boats. But it

happened.– They usually didn’t swing from boat to boat; it doesn’t work.– They didn’t slide down sails with knives.

• Did pirates say “yarr” and “shiver me timbers”?– No. Most “pirate speech” is based off Treasure Island

Bartholom

ew R

oberts

• Did pirate ships get close together and fire cannons from just feet away? It’s in all the cool pirate movies?– Maybe once, but that would be a really dumb

maneuver.

• Were there any crazy pirates like the weird, little dude with grenades? – Some may have been little, many were crazy,

but they did have grenades!

• Did pirates make people walk the plank?– No, there’s only one recorded instance of this,

and historians are skeptical about it.• A pirate’s favorite sword:

– Cutlass : short but practical (keeps out of ropes)

– Daggers were handy, broadswords popular– Rapiers: good for duels– Boarding axes and pikes popular as well

• Did they shoot silverware out cannons?– Silverware, probably not.

Nails, chains, other bits of shrapnel, sure.

• Did they use a lot of guns?– Yes, but guns were very

unreliable. They became wet easily and wouldn’t work. Most pirates carried several pistols. There were marksmen as well.

It’s all about the booty…

Practical and common plunder:• Food and water supplies• Cloth for sails and markets• Spare parts and pieces for the

ship (masts, ropes, lumber, etc.)• Slaves (to be sold or used)

The treasure:• Reales or Pesos:

– Silver Spanish coins– The “eight reales”

coin became known as “pieces of eight”

• Escudos:– Gold Spanish coins– The “eight escudo”

coin became known as “doubloon”

• Ingot:– Gold or silver cast

into a bar

Treasure recovered by Barry Clifford from “Black Sam” Bellamy’s Whydah

The pirate’s life for me!Pirates became pirates for many reasons:• Treasure! Gold! Jewels! A quick way to make it to the good life

of wine, food, and luxury. It’s all about the booty!• An easy way to get money to spend in the brothels and taverns• Some forced into it after pirate attacks—carpenters, surgeons• There were no jobs for sailors during times of peace • The drink drove them to it

– John Archer, before his hanging in 1724, admitted that “strong drink had hardened him into committing crimes that were more bitter than death to him” (Cordingly 193).

– William White, before his execution on the same day, said that “drunkenness had been his ruin, and he had been drunk when he was enticed aboard a pirate ship” (Cordingly 193).

Captains of merchant and military vessels were cruel and pushed the crews too far!

• Edward Hamlin (crime unknown, date unknown) suffered flogging plus being fettered for 8 days to the deck of the ship

• Richard Baker (1734) became ill on Europa and became too weak to work on deck. The captain forced him to spend four hours at the helm, then a whipping, and 90 minutes of being tied to the mizzen mast. He died a few days later.

• “I could wish that Masters of vessels would not use their men with so much severity, as so many of them do, which exposes us to great temptations.” John Archer, 1724, before his execution.

• “It was such dogs as he that put men on pyrating.” John Phillips, 1722, at the trial of the crew of Bartholomew Roberts, regarding former officers known to starve the men. (Info taken from Cordingly, Under the Black Flag)

Types of Pirates:Pirate or Privateer?

Privateer: Has a legal commission from a government to attack and seize cargo from enemy vessels or villages

Pirate: Illegal criminals who attacked and plundered any vessel or costal village

Buccaneer: – Boucaner: French term for

process of curing strips of meat over a barbeque

– Buccaneers were thugs, outlaws, and hunters of wild oxen and pig on Hispaniola

– Eventually left island after food shortages and being pushed out by authorities: took to the seas

– Term for pirates in Caribbean region

Corsair:

– Pirates in the Mediterranean and European areas

Pirate Flags• Black = Quarter given (We’ll be “gentle”)• Red = No quarter given (We’ll kill and possibly

torture everyone on board)

Typical skull and cross bones flown by Edward England

Arm and sword flown by Edmund Cook, Thomas Tew,

Christopher Moody

Henry Avrey’s flags

More Pirate Flags

One of Christopher Moody’s flags

Edward Low’s Flag

More Pirate Flags

Calico Jack’s flag

Notice the resemblance between this flag and the flag from Pirates of the Caribbean

Blackbeard’s flag:

Devil skeleton toasting while

stabbing a heart

More Pirate Flags

The Jolly Roger:• Jolie Rouge: Red or bloody flag

• Ali Raja: Tamil pirate captain

• “Old Roger”: the devil

Two of Bartholomew Robert’s flags

The two skulls represent two Caribbean island that fought

against Roberts

Piratical Democracy

?

Pirates were democratic:• They elected captains!• They could rescind their

choice!• The crew determined the

course of action:– Fight, retreat, go to

Madagascar, go to New England: zig-zagged.

• The captain made sure the ship went smoothly: courses, battle positions, strategy, argument disputes, money, etc.

Articles and Contracts“No prey, no pay!”

Pirates signed articles: contracts that determine duration and compensation:

• Carpenter or shipwright: salary of 100-150 pieces of eight

• Surgeon: salary of 200-250 pieces of eight

• Captain: 5-6 shares plus a salary

• Master’s mate: 2 shares

• Crew: 1 share

• Any boys: ½ share

Honest about making sure everyone had their “fair share”—those who lied or concealed: turned out of the company!

Workman’s Comp

• Loss of starboard side arm: 600 pieces of eight• Loss of portside arm: 500 pieces of eight• Loss of starboard leg: 500 pieces of eight• Loss of port leg: 400 pieces of eight• Loss of an eye or finger: 100 pieces of eight

Life On A Pirate Ship: Daily Rations

Salt meat (pork, beef)FishCheeseButterPeasHard biscuitBoiled dumplings

1. Everyone shall obey orders.

2. Booty will be shared out as follows: 1 share to every ordinary seaman; 1 1/2 shares to the captain; 1 1/4 shares to the master carpenter, boatswain and gunner.

3. Anyone keeping secret of attempting to desert will be marooned. He may take only a flask of gunpowder, a bottle of water, a gun and some shot.

4. The punishment for hitting a man is 40 lashes on the bare back.

5. Anyone being lazy or failing to clean his weapons will lose his share of booty.

6. Everyone may vote on all important decisions.

7. Everyone may have a share of captured drink and fresh food.

8. Anyone found stealing form another member of crew will have his ears and nose slit open and be set ashore.

9. Gambling with cards and money is forbidden.

10. The penalty for bringing a woman aboard in disguise is death.

11. No one may leave the crew until each man has made 1,100 pounds.

12. The compensation of losing a limb is 800 silver dollars.

Life On A Pirate Ship: Code of Conduct

http://www.hickory.k12.nc.us/NVW/Taylorci/codeconduct.htm

Pirate families

• Most pirates didn’t have families

• Henry Avery had a wife and two kids

• William Kidd had a wife and two “Kidds”

• Blackbeard had 14 wives—maybe.

• Most pirates didn’t have time or were more interested in “other” women

Considered bad luck to have women on board.

There were anywhere from 30-200 male pirates on a ship (depending on size).

Buried Treasure and X-Marks the Spot!

Pirates rarely ever buried their treasure.

• Most squandered their shares with drink and prostitutes.

• Some hoarded their shares to live the good life, but…

most wasted it on drink and women only to have to ship out again for more loot.

There are three recorded examples of buried treasure:

• Captain Kidd• Captain Stratton• Sir Francis Drake

The pirates who liked to dig…

• Captain Stratton wasn’t a pirate: – a crooked captain who

made furtive and underhanded deals with pirates

– He was captured for his deceptions

– Not a pirate: doesn’t count as pirate’s buried treasure.

• Sir Francis Drake wasn’t a pirate: – A privateer who had

permission to plunder Spanish towns and ships.

– Returned from a profitable attack on a mule train at Nombre de Dios

– Drake found his ship sailed away after being attacked

– He buried the treasure, went for the ship, and unburied it that afternoon.

– Not a pirate, either!

The one who inspired stories of buried treasure…

Captain William Kidd:• Not a pirate, at least he

would say he wasn’t!• Became a privateer

– Wealthy businessmen and politicians paid for the outfitting of 34 gun Adventure Galley

– Even King William III got in on the deal

– Had permission to attack French pirate ships

– Kidd decided to sail to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean

• Set sail in 1696 in Adventure Galley

• Captain Kidd ended up with a quickly-gathered crew of misfits and ex-pirates

• Expedition suffered nearly two years of bad weather, sickness, and a lack of prizes (plunder)

Captain Kidd…Jan. 30, 1698: Quedah

Merchant.--Kidd flew a French flag:

Quedah Merchant responded similarly, flying a French flag as well, despite belonging to Armenians.

--Kidd had permission to attack French vessels.

--Kidd’s ruse allowed him to attack on a technicality: --The captain was British --The boat belonged to a high Indian official

--Kidd also attacked Sedgwick of the East India Trading Co.

• Kidd eventually dumped the rotting, damaged Adventure Galley and took the Quedah Merchant, renamed Adventure Prize

• Kidd had a few more adventures and associated with other pirates

• Kidd found out that England was unhappy with him and sent ships to arrest him

• Kidd sold Adventure Prize and goods, bought a sloop, sailed home to wife and kids in NY

Captain Kidd…

• Back in NY, Kidd dispersed funds to wife and friends

• A few witnesses saw some heavily-laden long boats launch from his sloop and land on Gardiners Island.

• Kidd arrested and sent to England, received no help from backers of his expedition

• Spent several year in solitary confinement on ships and in Newgate prison

• Charged with:– Piracy: he illegally attacked

and plundered 5 ships – Walloping William Moore in

the head with a bucket and killing him (Cordingly 183)

• Kidd had 2 weeks to prepare his defense– Asked for papers, but the

license to attack French vessels was missing

• Found guilty on all charges– “My lord, it is a very hard

sentence. For my part, I am the innocentest person of them all, only I have been sworn against by perjured persons” (Cordingly 189).

– Hanged at Execution Block in London, then his corpse was hung in chains at Tilbury Point on the Thames

• Kidd’s treasure amounted to nearly £400,000 but only £40,000 were found

Captain Kidd…

Stede Bonnet

• The Gentleman Pirate• Wealthy land owner• Problematic marriage

led to him leaving land.• Little sailing experience• Worked with

Blackbeard; was unable to command a crew

Stede Bonnet

• His crew left to sail with Blackbeard

• Pardoned by NC governor Eden in 1718,

• Fought battle near Cape Fear River (Wilmington) and surrendered

• Hanged in Charleston SC 1718

Women pirates• Anne Bonny:

– Left her husband for pirate John Rackham (“Calico Jack”)

– Had a child with him• Mary Read:

– Raised as a boy, fought in land armies and on ships

– Joined with Anne and Calico Jack after her ship was captured

• Both sailed and fought dressed as men• William was captured, the rest of the

crew wanted to surrender, but Anne and Mary urged them to fight

• Both found guilty of piracy– Both escaped hanging because of

pregnancy– Mary Read died of fever in prison– Anne Bonny’s and her child’s fate

are unknown

A few other lady pirates:

• Princes Alwilda (400ad) – She didn’t want to marry Prince

Alf of Denmark– She dressed as a man and stole a

boat with some friends– When Prince Alf captured her,

he also captured her heart!• Grace O’Malley 1500ad

– Cut her hair short for sailing– After her husband died,

“Granuaille” took control of her family’s fleet

– “Grany Imallye” eventually arrested

– Befriended Queen Elizabeth I who let her go

• Mrs. Cheng (Early 1800’s)– Perhaps the most successful

pirates ever!– Nearly 1,000 ships in her

fleet!– Harsh and cruel: stiff

punishments, no mercy to victims

– China forced to hire ships from Europe to help stop her

– Secured a treaty: pirates walk away with plunder but turn in boats and weapons

– More than 17,000 pirates in her force

A few other big scores*

• “Black Sam” Bellamy– Close to $400 million

retrieved (modern value) from the wrecked Whydah

• Blackbeard– Capture more than 20

ships in pirate career– After his fall, £2,500

total, including the sale of his sloop, collected

*Figures from Cordingly

Artist conception of “B

lack Sam” B

ellamy

Piracy in Pop Culture

• Books– A General History of the Pyrates by Captain

Charles Johnson (source for most research on piracy; Johnson was likely a pirate or a sea captain himself)

– Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson (fiction, source of popular image of pirate behavior and speech)

Piracy in Pop Culture

• Movies– The Black Pirate, 1926

Captain Blood, 1935Treasure Island, 1950

– Pirates of the Caribbean films• Gets the appearance right, not much else

• Talk Like a Pirate Day– September 19th; ex: “Ahoy Matey” instead of “hello”

• Pirate costumes for kids

Piracy in Pop Culture

Pirate Movies

Fire over England, 1937The Sea Hawk, 1940The Black Swan, 1942Captain Kidd, 1945Treasure Island, 1950Captain Horatio Hornblower, 1951The Last of the Buccaneers, 1951 The Crimson Pirate, 1952Blackbeard the Pirate, 1952

Errol Flynn as Captain

Blood

Against All Flags, 1952Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd, 1952Morgan the Pirate, 1961Pirates of Tortuga, 1961The King’s Pirate, 1967Swashbuckler, 1976Nate and Hayes, 1983The Princess Bride, 1987 Magic Island, 1995

Cutthroat Island, 1995Muppet Treasure Island, 1996Pirates of the Caribbean, 2003and thar be even more!

Blackbeard: Truth or Legend?

Invented persona of “Blackbeard” to scare people

Had 14 wives and 40 kidsBuried massive treasuresGrew beard and tied it with

bright ribbons to aid in persona

Burned rope sticking from hat to look fearsome

Chased down a British naval ship!

Buried treasure at the Isles of Shoals

Truth Legend

Blackbeard!• Little is known: only of his 2

year reign of terror on the high seas

• Possibly sailed during Queen Anne’s War

• Possibly learned from Pirate Captain Hornigold

• Probably took Hornigold’s crew and ships in 1777 after Hornigold took a pardon

• Considered an amiable person, unless you gave him trouble

AKA:

---Edward Teach---Edward Thatch---

---Edward Drummond---Edward Tach---

---Edward Tash---

Blackbeard in NH!

• Isles of Shoals off the NH coast:– A great place for him to trade– Honeymooned with Martha

(one of 14 wives) on Smuttynose Island

– He left her there to guard a treasure

– She died of illness, but many say his treasure is still there, as is the ghost of Martha who wails, “You will come back!”

You Will Come Back by North Hampton’s Terri DeMitchell is

about this tale.

What’s a “mooncusser”?

Blackbeard!• Captured French slave

ship La Concorde and converted it to Queen Anne’s Revenge

• This was a big ship! 44+ guns!

• Wreaked havoc for two years!

• Battled 30 gun HMS Scarborough

• Created a blockade around Charleston, SC, and held hostages he received the medicine he demanded

Blackbeard’s gutsy move--

Problem: 300 pirates in his fleet and he wants to retire.

• Ground QAR on shallows near Ocracoke Inlet (NC)

• Summoned Adventure to assist, which also “got stuck”

• Blackbeard sent Captain Bonnet and others to receive a pardon

• While they were gone, Blackbeard moved the treasure from QAR to Adventure and slipped away.

Blackbeard’s Final Battle…

• British Navy sent Robert Maynard after him

• Maynard lost one sloop in shoals, but the other kept going

• Dawn, Thur. Nov. 21, Maynard catches Blackbeard

• “Damnation seize my soul if I give you quarter or take any from you.”

• Blackbeard shoots a broadside, devastating Maynard’s forces

• Maynard’s men board and attack Blackbeard

Printed from The Boston News Letter:

…one of Maynard’s men, being a Highlander, Engaged Teach with his broadsword, who gave Teach a cut on the neck, Teach saying well done lad; the Highlander replied, If it be not done well, I’ll do it better. With that he gave him a second stroke, which cut off his head, laying it flat on his shoulder.

Blackbeard’s Final Battle…• Blackbeard eventually

overcome: either shot by Maynard or decapitated by a Scotsman under Maynard

• Maynard tied Blackbeard’s head to his Bowsprit and sailed for home

• Blackbeard’s body: 20 serious cuts and 5 shot

• Legend: Blackbeard’s headless body swam around the boat several times after it was dumped overboard