the malaysian shiites lonely struggle

8/13/2019 The Malaysian Shiites Lonely Struggle

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Porbc Tuebng Forum Cnjboùl of Gnvnbnzjtnoks

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Mjbjysnjk Wanntls Boklby Wtru``bl

Cr Moac Fjnzjb M\WJ

Nkstntutl of tal Mjbjy Porbc jkc Gnvnbnzjtnok, Kjtnokjb \knvlrsnty of Mjbjysnj,

Ejk`n, Wlbjkòr, Mjbjysnj

Slb8 44647-1>5:73>3 L-mjnb8mfjnzjbmusjDuim.my

Nktrocugtnok

Wnkgl 54:4, Mjbjysnj okl of tal bjr`lst strokàobcs of Wukknsm nk tal Nsbjmng worbc, ajs ellkstn`mjtnznk` Wanj fobbowlrs trlmlkcousby. Anstorngjb jggoukts saow tajt Wannsm lxnsts nk Mjbjysnj snkglj`ls. Sal cnsgrnmnkjtnok jkc slgtjrnjk jpjrtalnc orn`nkjtlc from j :>13, jkc :>>6 fjtwj ey Mjbjysnjstop Nsbjmng gblrngs tajt Wanj Nsbjm wjs ejkklc, jkc clgbjrlc js j clvnjkt tljgank`. Bjtlby tal opprlssnokns `lttnk` worsl js Pjajen movlmlkt wntank jrl lmeobclk. Sans pjplr boois nkto Mjbjysnjk Wanntlsboklby stru``bl to clmjkc talnr rnàts jkc aow tal rlbn`nous lcngt jkc pobngnls goktrjcngt to Mjbjysnjsgommntmlkt jt tal nktlrkjtnokjb blvlb.

:. Wanj, Wukkn jkc Pjajen nk Mjbjysnjk Goktlxt

Salrl jrl so mjky eoois, jkc jrtngbls `nvnk` mjky inkcs of clfnkntnok ok Wanjn. N ajvl gommnttlc to

fobbow tal clfnkntnok of Wanj js su``lstlc ey Muajmjc jb Snhjkn Wjmjwn (5444), wanga ns js fobbows8

Saly jrl tal Nsbjmng slgt tajt fobbows tal ùncl of jkc nmntjtl tal Swlbvl Nmjms of tal TropaltsAouslaobc, Jbn jkc ans soks, tjink` from talm jbb tal hurnspruclktnjb (fnqan) mjttlrs nkgbucnk`nejcjt (worsanps) jkc mujmjbjt (trjksjgtnoks), prlflrrnk` ko okl to talm lxglpt talnr `rjkcfjtalrtal mlssj`l-eljrlr, @ocs Mlsslk`lr Muajmmjc (peua). Sans ns tal rljb jkc ernlf clfnkntnok oftal Wanja, bljvnk` jsncl wajt tal promub`jtlrs of cnsgokglrtnk` klws jkc fjkjtngs gbjnm tajt talWanja jrl lklmnls of Nsbjm, or tajt taly elbnlvl nk Jbns propaltaooc jkc ans elnk` tal mlssj`l-owklr, or tajt taly jrl rlbjtlc to Jec Jbbja nek Wjej, tal Hlw (p. :).

Sal stjtus of Jbn ns glktrjb nk Wanj Nsbjm. Fjrajc Cjftjry (54:4) lxpbjnks tajt Jbn ns jgglptlc js tal rljbsugglssor of Tropalt Muajmmjc sjw9 nt ns tal fukcjmlktjb elbnlf of tal Wanj of jbb erjkgals tajt talTropalt anmslbf ajc clsn`kjtlc Jbn js ans sugglssor, j clsn`kjtnok (kjs) nkstntutlc tarouà cnvnklgommjkc jkc rlvljblc ey tal Tropalt jt @ajcnr Iaumm saortby elforl ans cljta (p.:40). Sal bjtlTroflsor Cr Jamjc Nerjanm (:>6


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from talnr ponkt of vnlw9 Wanj Nsbjm slls tal lxnstlkgl of jk Nmjm ns klglssnty jftlr tal clmnsl of talTropalt. Nmjm to talm ns rlspoksnebl to ùjrc tal rlbn`nok jkc to ùncl tal ummja. Nmjm to tal Wanntlsjrl tal rljb jb Iaubjfj jb Ujsancuk, tal twlbvl Nmjms of tal Turl Tropalts Tro`lky (Muajmjc jb SnhjknWjmjwn, 5444, p. :35). Nk jccntnok, Wanj jbso elbnlvls tajt tal fukgtnoks of Tropalgy jkc Nmjmjtl mjy

el honklc nk okl plrsok. js jpponktlc to propalt Jerjajm jkc Tropalt Muajmmjc sjw (WjyyncMuajmmjc Ausjyk Sjejtjejn, 5440, p. 546-540).

Nk gokgbusnok, al jcclc, tal Nmjm ns tal plrsok ok waosl saoubclrs bnls tal rlspoksnenbnty for tal

ùncjkgl of j gommuknty tarouà Cnvnkl Gommjkc jkc tajt al ns tal most vnrtuous jkc plrflgt ofmlk (p. 5::). Sal quotjtnok elbow lxpbjnks taosl plrsoks tajt jrl rl`jrclc js Nmjm jmok` tal Wanntls8

Kumlrous propaltng ajcntas ajvl ellk trjksmnttlc nk Wannsm gokglrknk` tal clsgrnptnok of talNmjms, talnr kumelr, tal fjgt tajt taly jrl jbb of tal Zurjysa jkc of tal Aouslaobc of tal Tropalt,jkc tal fjgt tajt tal promnslc Mjacn ns jmok` talm jkc tal bjst of talm. Jbso, talrl jrl clfnkntnvlworcs of tal Tropalt gokglrknk` tal Nmjmjtl of Jbn jkc ans elnk` tal fnrst Nmjm jkc jbsoclfnkntnvl uttlrjkgls of tal Tropalt jkc Jbn gokglrknk` tal nmjmjtl of tal slgokc Nmjm tal sjmlwjy tal Nmjms elforl ajvl blft clfnkntnvl stjtlmlkts gokglrknk` tal Nmjmjtl of talsl wao wlrl togoml jftlr talm. Jggorcnk` to talsl uttlrjkgls goktjnklc nk Swlbvl-Nmjm Wanntl sourgls, talNmjms jrl twlbvl nk kumelr jkc talnr aoby kjmls jrl js fobbows8 Jbn nek Jen Sjbne, Ajssjk nekJbn, Ausjyk nek Jbn, Jbn nek Ausjyk, Muajmmjc nek Jbn, Hjfjr nek Muajmmjc, Musj nek Hjjfjr,Jbn nek Musj, Muajmmjc nek Jbn, Jbn nek Muajmmjc, Ajssjk nek Jbn jkc tal Mjacn (p. 5:5).

Salrlforl, tans stucy ns okby fogusnk` ok Ntakj jsajrnyyj (Swlbvlr) lxgbucnk` tal Xjncnyyja jkcNsmjnbnyyja , wanga jrl otalr erjkgals of Wanj Nsbjm. Ntakj jsajrnyyj Wanj formlc jk jesobutl mjhorntyjmok` tal Wanj jkc pbjylc jk jgtnvl robl nk glktrjb rl`noks of tal Musbnm worbc (Ltjk Ioabelr`,:>17, p. ::4). Wanj Nsbjm ns jbso gommok to el rlflrrlc js Swlbvlr Wanj or Hjfjrn js taly fobbowlc NmjmHjjfjr Wjcnqs sgaoob nk Nsbjmng hurnspruclkgl (Muajmjc jb Snhjkn Wjmjwn, 5444, p. :37). Jggorcnk` toJamjc Nerjanm (:>6>6, p. ::5-::7).

Jiaejrn sgaoob of taouàt wjs foukclc ey Muajmmjc Wajrnf Jstjrjejcn (c. :657). Al clgbjrlc talposntnok of tal muhtjancs ukklglssjry jkc gbjnmlc tajt trjcntnoks of Tropalt jkc tal Nmjms provnclcsuffngnlkt ùncjkgl to ukclrstjkcnk` tal Wann fjnta jkc cogtrnkl (Mjkòb Ejyjt, :>1>, p. 51:). Sal usubnWanntls fobbow ùncjkgl of talnr owk lblgtlc mjrhjn tjqbnc (or jky slknor muhtjanc slblgtlc to el talnrùncjkgl nk fnqa) wanbl jaejrn Wanntls co kot fobbow jky mjrhjn tjqbnc or muhtjanc. Sal usubn Wanntlsgaosl talnr owk muhtjanc goksnclrlc most wortay nkgumelkt upok tal elbnlvlrs, jkc fobbownk` talrubnk` of j clgljslc okl wjs forencclk. Sal tntbl muhtjanc wjs kot ljsy to ljrk, j muhtjanc ajc to elbljrklc nk talobo`y, `rjmmjr, jrjeng, bo`ng jkc hurnspruclkgl. J muhtjanc jbso ajc to clmokstrjtl ansikowblc`l jkc lstjebnsalc for anmslbf j sgaobjrby rlputjtnok tarouà tal kumelr of bnglkgls al albc from


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Nt ns rlgorclc nk jbb Musbnm anstornls tajt Jeu Ajknfja, tal foukclr of tal Wukkn sgaoob of tal Ajkjfn fnqa,fubby supportlc Xjyc nek Jbn nek Ausjyk nek Jbn tarouàout ans stru``bl to ovlrtarow tal \mjyyjcrl`nml, jkc wjs bjtlr nmprnsoklc elgjusl of tans jgt jkc ans fjtwj nk fjvour of Xjyc. Xjyc ns jgglptlc jsjk Nmjm, ey j slgt of tal Wanja, ikowk js tal Xjycnyyja or Xjycns. Wnmnbjrby otalr Nmjms of Wukkn fnqajkc ajcnta, suga js jb Wajfnn, Jamjc nek Ajkejb, jb Snrmncan jkc jb Kjsjn jrl ikowk for talnr `rljtrlvlrjkgl jkc bovl for Jbn.

Nt ns jbso to el kotlc alrl tajt Jeu Ajknfja jk Kumjk nek Sajent, tal foukclr of Ajkjfn sgaoob wjs jbso

j stuclkt of Nmjm Hjjfjr js Wjcnq, tal snxta Nmjm of Wanj. Al jttlkclc tal blgturls ey Nmjm Wjcnq ernlfbyelforl jejkcoknk` Nmjm Wjcnq nk fjvour of ans owk hurnspruclkgl (Jamjc Nerjanm, :>611, p. xvn)

Nkcllc, nk tal moclrk worbc Wanntls ajvl ko proeblm wnta tal Wukkntls. Jyjtubbja Ijmrla-yn, j kotjeblWanj sgaobjr of Nrjk okgl sjnc nk jk nktlrkjtnokjb gokflrlkgl ok Walnia jb Susn, Nf Wukkja ns tal grntlrnokof Nsbjm, jbb tal Wanja jrl Wukkn jkc nf tal bovl of Jbn ns tal grntlrnok of Wann fjnta, jbb tal Wukkns jrlWanja (Jbn Cjwjkn, :765 Wajm, p. 33-317, p. 7). Sal fbournsank` of tal sgnlkgls nk tal Nsbjmng gnvnbnsjtnok ns nkcletlc to tal Wanj Nsbjm. Kjmlssuga js jb Fjrjen, jb Iajwjrnzmn, Hjenr enk Ajyyjk, jkc Neku Wnkj wlrl jbb Wanntls (Jbn Jiejr Vlbjyjtn,5441, p. >7-51:.)

Jkotalr nmportjkt Wanj fnùrl tajt goktrneutlc nk tal Wukkn worbc pobntngjbby wjs Wjyync Hjmjb jb Cnk jbJfàjkn. Al wjs elttlr ikowk nk Nrjk js Wjyync Hjmjb jb Cnk jb Jsjejcn, j Wyjnian Wanntl waojejkcoklc ans kjtnokjb jkc slgtjrnjk ornlktjtnoks for tal sjil of promotnk` tal uknty of Musbnms.Jggorcnk` to Jamjc Ijzlmn Moussjvn (5445, p. 54). WjncUjmjcajk jb Eutn vnlws tajt tal strjtl`y of gajk`nk` tal kjml from Pjajensm to Wjbjfnsm ns cul tokl`jtnvl plrglptnoks ey otalr Musbnms towjrc Muajmmjc Jecub Pjaje, tal foukclr of Pjajensm, jsans fobbowlrs wjs rlspoksnebl for j``rlssnvl mnbntjry jttjgis tajt oggurrlc nk mjky pbjgls. Jmok` talm,wlrl Ijrejbj jkc Kjhjf, tal glktrl of bljrknk` for tal Wanntls nk :14:. Hjjfjr Woeajkn (:>>6, p. :6-56)wrotl jt blk`ta nk ans eooi ok tans mjssjgrl8


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:1-:>54, jftlr Ottomjk Lmpnrl elgjml wljilr jkc Wyjrnf Ausnk, tal rublr of Alhjz(Glktrjb Jrjenj), surrlkclrlc jkc Wjuc trnel `jnklc morl powlr wnta tal albp of tal Erntnsa. Ok 5:stJprnb :>55


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Nk :>75 tal Pjajentls, wlrl jwjrclc fubb goktrob of rlbn`nous jffjnrs ey tal Wjuc wao talk tooi goktrobof Mlggj jkc Mlcnkl. Sal Pjajentls pbjkklc to tarow cowk tal coml of Tropalt jkc rleunbc talAjrjm so js kot to nkgbucl tal Tropalts tome. Eut talnr bljclr, Neku Wjuc, lxlrgnslc tal stjtlsmjksrlstrjnkt, for fljr of jrousnk` tal aostnbnty of tal lktnrl Nsbjmng worbc (Cwnàt MgCokjbcsok, :>77, p.:375, tal rl`nok wjs rlkjmlc js WjucnJrjenj. Nk :>77, Onb wjs cnsgovlrlc nk tal Ink`com, jkc kow lvlryokl wjs nktlrlstlc nk tal jrlj,jkc tarouà tal :>3) strlsslc aow Pjajensm fnrst gjml nk goktjgt wnta tal Mjbjy worbc,jggorcnk` to anm tajt curnk` tal `rljtlr pjrt of tal knkltllkta glktury aowlvlr tal rlvntjbnznk` lblmlktnk Pjajensm wjs oesgurlc ey nts rlvobutnokjry talogrjtng jsplgt jkc tal lfflgt fnkjbby jrrnvlc nk talMjbjy Porbc, walrl tal Tjclrn Pjr :147-:171 tooi pbjgl nk tal Mnkjkìjeju rl`nok, tal Pjaajennkfbulkgl goktrneutlc to tal outerlji of mnbntjkt movlmlkts.

Socjy nk Mjbjysnj, tal Pjajentls, usnk` talnr softlr kjml, tal Wjbjfnst, nkfbulkglc mjky jsplgts ofrlbn`nous jgtnvntnls. Nt ns nmportjkt to ukclrstjkc tajt tal tlrm Wjbjfnst saoubckt el gokfuslc wntaWjbjfnsm promotlc ey Muajmmjc Jecua jkc Muajmmjc Ujsanc Uncj nk L`ypt.

Fnrst of jbb, talnr `lo`rjpangjb orn`nks jrl cnfflrlkt. Wlgokc, Jecua jkc Uncjs sjbjfnsm jt tal lkc of :>taglktury lmpajsnslc pobntngjb jnms9 jktn goboknjbnsm, Nsbjmng sobncjrnty jkc Jrje uknty, jkc of goursl,opposntnok to tal Hlwnsa nkvjsnok of Tjblstnkl (Mlkjalm Mnbsok, 5443, p. 3). Panbl Muajmmjc nek

Jecub Pjaje sjbjfnsm ejslc talnr gjbb ok Nek Sjymnyyjs jb-Wjbjf jb Wjbna cogtrnkl (p. 16-:>>).

Sal Jecua jkc Uncjs Wjbjfnsm wjs erouàt to Mjbjyj walk Mjbjyj wjs ukclr tal Erntnsa rubl orErntnsa goboknjb rubl nk tal bjtl :>ta jkc ljrby 54ta glkturnls (Nerjanm Jeu Ejijr, 5440, p.


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Jeovl jbb, Clformnsts jrl ukgompromnsnk` nk talnr gokclmkjtnok of cnvlrsnty, grntngjb tankink`jkc spnrntujb lxplrnlkgl rlprlslktlc ey otalr strljms of Nsbjmng taou`at jkc prjgtngl, pjrtngubjrbytal Wufns jkc tal Wanja (p. 73-7,fobbownk` tal Nsbjmng Ulvobutnok of Nrjk. Aowlvlr tans kotnok ns vlry muga nkjggurjtl. Jmok` tal fnrstsgaobjr wrntnk`s ok Wannsm nk Mjbjysnj ns ey Wylc Fjrnc Jbjtjs (:>>>) jr`unk` tajt tal lmlr`lkgl ofWannsm nk Mjbjysnj ns kot somltank` kovlb8

So cjtl, tal bntlrjturl ok Nsbjm nk Nkcoklsnj, Mjbjysnj jkc tal rlst of tal rl`nok ajs kot tjilk kotlof tans palkomlkok, wnta tal lxglptnok of j flw hourkjb jrtngbls jkc j ajkcfub of klwspjplr jkcmj`jznkl ntlms. Lvlk talk, talsl woris fjbslby bjeour ukclr tal jssumptnok tajt tal rnsl of talWann sgaoob nk tal rl`nok ns symptomjtng of tal gurrlkt wjvl of Nsbjmng fukcjmlktjbnsm, elnk` jrlsubt of tal lstjebnsamlkt of j Wann rlpuebng nk Nrjk nk :>0>. Nt woubc el morl jggurjtl to sjy tajttal Nrjknjk rlvobutnok ajc rlsubtlc nk wajtlvlr Wann tlkclkgnls tajt ajc jbrljcy lxnstlc jmok` talJbjwnyyuk of tal Mjbjy worbc elnk` jrtngubjtlc wnta `rljtlr gbjrnty, flrvour jkc slksl of mnssnok(p. 757).

Salrl jrl so mjky lvnclkgls tajt Wanj Nsbjm ajs ellk nk tans rl`nok for lxtlkclc plrnoc of tnml. Fornkstjkgl, nt ns stjtlc nk Gommlktjrnos, j cogumlkt ok tal gokqulst of Mlbjij nk :13, p. 56-7>). Nk tal :6ta glktury, Wannsm wjs jbrljcy vlry muga wnclsprljc jmok` Tlrsnjksnk Nrjk jkc nt ns cnffngubt to omnt tal fjgt tajt taly, tal Iaorjsokls, wlrl jgtujbby Wanntls. Sans wjssupportlc ey j Sajn sgaobjr Tbuepbuk` Iok`gajkj (:>>


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jbso cnsslmnkjtnk` Wannsm elyokc tal eorclrs of Wnjm. Jggorcnk` to Hubnspok` Gaubjrjtjkj, okl of talmjnk rljsok way Wanntls wlrl `nvlk so mjky jttlktnok ey tal Wnjmlsl Ink`s wjs elgjusl of tallfflgtnvlklss of tjqnyja. Gaubjrjtjkj (5441, p.


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Wlgokc, eljr nk mnkc j`jnk tajt talrl wlrl tarll taousjkc Iaorjsokls nk Mlbjij. Muzjffjr Moajmjcjkc Wuzjkj Otamjk (5446, p. :61-:00) rlbjtlc tajt Mjkn Turnkcjk, tal forlfjtalr of jbb MlbjijElkcjajrj (Trnml Mnknstlr) jkc tal `rljt `rjkcfjtalr of Suk Wlrn Bjkjk`, tal jutaor of Sal MjbjyJkkjbs, ajc Tlrsnjk ebooc. Mjkn Turnkcjk wjs from Clban, jkc ans fjtalr wjs j Knzjmub Mubui(òvlrkor of tal lxtlkclc Tlrsnjk lmpnrl nk Kortalrk Nkcnj). Nk fjgt, taly elbnlvlc tajt Mjkn Turnkcjkmost proejeby elbok`lc to Jabub ejyts fjmnby. Saly jrrnvlc to tajt gokgbusnok js okl of Mlbjijscn`kntjrnls, Mjkn Turnkcjks `rljt `rjkc sok, Suk Ajssjk Slmlk`ùk` rlfuslc to jgglpt slclija(jbms) from j Sjmnb mlrgajkt. Sans ns elgjusl slmlmjk`kyj Jabub ejyt Ujsububbja (sjw) cnajrjmijk

cjrn mlklrnmj slclija (trjksbjtnok8 Jabub ejyt Ujsububbja (peua) jrl forencclk from jgglptnk` slclijaeut plrmnttlc to jgglpt `nfts).

Fnkjbby, nf nt wjs kot elgjusl of Wannsm wajt lbsl? @.L Mjrrnsok (:>, Wajnia rublc tajt tal Hj'fjrn sgaoob oftaouàt, wanga ns jbso ikowk js jb-Wanj jb- Nmjmnyyja jb-Ntakj Jsajrnyyja (n.l., Sal Swlbvlr NmjmnWan'ntls) ns j sgaoob of taouàt tajt ns rlbn`nousby gorrlgt to fobbow nk worsanp js jrl otalr Wukkn sgaoobs oftaouàt. Musbnms must ikow tans, jkc ouàt to rlfrjnk from ukhust prlhucngl to jky pjrtngubjr sgaoob oftaouàt, snkgl tal rlbn`nok of Jbbja jkc Ans Cnvnkl Bjw (Wajrn'ja) wjs klvlr rlstrngtlc to j pjrtngubjrsgaoob of taouàt. Salnr hurnsts (Muhtjancook) jrl jgglptlc ey Jbmnàty Jbbja, jkc nt ns plrmnssnebl to talkok-Muhtjanc to fobbow talm jkc to jggorc wnta talnr tljgank` waltalr nk worsanp (Nejcjjt) ortrjksjgtnoks (Mu'jmnbjjt) (Fjtwj Wajnia jb-Jiejr Mjamooc Wajbtoot, :>).

Ajmnc Lkjyjt (:>11e, p. 1:) oeslrvlc tal fjtwj js jk nmportjkt stlp from tal Wukkn worbc to rlgo`knzl

Wanj Nsbjm snkgl jb-Jzajr ns j mjhor nkstntutnok nk tal Musbnm worbc9 tans wjs tjktjmoukt to tal


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rlgo`kntnok of Wannsm js ok jk lqujb footnk` wnta tal four ortaocox bl`jb sgaoobs nk Wukknsm. PalkWajbtut `jvl ans fjtwj, Wann stucnls ajc ellk jeslkt from tal gurrngubum of tajt uknvlrsnty for ovlr knklaukcrlc yljrs. Jbtaouà jb-Jzajr wjs grljtlc nk 76:/>05 ey jk Nsmjnbn Wann, tal Fjtnmnc Gjbnpa jbMunzz, two glkturnls bjtlr tal Wukkn Jyyuencs turklc nt nkto j glktlr of ortaocox sgaobjrsanp. Sausrjtalr tajk gokstntutnk` j snmpbl gjsl of gurrngubum rlform, Wajbtuts fjtwj nkcngjtlc j mjhor

psygaobo`ngjb erljitarouà.

Sans pjrtngubjr jb Jzajr lcngt wjs klvlr wntacrjwk or rlpljblc, nk fjgt prlvnous Wylniaub Jb-Jzajr, Cr.

Muajmmlc Wjyync Sjktjwn upok rlglnvnk` ans aokorjry cogtorjtl from \knvlrsnty Wgnlkgl Nsbjm ofMjbjysnj (\WNM) ponktlc out tajt Wukkntls jkc Wanntls jrl okl eocy of ummja (gommuknty) js eotaaobc ok to tal sjml @oc, Jbbja jkc Tropalt Muajmmjc (sjw). J cjy jftlr, ans stjtlmlkt wjs rlportlc eybljcnk` Mjbjysnjk klwspjplr ok tal frokt pj`l (Mjrajnkn Ijmjruccnk, lt. jb, 5441).

Swo yljrs jftlr Wylniaub Jb-Jzajr, Cr. Muajmmlc Wjyync Sjktjwns stjtlmlkt nk Mjbjysnj rl`jrcnk`Wannsm, ok tal lvlknk` of : :>>< Wajrnj

Grnmnkjb Lkjgtmlkt (Wlbjkòr).

Jggorcnk` to slgtnok :5 (g) of tal Lkjgtmlkt > :>>< Wajrnj Grnmnkjb Lkjgtmlkt (Wlbjkòr) jky plrsok

wao jgts nk goktlmpt of bjwfub jutaornty, or rlhlgt, nk vnobjtnok of or cnsputls tal orclrs or cnrlgtnvls of8j) Ans Mjhlsty tal Wubtjk for Ans jttrneutl js tal Bljclr of tal Nsbjmng rlbn`nok9 e) Sal Goukgnb9 g) SalMuftn, lxprlsslc or provnclc ey j fjtwj, ns ùnbty of jk offlkgl jkc bnjebl to j fnkl kot lxgllcnk` tarlltaousjkc rnk``nt or to nmprnsokmlkt for j tlrm kot lxgllcnk` two yljrs or to eota. Gajr`lc ukclr tans

pjrtngubjr lkjgtmlkt nmpbngjtls tajt elnk` j Wanntl ns j grnml nk Mjbjysnj js okby Wukknsm ns jgglptlcfor Musbnms.

Pajt jrl tal cnsgrnmnkjtnoks sufflrlc ey tal Mjbjysnjk Wanntls kowjcjys? J klws portjb Frll MjbjysnjSocjy puebnsalc j rlport rl`jrcnk` tans mjttlr stjtnk` ernlfby talnr worslknk` gokcntnoks of

mjr`nkjbnsjtnok, rlprlssnok jkc Wtjtl stn`mjtnsjtnok ovlr tal yljrs8

Sal mjky mnsukclrstjkcnk`s ajvl blc to wajt Wanntls rl`jrc js rlbn`nous plrslgutnok. Nk :>>0, talòvlrkmlkt cltjnklc :4 Wanntls ukclr tal Nktlrkjb Wlgurnty Jgt (NWJ) for kot elnk` Wukkns. Sarll

yljrs bjtlr, snx morl Wanntls wlrl jrrlstlc ukclr tal NWJ. Wnkgl talk, talrl ajvl ellk ko NWJjrrlsts. Lvlk so, jktn-Wanntl slktnmlkts nk Mjbjysnj co kot jppljr to ajvl cnlc cowk, lsplgnjbbywnta j :>>6 fjtwj clgbjrnk` Wannsm js j clvnjkt nclobo`y. Nk Mjy 54::, j bukga glblerjtnk` tal

enrtacjy of Fjtnmja Xjarj, cjuàtlr of Tropalt Muajmmjc wjs eroilk up ey HJNW offnglrs. FourWanntls wlrl jrrlstlc tajt cjy, nkgbucnk` Ijmnbzuajnrn. Wanntls wlrl jbso jbbl`lcby tjr`ltlc nkmosquls jroukc tal gouktry. Nk Wlptlmelr 54::, Ijmnbzuajnrn sjnc tajt tal Nsbjmng JffjnrsClpjrtmlkt of Slrlk``jku nssulc jktn-Wanntl slrmoks to jbb mosquls nk tal stjtl, orclrnk` talm to

el rljc ok tal 57rc. Jggorcnk` to j pobngl rlport boc`lc ey Ijmnbzuajnrn, tal slrmok nkgbuclcjggusjtnoks tajt Jr-Uncaj mlmelrs eljt talmslbvls wnta gajnks to jesobvl talmslbvls of snk jkctajt Wanntls uslc j cnfflrlkt Zurjk tajk Wukkns cnc. Otalr jbbl`lc jggusjtnoks ey bogjb gblrngsnkgbuclc tal inbbnk` of Wukkns js ajbjb. J Clg 54, 54:4 Wnkjr Ajrnjk rlport sjnc tajt tal Mjbjysnjkòvlrkmlkt rlsplgtlc forln`k Wanntl tljgank`s, eut proanentlc Wannsm from elnk` prjgtnslc nk talgouktry. Jt tal tnml, tal mnknstlr nk gajr`l of rlbn`nous jffjnrs Hjmnb Ianr Ejarom wjrklc of

eboocsalc nf morl tajk okl Nsbjmng sgaoob of taouàt wjs jbbowlc to el tjuàt (Tjtrngi Bll,54:5).

Sal rlglkt jttntucl of tal lstjebnsamlkt towjrcs tal Wanntls nk Mjbjysnj gokfnrmlc j clspjnr sntujtnok fortalm. Wanntls jrl Musbnms jkc cnsgrnmnkjtnk` talm ns wrok` js Nsbjmjejc Clgbjrjtnok (5440, p. >:->7)jcoptlc ey Sal Sanrty Fourta Wlssnok Of Sal Nsbjmng Gokflrlkgl Of Forln`k Mnknstlrs strlsslc tajt "koMusbnm, waltalr al or sal ns Wanntl or Wukkn, mjy el suehlgt to murclr or jky ajrm, nktnmncjtnok,tlrrornsjtnok, or j``rlssnok ok ans proplrty9 nkgntlmlkt talrlto9 or forgnebl cnspbjglmlkt, clportjtnok, orinckjppnk`. Jbb Musbnms to rlfrjnk slrnousby from jky provogjtnok of slksntnvntnls or slgtjrnjk or ltakngstrnfl, js wlbb js jky kjml-gjbbnk`, jeusl, prlhucngl or vnbnfngjtnok jkc nkvlgtnvls." Sal NsbjmjejcClgbjrjtnok, jk offngnjb okl from ONG (tal Or`jknzjtnok of tal Nsbjmng Gokflrlkgl), wjs lstjebnsalc from

Sal Jmmjk Mlssj`l quotlc ey nktlrvnlwll, Ijmnb Xuajnrn nk ans stjtlmlkt jeovl.


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Sal Jmmjk Mlssj`l (5443) summjry jmok` otalrs strlss tajt Wanntls jrl Musbnms jkc vnobjtnk` talnrrn`ats ns wrok`, js pjrtby quotlc elbow8

Nk orclr to `nvl tans stjtlmlkt morl rlbn`nous jutaornty, A.M. Ink` Jecubbja NN talk slkt talfobbownk` tarll qulstnoks to 53 of tal most slknor rlbn`nous sgaobjrs from jbb jroukc tal worbcrlprlslktnk` jbb tal erjkgals jkc sgaoobs of Nsbjm8 (:) Pao ns j Musbnm? (5) Ns nt plrmnssnebl toclgbjrl somlokl jk jpostjtl (tjifnr)? (7) Pao ajs tal rn`at to ukclrtjil nssunk` fjtwjs (bl`jbrubnk`s)?

Ejslc ok tal fjtwjs provnclc ey talsl `rljt sgaobjrs (wao nkgbuclc tal Wajyia Jb-Jzajr9 JyjtobbjaWnstjkn jkc Walnia Zjrjcjwn), nk Huby 544< GL, A.M. Ink` Jecubbja NN gokvlklc jk nktlrkjtnokjb Nsbjmnggokflrlkgl of 544 of tal worbc's bljcnk` Nsbjmng sgaobjrs '\bjmj) from


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:5

Wnkgl taosl Clgbjrjtnoks jrl okby clgbjtory, okl mnàt jrùl tajt Mjbjysnjk òvlrkmlkt ns kot eoukcey talm. Eut, tal fjgt ns Mjbjysnj ajs vnobjtlc so mjky nktlrkjtnokjb stjkcjrcs ey clkynk` MjbjysnjkWanntls talnr rnàts. Jmok` otalrs jrl \kntlc Kjtnoks @lklrjb Jsslmeby (\K@J) Clgbjrjtnok ok talLbnmnkjtnok of Jbb Forms of Nktoblrjkgl jkc of Cnsgrnmnkjtnok Ejslc ok Ulbn`nok or Elbnlf (:>1:), tal\kntlc Kjtnoks @lklrjb Jsslmeby (\K@J) Clgbjrjtnok ok tal Unàts of Tlrsoks Elbok`nk` to Kjtnokjbor Ltakng, Ulbn`nous or Bnkùnstng Mnkorntnls (:>>7), jkc tal \KLWGO Clgbjrjtnok ok Ujgl jkc UjgnjbTrlhucngl (:>01). Nt ns worta mlktnoknk` alrl tajt Jrtngbl 5 of tal Clgbjrjtnok ok tal Unàts of TlrsoksElbok`nk` to Kjtnokjb or Ltakng, Ulbn`nous or Bnkùnstng Mnkorntnls (:>>7, p. 76-70) protlgts tal

mnkorntnls jkc proanents cnsgrnmnkjtnoks jkc talrlforl ùjrjktlls tal rnàts of Wanntls to pjrtngnpjtl nktal puebng jkc gubturjb bnfl of sognlty, nkgbucnk`, mjnktjnknk` talnr owk jssognjtnoks. Jrtngbl 5 jbsostrlssls tajt mnkorntnls ajvl rnàt to pjrtngnpjtl nk clgnsnoks ok tal kjtnokjb, jkc rl`nokjb blvlb, walrljpproprnjtl walk nt gokglrks talm.

Js ajvl prlslktlc ljrbnlr, nk vnlw of jbb tal nktoblrjkgls, rnàts jeusls jkc cnsgrnmnkjtnoks towjrcs talWanntls nk Mjbjysnj, nt ns nmportjkt alrl to slt tal stjkcjrc tlrmnkobo`y for toblrjkgl. Nk tal goktlxt oftans pjplr, N jm jcoptnk` tal gokglpt of toblrjkgl js su``lstlc ey G.W Momoa (:>>7). Ejsngjbby Momoaslls tajt jbb rlbn`noks jrl lqujb nk tal mlssj`l of talnr foukclrs. Jppbynk` nt alrl ns rjtalr strjk`l snkglWanj jkc Wukkn jrl rlgo`knslc js Nsbjm, js proposlc ey Sal Jmmjk Mlssj`l jkc Sal NsbjmjejcClgbjrjtnok sn`klc ey ONG gouktrnls nkgbucnk` Mjbjysnj. Of goursl, talrl jrl cnfflrlkgls eltwllkWukkntl jkc Wanntl Musbnms eut tajt saoubc kot el jk lxgusl for cnsuknty jmok` Musbnms. Eut N ajvl togoksnclr vnlws of pbjgnk` Wannsm out of Nsbjm ajs ellk prjgtngjbby jcoptlc nk Mjbjysnj. Sal

Mjbjysnjk òvlrkmlkts trljtmlkt towjrcs tal Wanntls ns snmnbjr to tal Wjucn Jrjenj trljtmlkt towjrcstalnr Wanntls. Jcnb Jb-Ijbejkn (544>), tal fnrst ebjgi nmjm of tal @rjkc Mosqul nk Mlggj for nkstjkglsu``lstlc Wanntl gblrngs jrl alrltngs. Js for lxpnjtnk` Wanntls, wl goubc possneby cnsguss nt. J flw yljrs

elforl, Jecub Ujamjk jb Ejrji, jkotalr gblrng from Wjucn wao ns gbosl to tal Wjucn Uoyjb fjmnby, mjcljkotalr provogjtnok ey clkoukgnk` Wanj js jk lvnb slgt morl cjk`lrous tajk Hlws jkc Garnstnjks(Gurtnk Pnksor H.U, 5440). Jggorcnk` to Kjtjkj H. Clbok`-Ejs (5443, p. 13->4) tal Wjucn Pjajennktlrprltjtnok of Nsbjm usujbby portrjys Wanntl js ukelbnlvlrs. Ajvnk` Wannsm js jkotalr rlbn`nok, jkcgoksnclrnk` tal Wanntls js nkfnclbs, ukelbnlvlrs, alrltngs, clvnjkts jkc kok Nsbjmng gompjrlc total Wukkn Nsbjm nk Mjbjysnj, Momoas talsns js fobbows saoubc el jppbngjebl8

Soblrjkgl slls jbb rlbn`noks jkc ltakng worbcvnlws js lqujb kot stjtnstngjbby eut nk talnr ejsngposntnvl, koebl jkc soub-lkrngank` mlssj`lsSoblrjkgl cols kot sll jky rlbn`nok js lvnb jkc sogjkkot jkc cols kot gokclmk jky rlbn`nok (p.:4>-::4).

Pay ns nt tajt rlbn`nous toblrjkgl towjrcs Wanj gjkkot el nkgorporjtlc ey tal Mjbjysnjk lstjebnsamlkt?Oevnousby, wnta tajt jmoukt of fjgts, rlbn`nous toblrjkgl goubc el elklfngnjb to sognjb orclr jkc aumjkclvlbopmlkt9 for nk tans inkc of toblrjtnok of, our aljrts jkc nktlbblgts ò out to tal otalr nk j psygangnktlrmnk`bnk`, tarouà sajrnk`, `lkunkl wnbbnk`klss to bljrk, jkc oplk-mnkclcklss. Nt ns ok tans toilk tajtj `lkunkl aumjk rnàts posntnok of rlbn`nous frllcom ns foukclc. (Oilrlèl, 544:, p. 547).

Pajt jrl tal rljsoks of suga nktoblrjkgl towjrcs tal Wanntls nk Mjbjysnj? Ijmnb Xuajnrn, tal MjbjysnjkWanntl fnùrl nk tal Frll Mjbjysnj Socjy rlport, ebjmls nt ok tal Pjajenst8

Elforl tal (Nrjknjk) Ulvobutnok, Wanntls goubc mnx wnta otalr plopbl. Lvlry yljr wl gjbb jeout5,444 plopbl (from jbb gommukntnls to honk nk our flstnvntnls). Koeocy alrl elbnlvls tajt wl ò outto sbjuàtlr plopbl. Pao elbnlvls tans (sbjkclr)? Sal ejc rlputjtnok gomls from taosl wao jttjgi

us kot lvlk tal pobngl (nk Mjbjysnj) cnsture us elforl :>>0, wl wlrlkt tajt sn`knfngjkt. Salproeblm alrl ns kot tal Wukkns, eut tal Pjaajens taly jrl ancnk` elankc tal Wukkns HJNW jkcHJINM jrl kot Pjaajen, eut talrl jrl lblmlkts tajt jrl trynk` to plkltrjtl nt (Tjtrngi Bll, 54:5).

Ijmnb Xuajnrns stjtlmlkt jeovl goubc el trul snkgl Pjajen tljgank`s rlhlgtlc Wanj Nsbjm9 nk fjgt taleboocsalc, vnoblkgl jkc tlrror tajt ajvl ellk cogumlktlc nk anstorngjb jggoukts js prlslktlc nk tal vlryfnrst pjrt of tans pjplr saows tajt Wanj Nsbjm ajs ellk trljtlc ejcby ey tal Pjajentls. Nk orclr to rlfrlsa,Galryb Elkjrc (54478 xvn) clsgrnels Pjajensm js jk lxtrlmnst, purntjkngjb, jkc j``rlssnvl form ofNsbjmng fukcjmlktjbnsm foukclc nk tal :1ta glktury jkc jcoptlc ey tal aousl of Wjuc9 cnsrlsplgtnkòtalr vlrsnoks of Nsbjm, nkgbucnk` Wufn Nsbjm, Wandj Nsbjm, jkc moclrjtl Nsbjm nk `lklrjb js nkgorrlgtjelrrjtnoks of tal trul rlbn`nok. Nts lxpjksnoknst jmentnoks jrl aljvnby fukclc ey tal Wjucn òvlrkmlkt.

Sal TEW klws pro`rjm Froktbnkl kotlc tajt Wjucn @ovlrkmlkt ajs ellk frjkgansnk` Pjajensm jbb ovlr

tal `boel9 cnsùnsnk` talnr oplrjtnok ey fukcnk` gajrnty wori, lcugjtnok jkc rlbn`nous nkstntutnok. J


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:7

trjksgrnpt of TEW pro`rjm lktntblc Wjucn Snml Eome? rlportlc aow ovlr tal pjst flw clgjcls, Wjucngajrntnls lstjebnsalc aukcrlcs of rlbn`nous sgaoobs, or mjcrjssjs, from Mjbjysnj to \zelinstjk, from talWucjk to Tjinstjk (Wmnta & Elr`mjk, 544:).

Nk jccntnok, bogjb sgaobjrs Unzjb ^jjiop from Kjtnokjb \knvlrsnty of Mjbjysnj (\IM) jkc Jsmjcy Ncrns(\kcjtlc, p. >) from \knvlrsnty Mjbjysnj of Wjeja (\KNMJW) ajvl saowk aow Wjucn Jrjenjk fnkjkgnjbjnc sugglssfuby gajkklblc Mjbjysnj to n`korl tal rnsl of Pjajensm lxportlc ey Wjucn Ink`com tarouàtal lcugjtnok, eusnklss jkc wlbfjrl slgtors. For lxjmpbl, Sal 34ta Wplgnjb Gokflrlkgl of tal Fjtwj

Gommnttll of tal Kjtnokjb Goukgnb for Nsbjmng Ulbn`nous Jffjnrs Mjbjysnj tajt gokvlklc nk :>>6 tocnsguss tal stjtus of Wanjs nk Mjbjysnj jbso j`rllc tajt Pjajen Nsbjm ns kot clvnjkt nk goktrjst to WanjNsbjm. Saus, Pjajen Nsbjm ajs klvlr ellk ejk or outbjw js lxplrnlkglc ey Wannsm (Moac JnzjmMjsoc, 54:7). Aowlvlr, from tnml to tnml, tal rn`ncnty of Pjajen Nsbjm mjkj`l to provoil glrtjnkqujrtlrs tajt jwjrl of aow rnsiy nt gjk el to Mjbjysnjk rlbn`nous gbnmjtl. For lxjmpbl, nk j blttlr to jklws portjb, Mjbjysnjinkn, j sgaobjr from Wnk`jporl, Cr Wylc Jbwn Jamjc rjnslc ans gokglrks ok tallmlr`lkgl of Pjajen Nsbjm9 stop slkcnk` Mjbjysnjk stuclkts to Mnccbl Ljstlrk uknvlrsntnls jkcgobbl`ls for jk Nsbjmng lcugjtnok. Sal Mnccbl Ljst ajvl j gompbltlby cnfflrlkt sognjb goktlxt. Saly jrlkot mubtn-gubturjb js ns Mjbjysnj. Nk wajt slksl gjk tal Mnccbl Ljst el j rlblvjkt moclb of Nsbjm forMjbjysnjk Musbnms? Tlrajps tal tnml ajs fnkjbby goml for Mjbjysnj to jcmnt tal oevnous - tajt Nsbjm js

prjgtnglc nk Mjbjysnj ns kot lqunvjblkt to tal Nsbjm js prjgtnglc nk tal Mnccbl Ljst. Pjaajensm ajs kopbjgl nk gosmopobntjk Jsljk gouktrnls. Gokslqulktby Mjbjysnj ajs ko furtalr kllc to trjnk nts futurlubjmj nk Jb-Jzajr or Mlcnkj. Saly gjk `lt morl rlblvjkt trjnknk` nk Mjbjysnj ntslbf (Wylc Jbwn

Jamjc, 5443).

MK Ajrnsucnk (54::) wrotl nk jk offngnjb wlesntl of Kjacjtub \bjmj Nkcoklsnj tajt plrmnttnk`Pjajensm nk tal sognlty ns bnil pbjktnk` rnsi jt tal ejgiyjrc. Pjajentls jggorcnk` to Ajrnsucnk jrlajrcbnklrs wao gjkkot toblrjtl otalr vnlws tajk talnrs. Pjajensm movlmlkt, nk lxportnk` ajtrlc towjrcsWannsm, ns gjusnk` rjcngjbnsjtnok jmok` Musbnms sognlty jkc tans gjk el ljsnby cokl snkgl Wukkntls cokot ajvl proplr bljclrsanp gompjrlc to tal Wanntls. Salrlforl, tal lmpty spjgl of rlbn`nous ùncjkgl gjk

el ljsnby fnbblc nk ey tal Pjajentls prljgalrs wnta jbb talnr co`mjs jkc cogtrnkls. Jbb tans ns mjcl ljsytarouà au`l fnkjkgnk` js oeslrvlc ey Gurtnk Pnksor H.U8

Panbl Wjucn gntnzlks rlmjnk tal vjkùjrc of Nsbjmng talofjsgnsm jroukc tal worbc, tal `rowta

potlktnjb for tans nclobo`y bnls outsncl tal Ink`com. Sal Wjucns ajvl splkt jt bljst $10 enbbnokpropj`jtnk` Pjaajensm jerojc curnk` tal pjst two clgjcls, jkc tal sgjbl of fnkjkgnk` ns elbnlvlcto ajvl nkgrljslc nk tal pjst two yljrs js onb prngls ajvl siyrogiltlc. Sal eubi of tans fukcnk`òls to tal gokstrugtnok jkc oplrjtnk` lxplksls of mosquls, mjcrjssjs, jkc otalr rlbn`nousnkstntutnoks tajt prljga Pjaajensm. Nt jbso supports tal trjnknk` of nmjms9 comnkjtnok of mjssmlcnj jkc puebnsank` outblts9 cnstrneutnok of Pjaajen tlxteoois jkc otalr bntlrjturl9 jkclkcowmlkts to uknvlrsntnls (nk lxgajk`l for nkfbulkgl ovlr tal jpponktmlkt of Nsbjmng sgaobjrs).Sal bjgi of j formjb lggblsnjstngjb anlrjrgay wntank Wukkn Nsbjm rlkclrs trjcntnokjb rlbn`nousnkstntutnoks wlji nk tal fjgl of wlbb-fukclc Pjaajen mnssnokjry jgtnvntnls. Most Wukkn Musbnmsbooi to talnr bogjb nmjms for rlbn`nous ùncjkgl. Nk poor gouktrnls, talsl nmjms jkc bogjb bljclrsoftlk fnkc nt cnffngubt to rlsnst tal snrlk sok` of smjbb jmoukts of Wjucn jnc tajt jggompjkyPjaajenst mnssnokjrnls nk poor. Moclrjtl nmjms co kot ajvl j gompjrjebl sourgl of fnkjkgnjb

pjtrokj`l wnta wanga to gomejt nts sprljc. Nmportjkt frokts nk tans gjmpjn`k jrl nk souta jkc

soutaljst Jsnj, walrl tal mjhornty of tal worbc's Musbnms bnvl. Nk Tjinstjk, Nkcoklsnj, talTanbnppnkls, Mjbjysnj jkc soutalrk Sajnbjkc, Pjaajens ajvl go-optlc (or rlpbjglc) vnbbj`l jkcklnàeoraooc nmjms, jkc talrl ns j frlsa strljm of gokvlrts rlturknk` from stjys js ùlst worilrsnk Wjucn Jrjenj. Sal ganbcrlk of poor gokvlrts jrl oftlk tjilk to Wjucn Jrjenj for "lcugjtnok" jkcmjky jrl rlturklc js gjkkok focclr for usl ey Pjaajen tlrrornst frokts (Gurtnk Pnksor H.U, 5440,

p.


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:3

Nt ns sn`knfngjkt to kotl alrl tajt tal Wanntls posl blss tarljt to tal kjtnokjb stjenbnty gompjrlc to talPjajentls (Mjzwnk Kni Jkns & Xubinfbn Jecub Ujamjk, 54:4). Mjbjysnjk Aoml Mnknstlr,Ansajmuccnk Ausslnk gokfnrmlc tans, sjynk`, tal Wanntls jrl kot j tarljt from slgurnty ponkt of vnlw.Salrl jrl so mjky vnlws supportnk` tans fjgt jgjclmngjbby. Sarouà ans gjrlfub lxpborjtnok, GurtnkPnksor H.U (5440, p. :4) elbnlvls tajt Wanntls co kot rl`jrc kok Wanntl Musbnms js ukelbnlvlrs, wanbltaly gomprnsl okby :4-:15) lxpbjnklc jt blk`ta aow Wanjstrugturl ns gompbltlby cnfflrlkt from tal Wukkn gouktlrpjrt. Saly jrl ukbnilby to rlvobt or elgoml j

tarljt snkgl taly oely talnr mjrhj nk jbb jsplgts of rlbn`nous bnfl8

Nk Nrjk, tal Wan'j ubjmj ajvl ajc tal jcclc rlspoksnenbnty of nktlrprltnk` talnr robl nk vnlw of talnrtalobo`ngjb posntnok tajt, wanbl tal twlbfta Nmjm rlmjnks nk oggubtjtnok, tal lxlrgnsl of jbb powlrns usurpjtory. Sal ubjmj wlrl taus put nk j posntnok of plrmjklkt opposntnok. Sans worilc wlbbfor kljrby j taousjkc yljrs wanbl tal Wan'j rlmjnklc j mnkornty lvlrywalrl jkc powlr wjs

lxlrgnslc ey Wukkn Ink`s, Gjbnpas jkc Wubtjks (p. 73>).

Anstory ajs provlk tajt Wanntls rlmjnklc snblkt jkc gaosl to el j wlbb-mjkklrlc mnkornty ukclr Wukkntl

goktrob, js saowk nk Woutaljst Jsnj, or tal Mjbjy rl`nok elforl tal lxnstlkgl of Pjajentls.

3. Sal Gurrlkt Wtn`mjtnzjtnok of Mjbjysnjk Wanntls

Mjbjysnj ns j mubtnrlbn`nous jkc mubtnrjgnjb kjtnok, aowlvlr Mnknstlr nk tal Trnml Mnknstlr's ClpjrtmlktHjmnb Ianr Ejajrom gbljrby stjtlc nk ans rlmjris tajt Wanntls nk Mjbjysnj ajvl ko rnàts9 wl ajvl rubls,wl prjgtnsl tal tljgank`s of Jabn Wukkja Pjb Hjmjja ukclr tal Wajfnl Wgaoob, so wl co kot jbbow

proslbytnsnk` of Musbnms. Wo, talrl ns ko nssul of aumjk rnàts vnobjtnok alrl (Klw Wtrjnts Snmls,54:7j). Jggorcnk` to Mjbjysnjk Aoml Mnknstry Wlgrltjry @lklrjb ok Juùst 0,walrl :4 plopbl wlrl jrrlstlc ukclr tal Nktlrkjb Wlgurnty Jgt for jbbl`lc `roukcs of prjgtngnk` WanjNsbjm. Sal prlvlktnvl cltlktnok bjw, kow jkkubblc jkc rlpbjglc ey Wlgurnty Offlkgls (Wplgnjb Mljsurls)Jgt 54:5, plrmnts òvlrkmlkt to cltjnklc nkcnvncujbs wntaout trnjb for j plrnoc kot lxgllcnk` okl yljr9tal :4 wlrl tjilk nk ukclr tal Nktlrkjb Wlgurnty Jgt (NWJ) ejrlby j wlli jftlr tal :4ta jkknvlrsjry of jmjss grjgicowk ey tal òvlrkmlkt wnta tal usl of tal sjml bjw. Okl of taosl albc, Butpn Nerjanm, ns j

proflssor jt \knvlrsnty Mjbjyjs Nsbjmng Wtucnls fjgubty. Sal obclst cltjnkll, 67-yljr-obc TjajruccnkMustjpaj, ns rlportlc to el sufflrnk` from slrnous cnjeltls jkc to el jbmost ebnkc. Four of taosl cltjnklcjrl from tal ljst gojst stjtl of Ilbjktjk, rublc ey tal opposntnok Nsbjmng Tjrty TJW. Jutaorntnls nkMjbjysnj, walrl tal vjst mjhornty of Musbnms jrl Wukkn, sjy tal :4 wlrl albc ok suspngnok of sprljcnk`tljgank`s jppjrlktby nk gokfbngt wnta tal Wukkjja wjb-Hjmjja or Wukkn Nsbjm (Jknb Kolb Kltto, :>>0).

Js mlktnoklc ljrbnlr, nk Clglmelr 54:4, morl tajk two aukcrlc Wanjs nkgbucnk` Nrjknjks jkc Tjinstjknswlrl jrrlstlc ey Wlbjkòr Wtjtl Ulbn`nous Clpjrtmlkt nk j bnàtknk` rjnc jt j bogjb Wanntl gommukntyglktrl gjbblc Ajuzja Jr Uncaj Jbjnanssjbjm (Jssognjtlc Trlss, 54:4). Wnkgl tal rjnc, tal Wanjs ajvl ellksuehlgt to goktnkuous nktnmncjtnoks ey Mjbjysnjs Nsbjmng Ulbn`nous jutaorntnls. Jkotalr rjnc gokcugtlcwjs nk Mjy 54:: curnk` j bukga glblerjtnk` tal enrtacjy of Fjtnmja Xjarj, cjuàtlr of propalt. Salbukgalok wjs eroilk up ey Wlbjkòr Wtjtl Ulbn`nous Clpjrtmlkt offnglrs. Four Wanntls wlrl jrrlstlc tajtcjy.

Nk 54:7 two Wanj jcalrlkts wlrl jrrlstlc ok Juùst


15/21


:ta Mjrga 54::, Mjbjysnjk Mnknstlr Hjmnb Ianr Ejajrom (54::, p. 1-::) rlspokclc to j qulstnok eytwo Mlmelrs of Tjrbnjmlkt9 al nksnstlc tajt Mjbjysnjk òvlrkmlkt plrmnts Wannsm to el prjgtnslc nkMjbjysnj wnta j gokcntnok nt gjkkot el propj`jtlc to otalrs. Sans gokfusnk` fjgt ns kot clfnkntnvl js taltlrm kot jbbowlc to propj`jtl Wannsm wjs klvlr clfnklc proplrby nk tal bjw jkc suehlgtlc to mjkynktlrprltjtnoks ey rlbn`nous j`lkgnls jkc bjw lkforglrs. Js saowk from tal ponkts jeovl, Mjbjysnjkòvlrkmlkt ajvl klvlr plrmnttlc Wannsm to lxnst nk Mjbjysnj jkc vnobjtls aumjk rnàts wntaout talikowblc`l of nktlrkjtnokjb gommuknty. Saus, ovlr jkc ovlr tal Mjbjysnjk Wanntls wlrl trngilc-

cnsgrnmnkjtlc j`jnk jkc j`jnk.

Forgnk` Musbnms to jcalrl to tal tljgank` of Wukkn Nsbjm ukclr tal Wajfnn sgaoob ejsngjbby kl`jtls talgo-lxnstlkgl of otalr sgaoobs of taouàt nk Nsbjm tajt ajvl ellk prjgtnglc for j`ls. Sans ns j gbljr jssjubtok tal plrglpt of frllcom of rlbn`nok jkc jk j``rlssnok j`jnkst fukcjmlktjb bnelrty.

Ujtalr tajk jppbynk` prlssurl to tal Wanj gommuknty, vnobjtnk` talnr rnàts jkc provoink` talm torltjbnjtl, Mjbjysnj saoubc el worink` to`ltalr wnta tans mnkornty `roup to lksurl tajt tal wlbb elnk` jkctal rnàts of tal gommuknty jrl prlslrvlc. Sal òvlrkmlkt saoubc promotl pobngnls jkc prjgtngls tajtlksurl tal rnàt of lvlry rlbn`nous `roup to lxlrgnsl nts fjnta frll from bl`jb, pobntngjb, or lgokomngrlstrngtnoks, tans nkgbucls tal Wanj mnkornty. Aowlvlr, tal òvlrkmlkt ns kot saownk` jky sn`ks to tjilclgnsnvl jgtnok to protlgt tal `roup from tarljts jkc vnoblkgl9 nk fjgt, nts pbjynk` j mjhor robl nk gjrrynk`tal stn`mj towjrcs tal gommuknty. Sans gbljrby ukclrmnkls Mjbjysnj gbjnms to elnk` j rnàts-rlsplgtnk`clmogrjgy.

4


16/21


:6

goktrjcngt j stucy ey W. Pjallc Jiatjr (:>11, p. xx), j formlr Troflssor jt Jbn`jrà Musbnm \knvlrsnty,js nk ans eooi lktntblc, Ljrby Wanntl Nmjmnyyja Sankilrs. Ans jsslssmlkt ns gbljr, tal mjnk cnfflrlkgls

eltwllk tal Wukkns jkc tal Wanja jrl ko morl tajk tal cnfflrlkgls tajt lxnst jmok` vjrnous Wukknsgaoobs of fnqa jkc ijbjm. Js for fnqa, tal Hjfjrnyyja Nmjmnyyja fnqa ok ljga furun nssul gokforms tookl or tal otalr fnqan sgaoob of tal Wukkns.

Jggorcnk` to Jamjc Nerjanm (:>69 Wjbmja v. Woobok` (:101)

Iysal 35:9 Koorcnk v. Wajni Koorcnk (:>41) :4 W.W.B.U. 05 (p. 00).

Ajvnk` tal Hjfjrn sgaoob rlgo`knslc ey so mjky offngnjb eocnls jt tal nktlrkjtnokjb blvlb tarouà mjkyclgbjrjtnoks jkc lcngts, talrlforl tal Mjbjysnjk ortaocoxy, nktoblrjkgl jkc rn`ncklss towjrcs tal Wanntlsns qulstnokjebl. Wanntls js tal mnkornty ajvl goktrneutlc to tal Mjbjy gnvnbnsjtnok jkc moclrk cjykjtnok eunbcnk`. Nt ns jeout tnml tajt, Mjbjysnj pjrtngubjrby, rlgo`knsls talnr goktrneutnok, jkc booi upok

otalr tarljts portrjylc ey tal Wukkn lxtrlmnst8

Sans ns gurrlktby kot jbwjys tal gjsl nk Woutaljst Jsnj (l.`, Mjbjysnj). Sal posntnvl goktrneutnokstajt tal Hjfjrn sgaoob ns mjink` to tal Nsbjmng worbc stnbb jwjnt morl tnml to el jpprlgnjtlc nkWoutaljst Jsnj, walrl tal fljr of rlvobutnok or jktn stjtl movlmlkts jrouslc ey tal lxplrnlkgl oftal Nrjknjk Ulvobutnok of :>0> stnbb bnk`lrs. ^lt tal rlvobutnokjry potlktnjb of Nrjks Wanj tajtjrouslc jpprlalksnok or jbjrm jmok` klnàeornk` gokslrvjtnvl mokjrganls slvlrjb clgjcl jò,ajs kow ellk cwjrflc ey tal forgls ukbljsalc snkgl :: Wlptlmelr 544: wnta tal `boejb prlslkglof Wukkn Hnajcnst tlrror kltworis wao posl `lkunkl tarljts to stjtl slgurnty nk slvlrjb pjrt ofNsbjmng worbc, nkgbucnk` Musbnm mjhornty stjtls nk Woutaljst Jsnj (Jamjc Ijzlmn Moussjvn,5447 (Juùst :6, 5443).


17/21


:0

Jamlc, Nrfjk. (5446). Sal Clstrugtnok of Aoby Wntls nk Mlggj jkc Mlcnkj. Sal Wpnrnt Nsbjmng Mj`jznklNssul Ko :, Huby, 5>-75.

Jiatjr, W. Pjallc. (:>11).Ljrby Wanntl Nmjmnyyja Sankilrs. Klw Clban8 Jsansa Tuebnsank` Aousl.

Jb Ijbejkn. (544>). Nktlrvnlw wnta EEG jkc Jb Jrjenyj8 Sal Mnccbl Ljst Mlcnj Ulsljrga Nkstntutl SV

Mokntor Trohlgt. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.mlmrntv.o...bnp/lk/5:45.atm(Mjy ).

Jb Wajkjwn, J.J.M. (:>17).Jb-Jzajr8 Hjmnjk wj Hjmnjtuk. Gjnro8 Mjitjeja jb Jk`jbu jb Mnsrnyyja.

Jbjtjs, W.F. (:>>>). Sal Sjrnqjt Jb-Jbjwnyyja jkc Sal Lmlr`lkgl of tal Wann Wgaoob nk Nkcoklsnj jkcMjbjysnj. Ornlktl Moclrko8 Sal Uobl of tal Wjcjt/Jsrjf nk Musbnm Anstory jkc Gnvnbnzjtnok QVNNN,

BQQNQ, 5, 757-77>.

Jmeja, F.W. (5446). Ulsur`lkgl of Wufnsm nk Wjucn Jrjenj. Sal Wpnrnt Nsbjmng Mj`jznkl Nssul Ko :,Huby, :4-::.

Js Wl`jf, A.J. (:>>5).Js Wjbjfnyyja jb Pjaajenyyja. Elnrut8 Cjr jb Nmjm jr Ujwwjs.

Jssognjtlc Trlss. (54:4). Mjbjysnj mjy gajr`l 544 for clvnjtnk` from Nsbjm. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8

attp8//cjwk.gom/klws/5763/mjbjysnj-mjy-gajr`l-544-for-clvnjtnk`-from-nsbjm.(Clglmelr 54, 54:4).

Ejajrom, H.I. (54::). Tjrbnjmlktjry Ajksjrc8 Clwjk Ujiyjt Tjrbnmlk Ilcujelbjs Tlk``jb IllmpjtMlsyujrjt Tlrtjmj Kumelr 7.1-::, (Mjrga >, 54::).

Ejajruccnk, W. J. (5441>). Sal \subn-jiaejrn Goktrovlrsy. Nk Kjsr, Wylc Aosslnk & Cjejsan, Ajmnc & UlzjKjsr, Wylc Vjbbn (lcs.).Lxplgtjtnok of tal Mnbblkknum8 Wannsm nk Anstory. Klw ^ori8 Wtjtl \knvlrsnty ofKlw ^ori Trlss, 514-517.

Elkjrc, G. (5447). Gnvnb Clmogrjtng Nsbjm, Tjrtklrs, Ulsourgls, jkc Wtrjtl`nls. Wjktj Mokngj8 UJKCGorporjtnok.

Enlblflbct, A. (54:7). \K offngnjb sjys Mjbjysnj saoubc rlvlrsl Jbbja ejk. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.talmjbjysnjknksnclr.gom/mjbjysnj/jrtngbl/uk-offngnjb-sjys-mjbjysnj-saoubc-rlvlrsl-jbbja-ejk(Kovlmelr 53). Sal Porbc js Slxt8 Gosmobo`nls of Wajyia Jamjc Jb-Jasj'n. Wtucnj Nsbjmngj14, :34.
http://www.memritv.o...lip/en/2102.htmhttp://www.memritv.o...lip/en/2102.htmhttp://dawn.com/news/592364/malaysia-may-charge-200-for-deviating-from-islamhttp://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/un-official-says-malaysia-should-reverse-allah-banhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdfhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdfhttp://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Minorities/Booklet_Minorities_English.pdfhttp://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/un-official-says-malaysia-should-reverse-allah-banhttp://dawn.com/news/592364/malaysia-may-charge-200-for-deviating-from-islamhttp://www.memritv.o...lip/en/2102.htm


18/21


:1

Lcntornjb. (5446). Pajt ok Ljrta ns tal TM Sjbink` Jeout. Sal Wpnrnt Nsbjmng Mj`jznkl NssulKo :, Huby,3-6.

Lkjyjt, A. (:>11j). Sjqnyyja. Nk Kjsr, W.A. & Cjejsan, A. & Ulzj Kjsr, W.V. (lcs.). Wannsm8 Cogtrnkls

Saouàt jkc Wpnrntujbnty. Jbejky8 Wtjtl \knvlrsnty of Klw ôri Trlss, 546-5:5.

Lkjyjt, A. (:>11e). Wannsm jkc Wukknsm. Nk Kjsr, W.A. & Cjejsan, A. & Ulzj Kjsr, W.V. (lcs.).Wannsm8 Cogtrnkls Saouàt jkc Wpnrntujbnty. Jbejky8 Wtjtl \knvlrsnty of Klw ôri Trlss, 6). YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.jb-nsbjm.or`/lkgygboplcnj/gajptlr:e/:3.atmb (Huby :6, 54::).

@ruklejum, @.L. Vok. (:>11).Muajmmjcjk Flstnvjbs. Klw ôri8 Obnvl Erjkga Trlss.

Ajmnc, N. (:>17). Sal Mjbjy Nsbjmng Anijyjt. Ejk`n8 Tlklrent \knvlrsntn Ilejk`sjjk Mjbjysnj.

Ajrnsucnk, M.K. (54::). Wlhjrja Antjm Ijum Pjajen8 Kjacjtub \bjmj Offngnjb Tj`l. YOkbnkl]Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.ku.or.nc/pj`l/nc/cnkjmng_cltnb/3/75611/Iobom/Wlhjrja__Antjm__Ijum_Pjajen.atmb (Hukl57, 54::).

Ajrok, W. (54:7). TMs gjbb jt \K8 Moclrjtnok gjk el powlrfub toob jkc Musbnms must ukntl j`jnksttaosl usnk` rlbn`nok. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.kst.gom.my/bjtlst/pm-s-gjbb-jt-uk-moclrjtnok-gjk-

el-powlrfub-toob-jkc-musbnms-must-ukntl-j`jnkst-taosl-usnk`-rlbn`nok-:.76310>#nxzz5biI15). \kwjk jb Mjhc fn Sjrnia Kjhc.Unyjca8 Mjitjeja Cjrjt jb-Mjbni Jecub Jznz.

Nerjanm, J. (:>6-:56.

Ioabelr`, L. (5441). Sjqnyyj nk Wann Salobo`y jkc Ulbn`nok. Nk Buft, Tjub & Surklr, Gobnk (lcs.).Wannsm8 Grntngjb Gokglpts nk Nsbjmng Wtucnls Vobuml NNN Bjw Untl jkc Untujb . Bokcok & Klw ôri8

Uoutblc`l, 57


19/21


:>

Iok`gajkj, T. (:>>77). Sal Wanntl Ulbn`nok8 J Anstory of Nsbjm Nk Tlrsnj jkc Nrji. Bokcok8 Buzjg &

Gompjky.

Mjrrnsok, @.L. (:>13). Jk lxjmnkjtnok of tal fjbb of Mlbjij nk :.

Mnbsok, M. (5443). Ulform vs Nsbjmnsm nk tal Jrje Porbc Socjy. Sal Mnccbl Ljst Mlcnj UlsljrgaNkstntutl Wplgnjb Ulport73, :-:7.

Moajmjc, M. & Otamjk, W. (5446). Jabub Ejnt (Ilbujr`j) Ujsububbja WJP cjk Ilsubtjkjk Mlbjyu.Ejtu Gjvls8 Grlsglkt Klws.

Moac, A. (54:7). Hjns rjncs Wanj AZ nk Sjmjk Wlrn @omeji. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.kst.gom.my/bjtlst/hjns-rjncs-sanj-aq-nk-tjmjk-slrn-òmeji-:.763>#nxzz5biHK@NoV(Wlptlmelr 51, 54:7).

Momoa, G.W. (:>>7). Sal Fuklrjb of Clmogrjgy. Bjòs8 Jfrngjk Tanbosopay Glktrl.

Moussjvn, J.I. & Grow, I.C. (5441>). Sal \subn-Jiaejrn Goktrovlrsy. Nk Kjsr, Wylc Aosslnk & Cjejsan, Ajmnc &Ulzj Kjsr, Wylc Vjbbn (lcs.). Lxplgtjtnok of tal Mnbblkknum8 Wannsm nk Anstory. Klw ôri8 Wtjtl\knvlrsnty of Klw ôri Trlss, 517-516.

Muzjffjr, G. (544>0). Grjgicowk ok Wanj Musbnms Tuzzbls Mjky. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.npsklws.klt/:>>0/::/rlbn`nok-mjbjysnj-grjgicowk-ok-sanj-musbnms-puzzbls-mjky/(Kovlmelr 57, :>>0).

Klw Wtrjnts Snmls. (54:7j). Ko vnobjtnok of aumjk rnàts nk ejk of Wynja tljgank`s - Hjmnb Ianr. YOkbnkl]Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.kst.gom.my/bjtlst/ko-vnobjtnok-of-aumjk-rnàts-nk-ejk-of-synja-tljgank`s-hjmnb-ianr-:.757537#nxzz5bi1:>nOb(Huby 54, 54:7).

Klw Wtrjnts Snmls. (54:7e). Gbosl wjtga ok Wanj fobbowlrs nk Tlrji. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.kst.gom.my/kjtnok/`lklrjb/gbosl-wjtga-ok-sanj-fobbowlrs-nk-plrji-:.773464 (Juùst 0,54:7).

Kni Jkns, M. & Jecub Ujamjk, X. (54:4). Ulport Orclrlc Fobbownk` Gbjnms of Pjajensm jkc HNBBnkis. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//talstjr.gom.my/klws/story.jsp?fnbl=/54:4/6/53/kjtnok/54:44653:>4


20/21


54

Oilrlèl, J. (544:). Ulbn`nous Unàts jkc Soblrjkgl8 jk Lmpjtang Jbtlrkjtnvl. Nk Wlgrltjrnjt of talGokflrlkgl (lc.). Gobblgtlc Tjplrs of tal Nktlrkjtnokjb Gokflrlkgl ok Aumjk Unàts jkc Cnjboùl ofGnvnbnzjtnoks. Zom8 Mofnc \knvlrsnty Tuebngjtnoks Nkstntutl, 54:-541.

Osmjk, M.S. (:>10). \ksur-uksur Nsbjm Topubjr Cjbjm Ilplrgjyjjk Orjk` Mlbjyu. Nk Osmjk, MoacSjne & ûsoff, Pjk Ijcnr (lcs.). Ijhnjk Eucjyj cjk Mjsyjrjijt cn Mjbjysnj.Iujbj Bumpur8 Clwjk

Ejajsj cjk Tustjij, ::4-:3>.

Wjmjwn, M.J.S. (5444). Sal Wanj8 Sal Uljb Fobbowlrs of tal Wukkja. Zom8 Jksjrnyjk Tuebngjtnoks.

Wnccnqun, I. (:>15). Sal Nmjm Jsslrts tal Ulvobutnok's Jutaornty. Nk Wnccnqun, Ijbnm (lc.)Nssuls nk talNsbjmng Movlmlkt :>14-1:.Bokcok & Sorokto & Trltornj8 Sal Oplk Trlss Bnmntlc, 731-7>6). Wtj`ls of Nsbjmng Ulvobutnok. Bokcok8 Sal Oplk Trlss Bnmntlc.

Wmnta, M. & Elr`mjk, B. (544:). Wjucn Snml Eome?. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.pes.or`/wèa/pj`ls/froktbnkl/saows/sjucn/ltg/sgrnpt.atmb (Kovlmelr :>6). Pjajensm. Corrjkn, Hjbnb (trjks.). Slarjk8 Kjej Or`jknzjtnok.

Wuajnmn, M. (:>>7). Nmjm Jsyjrn Tlkylbjmjt Nitnijc Jabusukkja wjb Hjmjja. Wlbjkòr8 Tro`rlssnvlTuebnsalr Aousl Wck Eac.

Sjejtjejn, W.M.A. (5440).J Wlrnls of Nsbjm jkc Wanj. Zom8 Jksjrnyjk Tuebngjtnoks.

Sal Jmmjk Mlssj`l. (5443). YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.jmmjkmlssj`l.gom/ (Clglmelr 50,5443).

Sal Gjmeocnj Alrjbc. (54:5). Fubb Slxt of JWLJK Aumjk Unàts Clgbjrjtnok. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8attp8//www.talgjmeocnjalrjbc.gom/gjmeocnj/cltjnb/:?pj`l=::&toilk=OC^wKhLzMC`zKSNzOCgwM

@NyKSKnX@UiXPM3OCM4 (Kovlmelr :>, 54:5).

Sal Curejk Clgbjrjtnok jkc Tro`rjmml of Jgtnok. (5440). Sal Wnxta Aumjk Unàts Goukgnb Wlssnokntlm > of tal Trovnsnokjb J`lkcj Ujgnsm, Ujgnjb Cnsgrnmnkjtnok, Qlkopaoenj jkc Ulbjtlc Forms ofNktoblrjkgl8 fobbow-up to jkc nmpblmlktjtnok of tal Curejk Clgbjrjtnok jkc Tro`rjmml of Jgtnok.

Ulport of tal splgnjb rjpportlur ok goktlmporjry forms of rjgnsm, rjgnjb cnsgrnmnkjtnok, xlkopaoenj jkcrlbjtlc nktoblrjkgl, Coucou Cnkl, ok tal mjknflstjtnoks of clfjmjtnok of rlbn`noks jkc nk pjrtngubjr oktal slrnous nmpbngjtnoks of Nsbjmopaoenj ok tal lkhoymlkt of jbb rnàts. Cogumlkt fnbl Ko J/AUG/6/[email protected]:7075 (L) 534140. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 jp.oagar.or`/cogumlkts/L/AUG/clgnsnoks/J-AUG-CLG-

7-:47.cog (Juùst 53, 5440).

Sal Mjbjysnjk Nksnclr. (54:7). :6 jrrlstlc for sprljcnk` Wanj tljgank`s, sjys mnknstlr. YOkbnkl]Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//my.klws.yjaoo.gom/:6-sanntls-jrrlstlc-:74-mokntorlc-gops-sjys-mnknstlr-4>46:453). Moenbnsnk` Tobntngjb Nsbjm8 Nkcoklsnj jkc Mjbjysnj Gompjrlc. Gommokwljbta &Gompjrjtnvl TobntngsVob. 30, 7, 741777.

Vjtninotns, T.H. (:>141). Sal knklty knkl bjws of Tlrji. Nk Unèy, H (lc.). Tjplrs ok Mjbjy Wuehlgts8 BjwTjrt NN.Iujbj Bumpur8 @ovlrkmlkt of tal Flclrjtlc Mjbjy Wtjtls, :-0.
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Pnksor, G. Hr. (5440). Wjucn Jrjenj, Pjaajensm jkc tal Wprljc of Wukkn Salofjsgnsm. Mncljst Mokntor5, :, :-:3. YOkbnkl] Jvjnbjebl8 attp8//www.mncljstmokntor.or`/nssuls/404