The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

Content Goals and Content Goals and Objectives:Objectives:

Goal 5 – The Church in the Middle AgesGoal 5 – The Church in the Middle Ages The student will evaluate the role of the The student will evaluate the role of the

Christian church in the culture of medieval Christian church in the culture of medieval Europe.Europe.– 5.01 Evaluate the civil role of the Christian church in 5.01 Evaluate the civil role of the Christian church in

medieval Europe.medieval Europe.– 5.03 Summarize the nature of canon law of the Christian 5.03 Summarize the nature of canon law of the Christian

church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.– 5.04 Detail the various monastic movements including but 5.04 Detail the various monastic movements including but

not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs, not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs, Cistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medieval Cistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medieval Europe and their impact on the culture of the Christian Europe and their impact on the culture of the Christian church and Europe.church and Europe.

– 5.05 Trace the Christian Crusades including but not limited 5.05 Trace the Christian Crusades including but not limited to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.

– 5.06 Assess the causes and effects of the Christian 5.06 Assess the causes and effects of the Christian Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.

The Catholic Church The Catholic Church Expands Its PowerExpands Its Power

The Church becomes The Church becomes more of a political more of a political entityentity

Struggles with Struggles with monarchsmonarchs– Gregory VII and Gregory VII and

Henry IVHenry IV Expanded land Expanded land

ownershipownership

Henry IV of GermanyPope Gregory VII

The Church Expands The Church Expands continuedcontinued

As the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked to increase As the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked to increase the Church’s power as a political entity. As kingdoms came and went in the early the Church’s power as a political entity. As kingdoms came and went in the early Middle Ages, many Popes asserted that their authority was equal to or greater than Middle Ages, many Popes asserted that their authority was equal to or greater than the various political leaders of Europe. the various political leaders of Europe.

In 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, not In 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, not the kings, should control the appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other clergy. the kings, should control the appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other clergy. Henry IV of Germany disagreed and, after the two men exchanged bitter letters, the Henry IV of Germany disagreed and, after the two men exchanged bitter letters, the pope excommunicated him. The pope also threatened to excommunicate any pope excommunicated him. The pope also threatened to excommunicate any German clergy who did not obey him. Because much of Henry’s army came from German clergy who did not obey him. Because much of Henry’s army came from lands administered by the Church, he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles. lands administered by the Church, he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles. Henry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the pope Henry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the pope started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in Canossa, started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in Canossa, Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory forgave him. Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory forgave him. Though this episode resulted in a dramatic collapse of royal power, the pope was Though this episode resulted in a dramatic collapse of royal power, the pope was unable to control other European monarchs in the same manner. The rivalry between unable to control other European monarchs in the same manner. The rivalry between Church and state continued for centuries; however, there was no question that Church and state continued for centuries; however, there was no question that Europe was united in the Christian faith.Europe was united in the Christian faith.

Throughout this era, the Catholic Church dramatically expanded its property holdings Throughout this era, the Catholic Church dramatically expanded its property holdings and became the largest single landowner in Europeand became the largest single landowner in Europe—also —also making it extremely making it extremely wealthy. Many Popes hoped to use the growing power and wealth of the Church to wealthy. Many Popes hoped to use the growing power and wealth of the Church to unify Europe into a large, Christian state.unify Europe into a large, Christian state.

The Monastic MovementThe Monastic Movement Became popular in the 5th Became popular in the 5th

centurycentury Arose as a reaction against Arose as a reaction against

the increasing the increasing “worldliness” of the Church“worldliness” of the Church

Monasteries: secluded Monasteries: secluded religious communitiesreligious communities

Benedictine monasticism: Benedictine monasticism: vows of chastity, poverty, vows of chastity, poverty, obedienceobedience

St. Benedict

The Monastic Movement The Monastic Movement continuedcontinued

A Christian movement called monasticism, which had begun in the A Christian movement called monasticism, which had begun in the 3rd century, became more popular in the 5th century. Concern about 3rd century, became more popular in the 5th century. Concern about the growing “worldliness” of the church led to criticism by those who the growing “worldliness” of the church led to criticism by those who felt that a meditative life organized under strict regulations of felt that a meditative life organized under strict regulations of silence, obedience, physical labor, and religious practices was closer silence, obedience, physical labor, and religious practices was closer to the true meaning of Christianity. Throughout Europe, religious to the true meaning of Christianity. Throughout Europe, religious men and women established secluded enclaves called monasteries men and women established secluded enclaves called monasteries that were dedicated to these ideals. Men in these communities were that were dedicated to these ideals. Men in these communities were called monks and women were known as nuns. They lived simple called monks and women were known as nuns. They lived simple lives, often in basic communal dwellings. lives, often in basic communal dwellings.

The most prevalent model of the time was Benedictine monasticism, The most prevalent model of the time was Benedictine monasticism, modeled after the life of Saint Benedict of Nursia (480modeled after the life of Saint Benedict of Nursia (480––543). 543). Benedictine monasticism involved taking three vows: chastity, Benedictine monasticism involved taking three vows: chastity, poverty, and obedience. Most monks lived highly structured lives poverty, and obedience. Most monks lived highly structured lives and engaged in activities such as producing copies of classical works and engaged in activities such as producing copies of classical works (which they did by writing out the complete work by hand), reading, (which they did by writing out the complete work by hand), reading, studying, and manual laborstudying, and manual labor—especially farming, which would often —especially farming, which would often serve as the main source of economic support for a monasteryserve as the main source of economic support for a monastery..

The InquisitionThe Inquisition New orders: New orders:

Franciscans and Franciscans and DominicansDominicans

The Inquisition: The Inquisition: special court special court established by the established by the Church to combat Church to combat heresyheresy

Accused heretics Accused heretics sometimes torturedsometimes tortured

Convicted heretics Convicted heretics burned at the stakeburned at the stake

A suspected heretic being tortured by the Inquisition

The Inquisition continuedThe Inquisition continued Monasticism was not the only new movement in the Church. Other new Monasticism was not the only new movement in the Church. Other new

religious orders such as the the Franciscans and Dominicans dedicated religious orders such as the the Franciscans and Dominicans dedicated themselves to working in the community rather than retiring from it. themselves to working in the community rather than retiring from it. Founded in the early 13th century, the Franciscans and Dominicans were Founded in the early 13th century, the Franciscans and Dominicans were both mendicant orders—members took vows of poverty and depended on both mendicant orders—members took vows of poverty and depended on charity to support them so that they could devote all their time to charity to support them so that they could devote all their time to preaching and aiding the poor and downtrodden. The orders were also a preaching and aiding the poor and downtrodden. The orders were also a response to the growing number of heretics who had become disillusioned response to the growing number of heretics who had become disillusioned with the Church and were interested in ideas contrary to Church doctrine. with the Church and were interested in ideas contrary to Church doctrine. They hoped that providing examples of religious men and women leading They hoped that providing examples of religious men and women leading “godly” lives in service to the community would draw people back to the “godly” lives in service to the community would draw people back to the Church. Church.

Many continued to deviate from Church doctrine, so in 1233 the Church Many continued to deviate from Church doctrine, so in 1233 the Church established a special court called the Inquisition in order to combat heresy. established a special court called the Inquisition in order to combat heresy. The Dominicans, who were usually highly educated and skilled in debate, The Dominicans, who were usually highly educated and skilled in debate, were often chosen to direct the operation of the Inquisition. Accused were often chosen to direct the operation of the Inquisition. Accused heretics were brought before the Inquisition and if they admitted error, heretics were brought before the Inquisition and if they admitted error, they would be released after a penance was administered. If they were they would be released after a penance was administered. If they were slow, or uncooperative, they would be tortured. A convicted heretic was slow, or uncooperative, they would be tortured. A convicted heretic was burned at the stake.burned at the stake.

The CrusadesThe Crusades

10951095––12911291 Goals of the Crusades:Goals of the Crusades:

– Convert nonbelieversConvert nonbelievers– Eliminate hereticsEliminate heretics– Regain control of the Holy Land from the MuslimsRegain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Louis IX of France leads crusaders against Damietta, in Egypt

The Crusades continuedThe Crusades continued The term “crusade” refers in general to a holy war; The term “crusade” refers in general to a holy war;

however, it is mostly associated with the medieval-however, it is mostly associated with the medieval-era Crusades that went on from 1095era Crusades that went on from 1095––1291. 1291. The The death of Charlemagne and the subsequent collapse death of Charlemagne and the subsequent collapse of his empire, the Muslim invasion of Spain, and of his empire, the Muslim invasion of Spain, and the fact that Muslims had gained control of the the fact that Muslims had gained control of the Holy Land made Christian Europe feel as if it were Holy Land made Christian Europe feel as if it were under attack. under attack. Some crusades were launched in an Some crusades were launched in an attempt to convert large numbers of nonbelievers; attempt to convert large numbers of nonbelievers; others were launched to fight against behavior and others were launched to fight against behavior and beliefs that the Christian Church found offensive. beliefs that the Christian Church found offensive. The Crusades also targeted hereticsThe Crusades also targeted heretics——other other Christians who did not conformChristians who did not conform——and non-and non-Christians, especially those of the Muslim faith. Christians, especially those of the Muslim faith. Finally, crusaders also fought to regain control of Finally, crusaders also fought to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims.the Holy Land from Muslims.

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II 1095: Pope 1095: Pope

Urban II’s Urban II’s speechspeech– Promised Promised

spiritual spiritual rewardsrewards

– ThousandThousands s responded responded to the call to the call for for religious religious warriorswarriors Pope Urban

II calling for the Crusades

Pope Urban II continuedPope Urban II continued

Pope Urban II (1042Pope Urban II (1042––1099) sparked the First 1099) sparked the First Crusade by making a dramatic plea to a Crusade by making a dramatic plea to a crowd in France in 1095 for warriors to crowd in France in 1095 for warriors to organize and travel to the Middle East to organize and travel to the Middle East to liberate the Holy Lands from the Muslims. liberate the Holy Lands from the Muslims. The Pope promised spiritual rewards for the The Pope promised spiritual rewards for the fighters, including forgiveness of their sins fighters, including forgiveness of their sins in exchange for their service. The speech in exchange for their service. The speech was so effective that thousands of soldiers was so effective that thousands of soldiers marched East the next year to retake the marched East the next year to retake the Holy Lands. Holy Lands.

1096: Mostly French 1096: Mostly French knights knights

Captured Jerusalem Captured Jerusalem in 1099in 1099

Crusader statesCrusader states Jerusalem taken by Jerusalem taken by

Muslim forces under Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187Saladin in 1187

The First Crusade (1096The First Crusade (1096––1099)1099)

A depiction of the capture of Jerusalem by crusaders

The First Crusade continuedThe First Crusade continued French crusader-knights, referred to as “pilgrims,” left French crusader-knights, referred to as “pilgrims,” left

Europe to liberate the Holy Lands from the Muslims in 1096. Europe to liberate the Holy Lands from the Muslims in 1096. The army traveled first to Constantinople and then to the The army traveled first to Constantinople and then to the Middle East, drawing out Muslim fighters throughout their Middle East, drawing out Muslim fighters throughout their journey. They were able to capture Jerusalem by 1099 after journey. They were able to capture Jerusalem by 1099 after a siege that lasted several weeks. After breaking through a siege that lasted several weeks. After breaking through the city walls, they killed almost every non-Christian they the city walls, they killed almost every non-Christian they came across, and also killed several Christians they mistook came across, and also killed several Christians they mistook for Muslims or Jews.for Muslims or Jews.

As a result of the First Crusade, several small crusader As a result of the First Crusade, several small crusader states were created, most notably the Kingdom of states were created, most notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem. These states were isolated amid Muslim Jerusalem. These states were isolated amid Muslim territory, however, and in the 1100s the Muslims began to territory, however, and in the 1100s the Muslims began to conquer them. In 1187, forces led by the great Muslim conquer them. In 1187, forces led by the great Muslim commander Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.commander Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.

Other CrusadesOther Crusades Major and minor Major and minor

crusades took place crusades took place between the 12th and between the 12th and 14th centuries14th centuries

Christians unsuccessful Christians unsuccessful at recapturing the Holy at recapturing the Holy LandLand

Popes invoked crusades Popes invoked crusades more often and for non-more often and for non-spiritual purposesspiritual purposes

Legacy of the Crusades:Legacy of the Crusades:– Increased tradeIncreased trade– Religious tensions Religious tensions

arosearose

The Crusade on Constantinople

The Other Crusades The Other Crusades continuedcontinued

Three major and several minor crusades followed the initial one. They all Three major and several minor crusades followed the initial one. They all failed in that the Holy Land was never returned to Christian hands. Pope failed in that the Holy Land was never returned to Christian hands. Pope Urban had shown moral leadership in 1095, but subsequent popes invoked Urban had shown moral leadership in 1095, but subsequent popes invoked crusades too frequently and over less significant matters. The later crusades too frequently and over less significant matters. The later crusades became more worldly and less spiritual in purpose. For example, crusades became more worldly and less spiritual in purpose. For example, on his return from the Third Crusade, King Richard I of England (known as on his return from the Third Crusade, King Richard I of England (known as “Richard the Lion-Heart”) was captured by his enemy Duke Leopold of “Richard the Lion-Heart”) was captured by his enemy Duke Leopold of Austria and held for ransom. In the 13th century, the city-state of Venice Austria and held for ransom. In the 13th century, the city-state of Venice had managed to get Frankish soldiers on the Fourth Crusade to attack and had managed to get Frankish soldiers on the Fourth Crusade to attack and conquer Constantinople, not a Muslim stronghold.conquer Constantinople, not a Muslim stronghold.

In all, the Crusades put the Holy Land under Christian control for only a In all, the Crusades put the Holy Land under Christian control for only a brief period of time. The Crusades did, however, lead to an increase in brief period of time. The Crusades did, however, lead to an increase in trade as new cross-Mediterranean trade routes arose to supply the trade as new cross-Mediterranean trade routes arose to supply the crusaders. The rise in trade also helped spur the growth of towns and cities crusaders. The rise in trade also helped spur the growth of towns and cities in Europe, and also gave rise to a new class of urban merchants. in Europe, and also gave rise to a new class of urban merchants.

In addition, the Crusades not only drove apart Christians, Jews, and In addition, the Crusades not only drove apart Christians, Jews, and MuslimsMuslims——a rift that still has implications todaya rift that still has implications today——but also made the tense but also made the tense relationship between the Catholic Church in western Europe and the relationship between the Catholic Church in western Europe and the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire even more fragile.Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire even more fragile.