The Late Middle Ages

The Church in the Middle AgesThe Medieval Catholic ChurchFilled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. Operated on the Monasticism:a religious way of life that involves renouncing worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's self to spiritual work. Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.Provided schools for the children of the upper class.Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.Monks missionaries to the barbarians.

Organization of the ChurchEach village or town had a number of priestsEach priest was overseen by a bishopA group of bishops (regionally) was overseen by an archbishopThe archbishops reported directly to the Pope in Vatican City.Church Hierarchy

4MonksMonks were the lowest level of the church.Primary jobs:Help the poor and transient Copy books by handImportant in spreading Christianity around Europe.

A Medieval Monks Day

Catholic Church in the Late Middle AgesLife for people in the Middle Ages was short and hard. People comforted by the Roman Catholic belief that they would go to heaven if they followed the churchs teachings. Also feared punishment after death for not following the churchs teachings.

Power of the ChurchChurch had great economic power. Collecting fiefs from lords in exchange for services performed by clergy. Single largest land owner in Europe Tithe a tax Christians were required to pay that equaled 10% of their incomeIndulgences a monetary payment of penalty which, supposedly, absolved one of past sins and/or released one from purgatory after death.Peters Pence - a yearly tax of a penny levied by the Holy See on every household to support the Pope

Power of the ChurchChurch had great secular powerChurch had their own set of laws called canon law, and its own courts of justice. Popes believed that they had the authority over kingsSometimes excommunicated secular rulers who challenged or threatened papal power. Essential QuestionWhat did the kings and popes argue about in the Late Middle Ages?

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The High Middle AgesKings vs. PopesWho is in charge?!So, theres no emperor, no king, no president, no single ruler of Europe.There are a bunch of landowners and rulers of small kingdoms who want more power.Oh, and theres a Pope.But no military power

X

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RememberFeudalism has spread all over Europe! So there are a bunch of kings ruling over each little area!Charlemagne ordainedThe picture on the next slide is of Charlemagne being crowned by the pope.Who seems to be the one in charge in the picture?What makes you think that?

Kings vs. Popes

Round 1: Charlemagne vs. Pope Leo167.6.4The ProblemBoth Charlemagne and Pope Leo thought they should lead Christendom & the Christian ChurchCharlemagne united Europe under Christianity so he felt he should leadThe Pope was the head of the church so he thought he should leadLeo crowned Charles making it seem like Charlemagnes authority came from Leo (he who gives the crown has the power!)This was only the start of the struggle...

17 Philosophical

Throwdown18Philosophical ThrowdownWho do you believe should run the empire? The King The Church

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Kings vs. PopesRound 2: Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII207.6.4The Conflict DeepensCharlemagnes empire eventually splits in 3 Henry IV eventually becomes king of the east (Germany) Gregory VII is pope in Rome at that timeGregory challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments (called investitures) of church officials such as bishops and abbots

$Investiture ControversySimony = the act of selling church offices and roles.Important source of income for leaders among the nobilityBishops and abbots typically nobilityYounger sons of the nobility would often be appointed bishopsIt was beneficial for a ruler or nobleman to appoint (or sell the office to) someone who would be loyalPope Gregory says NO!22

Mine!No Mine!

231. Charlemagnes empire split in 3 2. Henry eventually becomes king of the east (Germany) 3. Gregory is pope in Rome 4. Argue over who can choose bishopsHenry IV, king not through usurpation but through the holy ordination of God, to Gregory at present not pope but false monk. I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and be d*m*ed throughout the ages. Sincerely, King Henry IV

245. They care because of simony (selling church positions) 6. Henry sends letter demanding the pope step down and saying hed no longer support him

Gregory Excommunicates Henry!257. Gregory excommunicates Henry and removes his kingship

Im sorry pope, please let me in!What? Sorry! Cant hear you! Come back tomorrow!8. Henry was facing rebellion in Germany so he walked to the church in Rome. 9. He stood outside in the snow barefoot to show his penance.

Three Days Later10. He is reinstated after begging for 3 days and the popes power is affirmed.

Pope Gregory Vs Henry IVPope Gregory questioned Henrys authority to pick bishops and abbots.Henry tried to get Gregory removed as Pope.Gregory excommunicated Henry.Henry begged for 3 days to be let back into the church so people would listen to him again.Gregory let him in after proving the pope was the most powerful figure.28

Round 3: King John vs. The ChurchKings vs. Popes

Kingly TroublesMany kings became ruthless and increasingly power hungry.King John began taxing the Church in England.The Church decided they would then leave the country entirely.People feared they would be sent to Hell.

307.6.5The Magna CartaAfter the church left the nobles threatened to abandon King John too No priests = damnationJohn arresting people for no reason if he felt they were challenging his authorityNobles wrote out a list of their demands called the Magna Carta. (Great Charter)Either agree to our demands or we leave and take our soldiers with us.

317.6.5

Your lands cannot be taken in payment for debt as long as you pay the debt some other way.For small offences you will face only a small penalty.The rights of the Church are considered to be the same as the rights of freemen.The King shall not raise taxes without first consulting with the barons.No widow shall be forced to marry so long as she prefers to live without a husband.The Magna CartaNobles will face punishment only by other nobles.No one will be forced to make bridges at river-banks. (seriously)There shall be standard weights and measures throughout the realm.No one will be put in jail without first having a trial by jury.The king, like all others in England, must follow the law.The king cannot force anyone to go to war outside of the country.32The Magna Carta I, King John, accept that I have to rule according to the law.Not to imprison nobles without trialTo have fair taxation for the noblesTo let nobles travel wherever they likeNot to interfere in Church mattersNot to take crops without paying for themand lot more things too!!

337.6.5

What do you think King John did after signing the Magna Carta?Crystal BallCrystal ball: predictions34You Cant Make Me!John appealed to Pope Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the pope's rights Innocent obliged; he declared the charter "not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust" and excommunicated the rebel barons.The failure of the agreement led rapidly to war with the nobility - known as the Barons Wars.

Meanwhile in the Rest of EuropeThe CrusadesWhat is a Crusade?War fought for religious purposesGoal was to regain the holy land (Jerusalem) for Christians from Muslim controlPope Urban II ordered Europeans to take back the land in 1095.He promised that any who fought against the infidels would go to Heaven.

377.6.6The Battles1st Crusade: Conquered Jerusalem and held it for almost 100 years.2nd: Muslim leader Saladin retakes Jerusalem3rd: King Richard fights Saladin and loses. While gone Prince John takes overMagna Carta, etc.4th-8th:Crusaders lose more.

387.6.6Crusade ResultsHoly land remains under Arab control.Europeans realized there was much more to the world than they ever knew Islamic science, math, art, literature, and military science Trade and technology expanded: gun powder, coffee, etc.Europe became more unified as the knights now had a common enemy.

I wuv you German guy!Ahh, I wuv you too Frenchie!

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Crash Course: The Crusadeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=1640