The Nature of GeologyThe Nature of Geology

Chapter 1 pg. 2-17Chapter 1 pg. 2-17

1.0 The Nature of Geology1.0 The Nature of Geology

Geology has many expressions in the world.Geology has many expressions in the world. Reshape Earth’s interior and surfaceReshape Earth’s interior and surface Determine distribution of metals and petroleumDetermine distribution of metals and petroleum Control places susceptible to natural disastersControl places susceptible to natural disasters Impact factors critical to ecosystems Impact factors critical to ecosystems

Ex. Climate, water availability Ex. Climate, water availability

The impact of GeologyThe impact of Geology

Glacier National Park Glacier National Park (Montana)(Montana)

Formed by glaciers over Formed by glaciers over the last 2 million years.the last 2 million years.

Question: What controls Question: What controls Earth’s climate?Earth’s climate?

Question: What Question: What evidence is there of past evidence is there of past climatic change?climatic change?

The impact of GeologyThe impact of Geology

Mt. St. HelensMt. St. Helens Southwest WashingtonSouthwest Washington Erupted in 1980Erupted in 1980

Volcanic ashVolcanic ash FloodsFloods Mud flows Mud flows Toppled treesToppled trees

Question: How do geologic Question: How do geologic studies help us determine studies help us determine where it is safe to live?where it is safe to live?

The impact of GeologyThe impact of Geology

The Florida EvergladesThe Florida Everglades One of the most One of the most

environmentally threatened environmentally threatened places on planetplaces on planet Due to water useDue to water use

Question: How can Question: How can geologists help study and geologists help study and protect this and other protect this and other natural treasures? natural treasures?

How does geology effect this place? How does geology effect this place? Observe this landscape and identify ways that the features might influence where we live

landslidesVolcanic eruptions

Earthquakes along fault lines

A View of North America: What do A View of North America: What do you notice?you notice?

What controls the distribution of What controls the distribution of resources?resources?

Observe the Observe the locations of iron locations of iron mines (blue) mines (blue) versus copper versus copper mines (orange)mines (orange)

cont. to next slidecont. to next slide

1.1 What controls the distribution of 1.1 What controls the distribution of natural resources? natural resources?

Pg. 5 in your book.Pg. 5 in your book. Copper mines are orangeCopper mines are orange Iron mines are blueIron mines are blue Why are the different types of mines Why are the different types of mines

distributed in the areas that they are?distributed in the areas that they are? Answer: Magma formed copper-rich granite Answer: Magma formed copper-rich granite

west of the mountains.west of the mountains. The iron precipitated out of the seas when The iron precipitated out of the seas when

oxygen became more abundant.oxygen became more abundant.

1.2 How does Geology Help Explain 1.2 How does Geology Help Explain Our World?Our World?

Why do continents have different regions?Why do continents have different regions? What are some distinct regions in the picture?What are some distinct regions in the picture? What controls the topography of an area?What controls the topography of an area?

How Has the Global Climate How Has the Global Climate Changed Since the Ice Age? Changed Since the Ice Age?

Name some differences between the two Name some differences between the two pictures. pictures.

What could have caused the change?What could have caused the change? What might happen in the future? What might happen in the future?

28,000 years ago today

What Processes Affect Our Planet?What Processes Affect Our Planet?

What Processes Affect Our Planet?What Processes Affect Our Planet?

Internal Forces p. 10 Internal Forces p. 10 Energy coming from within the earth. Energy coming from within the earth.

Heat trapped during formation of planetHeat trapped during formation of planet Heat produced by radioactive decayHeat produced by radioactive decay

Gravitational attractionGravitational attraction All things that have mass exert a gravitational attraction All things that have mass exert a gravitational attraction

on other objects. on other objects. If the mass is large and the objects are close, there is a If the mass is large and the objects are close, there is a

stronger pullstronger pull Question: How will that impact Earth’s processes?Question: How will that impact Earth’s processes?

What Processes Affect Our Planet?What Processes Affect Our Planet?

External forcesExternal forces Energy Energy

Most of our energy comes from the sun.Most of our energy comes from the sun. Note: the angle that sunlight hits the earth Note: the angle that sunlight hits the earth

determines the amount of energy transferred. determines the amount of energy transferred. Impacts ocean and wind currentsImpacts ocean and wind currents

Gravitational pull Gravitational pull Pull of gravity from sun and moonPull of gravity from sun and moon

DensityDensity

Density is the amount of mass per a given Density is the amount of mass per a given volume. volume.

Room example. Room example. D=m/v where m is in grams (g) and v is in D=m/v where m is in grams (g) and v is in

milliliters (ml) or cmmilliliters (ml) or cm33

Density and Phases of MatterDensity and Phases of Matter

As a substance changes matter from gas to As a substance changes matter from gas to solid the substance will become more dense in solid the substance will become more dense in most cases.most cases.

Particles gain and Particles gain and

lose energy causing lose energy causing

increased and increased and

decreased decreased

movement. movement.

Exception to the ruleException to the rule

When water freezes it become less dense and will When water freezes it become less dense and will float in water.float in water.

WHY????????WHY????????

Regular objectsRegular objects

Have a regular shape. Example: square, Have a regular shape. Example: square, rectangle etc. rectangle etc.

Mass is determined using a balance. (g)Mass is determined using a balance. (g) Volume is determined using a ruler (the metric Volume is determined using a ruler (the metric

side) (cmside) (cm33)) Length x width x height. Length x width x height.

Irregular objectsIrregular objects

Cannot find the volume with a ruler. Example: Cannot find the volume with a ruler. Example: a marblea marble

Mass is determined using a balance.Mass is determined using a balance. Volume is found by the water displacement Volume is found by the water displacement

method using a graduated cylinder. method using a graduated cylinder.

Density examplesDensity examples

If I have a regular shaped object with a mass If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 20.4g and a volume of 5.3cmof 20.4g and a volume of 5.3cm33, what is the , what is the density? density?

Density exampleDensity example

If I have a regular shaped object with a mass If I have a regular shaped object with a mass of 7.24g and a density of 1.43 g/cmof 7.24g and a density of 1.43 g/cm33, what is , what is the volume of the object?the volume of the object?

Density exampleDensity example

If I have an irregular shaped object that is If I have an irregular shaped object that is placed into a graduated cylinder that had an placed into a graduated cylinder that had an initial volume of 14.35mL and after the object initial volume of 14.35mL and after the object was added, rose to 16.42mL, what is the mass was added, rose to 16.42mL, what is the mass of the object if the density is 2.42g/cmof the object if the density is 2.42g/cm33??

Scientific MethodScientific Method

6 Steps6 Steps Define ProblemDefine Problem Research ProblemResearch Problem Form HypothesisForm Hypothesis Test HypothesisTest Hypothesis Analyze DataAnalyze Data Form ConclusionForm Conclusion

HypothesisHypothesis

Educated guessEducated guess Must be Must be testabletestable

ExperimentExperiment

Must be controlledMust be controlled Can only test one variable at a timeCan only test one variable at a time Must be repeatableMust be repeatable

ConclusionConclusion

Must reflect the hypothesisMust reflect the hypothesis The hypothesis was correct because…The hypothesis was correct because… The hypothesis was incorrect because….The hypothesis was incorrect because….

VariablesVariables

Factors that affect experimentFactors that affect experiment Independent variable- variable that Independent variable- variable that

experimenter controls, does not change experimenter controls, does not change based on other variablesbased on other variables

Dependent Variable- variable which Dependent Variable- variable which changes based on other variables. changes based on other variables.

Observation vs. InferenceObservation vs. Inference

Observation- made using one of the senses. Observation- made using one of the senses. Not an opinion.Not an opinion.

Inference- Using observations to make a guess Inference- Using observations to make a guess about an object or outcome. Can be a scientific about an object or outcome. Can be a scientific opinionopinion