The NEP Workshop On

Off–grid Electrification in MyanmarJan 28 – 29, 2015

State of Art Minihydro Technologies for Electrification

ARUN KUMAR, Ph.D.Chair Professor (Renewable Energy) and CSO,

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre,Indian Institute of Technology  Roorkee,Roorkee - 247 667, Uttarakhand,  India

E-mail :  aheciitr.ak@gmail.com, akumafah@iitr.ac.in

SHP New Technology• Can be installed in existing water infrastructure eg. barrages, dams,

irrigation channel falls and navigation locks;• Located close to villages to serve the users• Have a high level of local contents both in terms of materials and work

force.• Even though hydropower is over 100 years old, each of hydro projects is

unique especially for its civil works. • Efforts are to improve the efficiency of the various components of

hydropower system, • reduce the maintenance and operation cost, • increase the life of the main components, • optimise the utilisation of water especially in view of conflicting

demand, competition with other sources. • The new materials, design and construction techniques• New technologies adopted for weirs, intakes, penstock, controls,

turbines, generators

Run-of-river

Storage/Dam Toe based

Canal Fall/Barrage

In stream

Pumped Storage

Types of SHP schemesMany countries classified as:Pico/village 5 kW & belowMicro 100 kW & belowMini 2 MW & belowSmall 25 MW & belowMedium 100 MW & belowLarge above 100 MW

Types of Hydropower

Run of River: Reservoir Based Hydropower

Canal Fall BasedPumped storage

Low head power plant (90 MW) BIRSFELDEN, (head 3 to 9 m) Rhine

river, Switzerland

Low head power plant (4.5MW) Madhavmantri, (head 4.5 m) Kaveri

River, India

Examples

Social Sector SHPs- • aims to supply electricity specially in stand alone mode, • characterized with poor load factor and of small capacity• often involved in distribution also• Often are fully supported by government• O&M is recovered through user charges collection

Commercial SHPs- • aims to sell electricity to power distributing or trading

companies or for captive use, • are grid connected and are relatively larger capacity• have high load factor• Financially sound Both are required and different level of approach, subsidy, tariff etc are needed

PURPOSE of SHP

6

Transmission line

Guiding water

Rotating unit

Local hydropower on Nam Ngouang

7

Small Hydro owned by individuals

Small Hydro owned by EDC in Combodia

WATER MILLS

In stream- Japan

Hydrodynamic screws

• Example Kindberg, Austria• Head: 3.7 m (< 10 m)• Discharge: 5 m³/s (< 8 m³/s)• Power Output: 142 kW• Efficiency: ~80 %• Speed: 21 rpm• Weight: 24 t, Dia: 3.6 m,

OTHER TURBINE CONCEPTS

Steffturbine

• Head: 2.5 m and above• Discharge: 0.2-0.8 m³/s• Power Output: 5-20 kW• Efficiency: ~80 %

Typical In-Pipe Turbine Generator

[KITL, 2013]

Total Installed Cost (source: IRENA

2014)

LCOE FOR UTILITY AND OFF-GRID POWER

• Diversion weir/ barrage• Power channel/tunnel/pipe• Desilting • Forebay tank/ balancing reservoir• Penstock anchor blocks• Bye pass arrangements/spillways• Power House Building• Tail race channel

Civil worksSHP Technology Components

• EquipmentElectro mechanical works

Transmission and Distribution works• Power evacuation arrangements

• Diversion structureo Damo Spillwayo Energy dissipation arrangemento Fish passo Residual flow arrangements

• Water conveyance systemo Intakeo Canals/pipeso Tunnelso Penstocks

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WEIRS

Material Friction Weight Corrosion Cost Jointing Pressure

Ductileiron

**** * **** ** **** ****

Asbestoscement

*** **** **** *** *** *

Concrete * * ***** *** *** *Wood stave *** *** **** ** **** ***GRP ***** ***** *** * **** *****uPVC ***** ***** **** **** **** *****

Mild steel *** *** *** **** **** *****HDPE ***** ***** ***** ** ** *****

*= poor *****= Excellent

Comparison penstock material

A Plan of a gravity based water network and possible locations of turbines

Energy Recovery on gravity based water supply lines

Recovering energy at this location have no impact on the flow or pressure`

a. Electrical Equipment· Generator (Synchronous and Induction)· Control and Protections· Transformers· HT switchgear· LT switchgear

b. Mechanical Equipment· Hydraulic Turbine· Governor· Inlet control (valve/ gate)· Speed Increaser (low head application)· Advances in Governor Tech.-complete

components.

Electro mechanical equipments

Micro Hydro Quality standard

In view of quick implementation as well as to ensure quality of works “Micro Hydro Quality Standard” was prepared and issued by AHEC, IIT Roorkee India In 2005

Category A(Upto 10 kW)

Category B(Above10kW and upto 50

kW)

Category C (Above 50 kW and upto 100 kW)

Cross FlowPump as turbinePeltonTurgoAxial Flow TurbineAny other turbine meeting the technical requirement

Cross FlowPeltonTurgo ImpulseAxial Flow TurbineFrancisPump as TurbineAny other turbine meeting the technical requirement

Cross FlowPeltonTurgo ImpulseAxial Flow TurbineFrancisAny other turbine meeting the technical requirement

Synchronous/ Induction -Single Phase/3 phase

Synchronous/ Induction3 Phase

Synchronous3 Phase

240 V, 1 –phase, 50 Hz

415 V 3 phase, 50 Hz

415 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz

Standard / Special generators designed to withstand against continuous runaway condition.

CATEGORY WISE RECOMMENDATION

Insulation and Temperature Rise

Class F/H insulation and Class B Temperature rise

Minimum required Weighted Average Efficiency (T Av)0.50 x T100+0.50 T50

45% 50% 60%

Controller (Preferable/Micro processor based)

(ELC) Electronics load controller or IGC Induction Generation Controller

(ELC) Electronic Load Controller (preferred) or IGC Induction Generator Controller

(ELC) Electronic Load Controller or Flow Control Governor

Ballast Load Air heater Water Heater Water heater

Inertia and Flywheel Adequate flywheel should be provided for isolated operation.

Switchgear / Earth Fault Protection

MCB/MCCB for O.C. Protection Provide Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)/Residual current operated circuit breaker

Monitoring & Protection Current, voltage, frequency

Current, voltage, frequencyStator temperatureOvercurrent (stator)Maximum & minimum voltageReverse Power Over/under frequencyBearing temperature

Metering As required.

Case study of “Ramgad MHP” in District Nainital

• Installed Capacity = 100 KW• Year of Installation = 1995 • No. of Unit = 2x50 KW• Net Head = 50 m• Design Discharge = 382 LPS• No. of operators = 1x3(shifts)• Electrician = 1 No.• Electrification = 372 Households • Local Grid Network = 15 Kms. • Operation & Maintained= By Ramgad Urja Samiti having

12 Members from user villages including 30% women members.

Ramgad Micro Hydel Project

Revenue generated

Consumption of Units

Ramgad Micro Hydel Project

Total No. of Unit Generated

Units consumed by villagers

(@ Rs 2 per unit)

100 % of revenue received from Villagers being

provided to Village Energy Committee

Remaining surplus unit are supplied to grid

(Tariff as per UPCL rates @ Rs. 2.85 per unit)

25 % of revenue received from UPCL is being

provided to VEC

75 % to UREDA against capital Investments

The Present Scenario at RamgarhAs on date, the project system is effectively functional and being successfully managed by the user committee. The success is clearly visible in terms of the followings:

5 Trained Operators are operating the plant regularly.

The Plant Load Factor reached up to 80% 100% metering in all the 372 households Tariff as per the UPCL rates. All incandescent bulbs replaced with CFLs. No overloading during peak hour Surplus power generating revenue @ Rs. 2.85 per

unit from the UPCL.

29

Electricity bill collection efficiency increased up to 90%. Regular meetings of user committee. About 1.177 M units of surplus electricity has been fed

into the grid from January, 2005 for which UREDA has received an amount of Rs. 3.3544 M from UPCL.

User committee having Rs. 0. 387 M as bank balance. Replacement of 1000 traditional bulbs with LED Bulb. Installation of 100 LED Street Light in the beneficiary

villages. The project site is being developed as tourist place by

local administration with eco-friendly environment and waterfall.

The above facts display that Ramgad Small Hydro Project is working as a self sustained small hydro project.

Institutional framework

Project Identification Project Allotment

Operation and Maintenance + Capacity

Building

Construction

Clearances and Regulatory Provisions

Financial Closure

SNAs, Community or Private Developers

SNAs

Forest DepartmentIrrigation DepartmentPublic works Deptt, Water supply depttSERC (Tariff Setting)

Government Support- MNRE (CFA), MoP (DDG), RMDD (NREGA), DST, NECCredit Availability- NABARD, REC, Rural BanksPPA- Energy and Power Department

SNAs, Community, Private Developers, Technology

Suppliers , civil contractors, Power

Utilities

Community, SNAs, contractors

Grid Connectivity

State distribution or transmission utility

Off Grid

Existing Ownership Model for off-grid rural electrification

State government

• State Renewable Energy

Development Agencies , or/and • Departments

promoting renewable energy,

or/and • State Utilities,

or/and • The identified

CPSUs

Ownership Implementing agency

Gap between O &M cost and revenue recovery to be reimbursed by the

Implementing Agency out of its service charges

Project developer

State agencies, technology suppliers, Corporate houses, Equipment Manufacturers and Contractors, Self Help

Groups, Users Associations, Individuals, Registered Societies, Cooperatives,

Panchayats, Local bodies, their Consortiums / SPVs /

JVs

Construction

Capacity building for

villagers

Supply of power to villagers

Collection of tariff from villagers

O & M for 5 years (may vary)

Cross linkages with other programmes Backward linkages

Rural electrification policy Central financial Assistance REP scheme Rural Management and

Development Department

Forward linkages Rural development

programmes Use of tail race water for

irrigation as required by the village

Mini and micro hydro projects will be integrated with irrigation, education, health, drinking water, small-scale industry & ropeways

The women’s development, irrigation, drinking water, community saving, health, forests, industries, environmental conservation, road, micro-finance, literacy

campaign programmes, which are conducted at the local level will be implemented by integrating with the rural energy development programmes

Hybrid Energy Generation- power-on-demand from an energy system sourced by intermittent renewable energy source

Typical village loadand Hydro during Lean season

0:001:002:003:004:005:006:007:008:009:0010:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:00

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Power Demand Hydro Generation

Time (hour)

Pow

er (

KW

)

AHEC/MNRE/Sept 06 2007 DELHI

To Store

Deficit

Deficit

To Storage

To Storage

Deficit

Deficit

Challenges observed on existing small plants and recommendations

• Capacity development is the key to success for scaling up of SHP programme for planning, oversight, and monitoring; training to all project developers, facilitators, financial institutions and community members; adopting the standard equipments and designs

• Upfront public financing

• Encouraging higher participation of private sector

• Clarity in Policies and regulations

• Setting up and enhancing institutions capacity

• SHP development efforts are more of ad hoc type (lack of experience sharing, absence of business objectives)

for capacity building Areas:PlanningDesign Procurement Execution O&MFinancing Policy

Resources Required:• Human resources • Laboratory • Library • Networking for data,

experts, suppliers, institutions

• Finance

Exclusive academic center of IIT Roorkee focusing on SHP development and recognized as National Resource Centre for Small Hydropower.

Large national database for resource assessment for SHP development and rural electrification created

Real time Digital Simulator for shp plants for training and research.

Expertise for field testing and performance evaluation of SHP stations e.

Prepared the National Standards/ Code of Practices for SHP development.

Imparting training and education

Systematic state master plans for shp and remote village electrification

Alternate Hydro Energy Centre- IIT Roorkee

Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for Small Hydropower Plant

RTDS at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre IIT Roorkee

ESTABLISHMENT OF R&D HYDRAULIC TURBINE LABORATORYR&D hydro turbine Laboratory of International level at AHEC- IIT Roorkee research & development turbine-model testing, human resource development (HRD) generation of design data design validation through CFD analysis

First independent facility in the regiono Head 15-60 m and discharge 1000 lpso Building 15 x 24 m height +13.5 to – 6.5 mo Water storage 600 cubic m

Laboratory is expected to be commissioned by June 2015

Sponsor- Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GoI