the organization of matter matter matter mixtures: a) homogeneous (solutions) b) heterogeneous pure...
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The Organization of Matter Matter
Mixtures:a) Homogeneous (Solutions)b) Heterogeneous
Pure Substances
Compounds Elements
Atoms
Nucleus Electrons
Protons Neutrons
Quarks Quarks
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Basic Building Blocks of Matter…
The most fundamental parts of matter are atoms and molecules, which make up elements and compounds
Atom – the smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element
Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Compound – a substance that is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
Molecule – the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all the properties of that element or compound
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Classification of Matter…
Matter is classified according to how it is organized
Matter is complex and has different levels of organization:MixturesPure substances
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Mixtures…
Most of the matter around us consists of mixtures of pure substances
Mixture – consists of materials with variable compositions
Two types of mixturesHomogeneousheterogeneous
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Homogeneous mixture…
Homogeneous mixture – having visibly (to the naked eye) indistinguishable parts
Has one phase presentIt also called a solutionThere are two parts of a solution
1. the solute – the part that is dissolved2. the solvent – the part that does the dissolving
WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT!!
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Alloy…
A homogeneous mixture of metallic elements with one solid phase
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Alloy Problems…Conversion of Total Mass to Mass
of a Component
Manganese steel is very strong and finds use as railroad rails. It is composed of 86.0% iron, 13.0% manganese, 1.0% carbon. What is the mass of each of the three elements in a 254-kg sample of manganese steel?
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One more try…
A sample of brass is composed of 72% copper and the remainder zinc. What mass of brass can be made from 25-kg of zinc?
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Bell Ringer…
1. Describe a homeogeneous mixture2. Why is water known as the universal
solvent?3. Give 2 types of a pure substance4. What is an alloy?
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Examples of solutions…
Air – a gaseous mixture of various gasesBrass – a solid mixture of various metalsIced Tea – a liquid mixture of various
materials
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Heterogeneous mixtures…
Heterogeneous mixture – having visibly distinguishable parts
Can usually be separated into two or more homogeneous mixtures or pure substances
Has 2 or more phases present
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Examples of heterogeneous mixtures…
Sand and waterIced tea and ice cubesPepperoni pizza
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Pure substances…
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by physical methods
Pure substance – contains materials with a constant composition, such as compounds and elements
Have a definite composition and definite unchanging properties (both chemical and physical)
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Classify the following as a mixture or a pure
substance
Salt waterSmogWater10 karat goldSugarDiamondCoffeeChex mixChef Salad
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Phase Differences
Solid – definite volume and shape; particles packed in fixed positions.Liquid – definite volume but indefinite shape; particles close together but not in fixed positionsGas – neither definite volume nor definite shape; particles are at great distances from one anotherPlasma – high temperature, ionized phase of matter as found on the sun.
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Properties of Matter
Volume
MassEnergy Content (think Calories!)
Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present.
Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present.
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
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Separation of a Mixture
The constituents of the mixture retain their identity and may be separated by physical means.
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Separation of a Mixture
The components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography.
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Separation of a Mixture by Distillation
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Separation of a CompoundThe Electrolysis of water
Water Hydrogen + Oxygen
2 H2O 2 H2 + O2
Reactant Products
Compounds must be separated by chemical means.
With the application of electricity, water can be separated into its elements