Proceedmqs of the 7th Internatwnal Worktng Conference on Stored-product Protection. - Volume 1

The presence of mycotoxins originated from Fusarium speciesin wheat

Nada Protic, Mirjana SaVIC1, Manja Sknnjar , Manja Sanc2 and Rade Protlc3

Abstract

The aim of this study is to establish the resistance ofselected varieties of winter wheat to the widely distnbutedFusarium. spp. In this test, the block system repeated fourtimes was used Each treatment was conducted intriplicates: artificial mfection by Fusarium spp. isolatedfrom wheat; the protection of wheat by active agents:phlutnaphol and carbendazin (85 + 135); momtoringnatural infection of wheat. Wheat grains were directlyplanted on CLA (carnation leaf agar) and PDA (potatodextrose agar) and the isolated Fusarium spp wereidentified according to the methods of Nelson andcooperators (1978).

Introduction

A large portion of wheat, foods and feedstuff from wheat areinfected by a large number of fungi (Fungi Imperfecti) Theconsequences include decrease in production, bad quality andpresence of mycotoxms-toxic secondary metabolites offungi. There is a small number of data about mycotoxiccontamination of gram wheat in Yugoslavia, especially aboutmycotoxms originated from Fusarium species Wheat ismost sensitive to Fusarium. species dunng the penod ofanthesis, although it can be infested dunng the whole penodof spike npening A variety is mfested so long as it issensitive to Fusarium species and other fungal diseases,other causes of infections could be: climate, the use offungicides, crop rotation.The aim of the present work IS to investigate the

resistance of three winter wheat genotypes (PKBLepoklasa, Francska and Jugoslamja) to Fusarium.species in the followmg phenophases of growth: the formingof gram, milk ripeness, waxy npeness and full npeness.

l' EKO-LAB' DOO for Qualrty Managing, 11231 Padmska Skela,Belgrade, Yugoslavia

2 The Faculty of Technology, NoVI Sad, Yugoslavia

3 PKB 'INI-Agroekononuk' , Belgrade

Materials and Methods

In this test, the block system repeated four times was used.The Size of field was 5m2, the density of planting was 600grams per m2 and the type of soil was marchy black soil.Complete agrotechmcal practice was used m the productionof wheat.Wheat grown m vanous regions was used for Isolation of

Fusarium species. Merna CLA and PDA were used inisolation by the method of Nelson and cooperators (1983).In artificial mfection expenment, isolates of Fusarium

species were used to infest wheat at the begmmng of wheatflowering and five days after the flowenng. Before theinfection, fields were irrigated by 60 liters of water andwere covered by plastic foil for 24 hours after the infection.The spikes were taken at the mentioned phenophases of

wheat growing, and the grains were separated from theiranls. DIrect platmg and fungi rdentification were conductedby the above mentioned methods The gram amounts of2x10 were msemmated After that, smgle spores wereseparated from the cultures. Zearalenone was qualitativelyand quantitatively determined by the multitoxin method ofBalzer et al. (1978).The second treatment was the protection of wheat from

mfection by usmg active matenals phultnaphol andcarbendazm (85 + 135) in the flowering phase, and twomore times since then With an interval of six days each.The third treatment was to monitor the natural infection

of selected vane ties of Winter wheat by Fusarium species.After the harvest, the mass of 1000 grains was used to

determine its moisture content and germmatmg rate.

Results and Discussion

The following parameters were used in the analysis oftreatments: the 1000 kernel weight, its moisture contentand germinating rate. From these results, it can be seenthat for all three varieties of wheat, the mass of 1000kernels is lower when the grams are infested (Table 1).The mfested grams have lower germmatmg rates too, this ISm accordance With the results of Golinski et al. (1997).From wheat grown in vanous regions, F. graminearum

was Isolated. Artificial infection of wheat with F.

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Proeeeduur: of the 7 th Internatianal Working Conference an Stored-product Protectian - Volume 1

graminearum was also conducted. Results of mycologicalanalysis and Identification of Fusarium species in thephases of wheat growth mentioned above are shown in Table

Table 1. Changes of wheat quality.

2. The dominant species was F. gramtnearum, andpresence of F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum wasprobably the consequence of natural infection.

Variety Treatment 1000 kernel weight Moisture contentC % ) Germinating rateC %)PKB Lepoklasa Natural Infection

InfectionFungicide protected

Francuska Natural infectionInfection

Fungicide protectedJugoslaviJa Natural infection

InfectionFungICIde protected

49.033.245.240.632.240.947.938.347.5

13.813.613.713.713.513.114.014.213.4

95.516.094.3397.322.397.093.6620.093.3

Variety Phenophases of growth Number of germs

Table 2. Presence of Fusarvum. species at different states of wheat growth.

Determination of speciesPKB u]XJklasa The phase of grain formmg

- infested grains- protected with fungicideMIlk .ripeness,- Infested grams- protected with fungicideWaxy npeness- infested grains

1220

820

11

Jugoslavija

- protected with fungicide 20- natural Infection 15Full npeness- infested grams 13- protected with fungicide 20- natural infection 20The phase of gram formmg- Infested grams 3- protected with fungicide 20MIlk, ripeness,- infested grams 15- protected With fungicide 18Waxy ripeness- infested grams 15- protected WIth fungicide 20- natural infection 18Full npeness- Infested grams 17- protected With fungicide 19- natural infection 19The phase of grain forrrung- infested grains 14- protected With fungicide 20MIlk .ripeness,- infested grams 11- protected With fungicide 20Waxy ripeness- Infested grains 11- protected With fungicide 20- natural infection 20Full ripeness- Infested grams 18- protected With fungicide 20- natural infection 19

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Francuska

weak sporulation of F. graminearum

weak, moderate and obvious sporulation of F. graminearum

moderate and weak sporulation of F.one isolate with penthecia presentone isolate with perithecia presenttwo isolates with penthecia present

Graminearum,

obvious and weak sporulation of F. gramtnearum

weak sporulation of F. Grtummearurn.

- weak, moderate and obVIOUSsporulation of F. Gramznearum

- moderate and weak sporulation of F. graminearum- one isolate of F momliforme

- weak sporulation of F. graminearum- one Isolate, weak sporulation of F. graminearum

- weak sporulation of F. graminearum- one isolate of F. proliferatum

-weak, moderate and obVIOUSsporulation of F. gramznearumone Isolate with perithecia present

- weak and moderate sporulation of F gramznearum

- ObVIOUSand weak sporulation of F. gramtnearum

Proceedmce of the 7th Iniernatumal Worktng Conference on Stored-product Protectwn - Yolnome 1

F. graminearum (teleomorph: Gibbereia zeae(Schwabe) Petch ) has aenal myceha and red colonies.Macroconidia are long and cyhndncal. They exist m theregions with warm chmate m Europe, Canada, the centralpart of USA (Wang et al. 1988) F gram~nearum causesdecay of wheat and barley There are two biotypes: one isascomycete Gibberela zeae, which causes decay of wheatspike The other biotype does not form perithecia and causesfusarosis of wheat spike m dry regions (Nelson et al. 1983)Ascospores and macrocomdia cause the mfection of wheat.

The use of fungicide at the begmnmg of flowenng canprevent development of F. graminearum (Balzer et al.1989) .F. moniliforme (teleomorph: Gibberela [uikoroi

(Sawada) Wollenw grows white aenal mycelia, reversepurple, colorless or dark-purple Presence of chams, falseheads and monophiahdes is rts charactenstic, andrrucrocomdia are nch and single-celled.Presence of chams, false heads and polyphiahdes are

characteristics of F prolifertuuni (Matsushuna) Nirenber ,and its nucrocorndia are nch and single-celledF. gramirwarum and F. culrnorium are Widely

present m Italian wheat and may produce 50 - 1500 mglkgof zearalenone (Griseo et al 1989)Bread-crop vane ties of good quahty are more sensitive to

Fusarium species, which was confirmed m some works(Sanc, 1980). PKB Lepoklasa is very sensitive,JugoslaviJa is less sensitive, and Francuska is a resistantvanetyZearalenone-{3-lactone of rezocihc aCid (rezocl1at) is a

hormone of fungus and belongs to Fusarium type, it isnecessary for sexual cycle-formmg of penthecia The mostfamous producers of thiS toxm are F gram~rwarum andF culnwrumZearalenone makes a problem m the area of our chmate

(Kordic et al 1979) BiosyntheSiS of thiS toxm takes placem field before harvest. But presence of a great number ofFusanum speCies does not mean presence of Zearalenone.ThiS toxm can be detected even tOXigenic fungi were notfound. The quantity of toxm can be decreased durmg storagedue to high mOisture content, mcreased temperature andlacking of oxygenMycotoxlOlogical research covered all vane ties and

treatments m thiS work, the results of zearalenone detectionm wheat mfested by Fusanum speCies were shown m theTable 3.

Table 3. The quantity of zearalenone m mfested grams.

Vane ties Zearalenone mglkg

PKB Lepoklasa

FrancuskaJugoslavija

0.333

0.466

detection hmit

Conclusion

In Yugoslavia, Fusariurn. species infect wheat very often.By selectmg of fungus resistant vaneties, we can preventbiosynthesis of mycotoxms in wheat Chemical industry hasnot yet succeeded m developing effective fungicides againstFusarium species. Other rmcropopulations are destroyed byusing of fungicides, thus favors the growth of Fusariumspecies and mycotoxin production. It is necessary to producefood for human and feed for arumals only from healthygrams

References

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