The Rise of the German The Rise of the German StatesStates

and Russiaand Russia

The Thirty Years War, The Thirty Years War, Austria and Prussia, and Austria and Prussia, and

RussiaRussia

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648

Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

The agreement only recognized Catholics The agreement only recognized Catholics and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists).and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists).

Calvinists began to make gains in a Calvinists began to make gains in a number or states and began demanding number or states and began demanding rights.rights.

Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict in Bohemia.in Bohemia.

Four Phases of the War Four Phases of the War

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)Danish Phase (1625-1629)Danish Phase (1625-1629)Swedish Phase (1630-1635)Swedish Phase (1630-1635)French Phase (1635-1648)French Phase (1635-1648)

Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625Calvinists in Bohemia concerned Calvinists in Bohemia concerned

with the election of a Catholic King with the election of a Catholic King as Emperor Frederick II of the as Emperor Frederick II of the HRE.HRE.

Construction of Calvinist Churches Construction of Calvinist Churches is halted.is halted.

HRE is more divided by religion.HRE is more divided by religion.

The Defenestration of Prague The Defenestration of Prague

On May 23, 1618, an On May 23, 1618, an assembly of assembly of Protestants tried two Protestants tried two Imperial governors Imperial governors for halting the for halting the construction.construction.

They were found They were found guilty, and thrown guilty, and thrown out of the high out of the high windows of the windows of the Bohemian Bohemian Chancellery. Chancellery.

The Defenestration of PragueThe Defenestration of Prague

They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on a large pile of manure. They all survived.a large pile of manure. They all survived.

Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that they survived due to the mercy of that they survived due to the mercy of the benevolent angels assisting the the benevolent angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause.righteousness of the Catholic cause.

Protestant pamphleteers asserted that Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels.than the benevolent acts of the angels.

Danish Phase, 1625-1629Danish Phase, 1625-1629 King Christian IV of King Christian IV of

Denmark intervened Denmark intervened on the side of the on the side of the Protestants against Protestants against Ferdinand II.Ferdinand II.

Albrecht von Albrecht von WallensteinWallenstein defeated defeated the Danes in 1626 with the Danes in 1626 with a independent army of a independent army of 50,000 men.50,000 men.Albrecht von Albrecht von

WallensteinWallenstein

Swedish Phase, 1630-1635Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 Swedish King Gustavus Swedish King Gustavus

Adolphus became the new Adolphus became the new defender of the Protestant defender of the Protestant cause.cause.

In 1630, the Swedes invaded In 1630, the Swedes invaded Germany.Germany.

Later that year, Catholic Later that year, Catholic France signed a alliance with France signed a alliance with Protestant Sweden, entering Protestant Sweden, entering the war against the the war against the Hapsburgs.Hapsburgs.

What had begun as a religious What had begun as a religious war now took political war now took political overtones.overtones. Gustavus AdolphusGustavus Adolphus

French Phase, 1635-1648French Phase, 1635-1648

A settlement reached in A settlement reached in the Treaty of Prague was the Treaty of Prague was wrecked by the French wrecked by the French decision to directly decision to directly intervene. intervene.

Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister of Louis XIII Minister of Louis XIII wanted to weaken wanted to weaken Hapsburg power and Hapsburg power and gain territory. gain territory.

Cardinal Cardinal RichelieuRichelieu

French Phase, 1635-1648French Phase, 1635-1648 The war continued to ravage The war continued to ravage

Germany, with no side gaining the Germany, with no side gaining the upper hand until the French became upper hand until the French became more directly involved.more directly involved.

Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657).1637-1657).

Peace negotiations began in 1641, but Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress until the death of made little progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and the French Richelieu in 1642 and the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646.occupation of Bavaria in 1646.

Peace of Westphalia, 1648Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War.Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia)

gained territory.gained territory. Settlement formally recognized the Settlement formally recognized the

independence of Switzerland and Dutch independence of Switzerland and Dutch Republic.Republic.

Granted German states the right to make Granted German states the right to make treaties and alliances, further weakening the treaties and alliances, further weakening the HRE. HRE. 300+ German states became 300+ German states became sovereign.sovereign.

Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.

Political Changes in Eastern Political Changes in Eastern EuropeEurope

Three aging empires: gave way to new Three aging empires: gave way to new empires of Austria Prussia and Russiaempires of Austria Prussia and Russia

Holy Roman Empire: religious divisions Holy Roman Empire: religious divisions and war in 16and war in 16thth and 17 and 17thth century century

Ottoman Empire: could not maintain Ottoman Empire: could not maintain possessions in E. Europe and Balkanspossessions in E. Europe and Balkans

Poland: Poland: liberum vetoliberum veto – voting in Polish – voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous (= parliament had to be unanimous (= weak gov’t)weak gov’t)

The Austrian HapsburgsThe Austrian Hapsburgs

Multinational Multinational empire: Austrian, empire: Austrian, Hungarian, & Hungarian, & Bohemian Bohemian kingdoms (later kingdoms (later expansion into expansion into Slavic lands)Slavic lands)

The Austrian HapsburgsThe Austrian Hapsburgs

Charles VI Charles VI – Pragmatic Sanction Pragmatic Sanction (1713) issued by (1713) issued by

Charles VI: Charles VI: Habsburg territories Habsburg territories indivisible; only Habsburgs could rule indivisible; only Habsburgs could rule (daughter Maria Theresa)(daughter Maria Theresa)

– War of Austrian Succession War of Austrian Succession (1740- (1740-1748) 1748)

– Prussia, France, Bavaria & Spain vs. Prussia, France, Bavaria & Spain vs. Austria and RussiaAustria and Russia

– Prussia tool Silesia from Austria; Prussia Prussia tool Silesia from Austria; Prussia now most powerful German state: “Great now most powerful German state: “Great PowerPower””

The Austrian HapsburgsThe Austrian Hapsburgs

Maria Theresa Maria Theresa (r. (r. 1740-1780): 1740-1780): Wars of 1740s Wars of 1740s led to internal led to internal consolidationconsolidation

Reduced serfdom Reduced serfdom

Hohenzollerns in PrussiaHohenzollerns in Prussia

Frederick William, The Frederick William, The Great Elector (r.1640-Great Elector (r.1640-1688)1688)– Rule consolidated after Rule consolidated after

30 Years’ War: military 30 Years’ War: military force & taxationforce & taxation

– Junkers:Junkers: nobility sided nobility sided with king for stability; with king for stability; hereditary serfdom in hereditary serfdom in 16531653

– Created most efficient Created most efficient army in Europearmy in Europe

Hohenzollerns in PrussiaHohenzollerns in Prussia

Frederick I (r. 1688-Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)1713)– (Elector Frederick III) (Elector Frederick III)

“The Ostentatious” “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713); 1(1688-1713); 1stst “King “King of Prussia”of Prussia”

– Allied with Habsburgs Allied with Habsburgs in War of League of in War of League of Augsburg and War of Augsburg and War of Spanish Succession.Spanish Succession.

Hohenzollerns in PrussiaHohenzollerns in Prussia

Frederick William I (r. Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740) 1713-1740) “The “The Soldiers’ King”Soldiers’ King”– Established Prussian Established Prussian

absolutismabsolutism– ““Sparta of the North”:Sparta of the North”:

Largely a military state – Largely a military state – best army in Europebest army in Europe

– Junkers became officers Junkers became officers caste in army in return caste in army in return for king’s absolutismfor king’s absolutism

Hohenzollerns in PrussiaHohenzollerns in Prussia

““Frederick the Great”Frederick the Great” (Frederick II: 1740-1786) of (Frederick II: 1740-1786) of PrussiaPrussia– At war for first half of his At war for first half of his

reignreign– Became a reformer Became a reformer

during 2during 2ndnd half of his half of his reign – ruler was the reign – ruler was the “first servant of the “first servant of the state”state”

Peter the Great in RussiaPeter the Great in Russia

Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty (1613-1917) (1613-1917)– Michael RomanovMichael Romanov

(1613-1645)(1613-1645)– Created Russian Created Russian

empire across Asia to empire across Asia to the Pacific (largest the Pacific (largest nation by 1689)nation by 1689)

Peter the Great in RussiaPeter the Great in Russia

Peter the GreatPeter the Great (1682- (1682-1725)1725)– 1698, put down revolt by 1698, put down revolt by

strelskistrelski (Moscow Guards) (Moscow Guards)– westernization westernization

(modernization): mostly for (modernization): mostly for military purposesmilitary purposes

– state-regulated monopolies state-regulated monopolies created; industrial serfdomcreated; industrial serfdom

– Table of Ranks:Table of Ranks: educational educational training for new civil service training for new civil service (mostly of nobles)(mostly of nobles)

Peter the Great in RussiaPeter the Great in Russia

St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg begun in 1703 on Baltic; begun in 1703 on Baltic; largest city in Northern Europe by his largest city in Northern Europe by his death.death.

““Winter Palace” sought to emulate Winter Palace” sought to emulate Versailles.Versailles.

Great Northern WarGreat Northern War (1700-1721) (1700-1721)– FoughtFought Charles XII Charles XII, 18-yr-old Swedish king, 18-yr-old Swedish king– Battle of Poltava, 1709: Peter defeated Battle of Poltava, 1709: Peter defeated

SwedenSweden Treaty of NystadTreaty of Nystad (1721): Peter gained (1721): Peter gained

Baltic states “window to the West”Baltic states “window to the West”