theoretical foundation

AIIASEDCI 625 Instructional Media

Theoretical Foundation

Instructional Media


• Educational technology is any technology that is used to support teaching and learning


Educational Technology

• ISTE’s NETS-T and NETS-S standards articulate that educators must acquire a broad range of methods and skills to enhance teaching and support learning with technology effectively


What is learning?

• Learning Theories:– Theory into Practice (TIP)– http://tip.psychology.org

• Check your learning style: http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html


About Learning

• Variety of theories explain how we learn

• Each theory offers a different perspective or view as to how learning occurs

• Some theories may be contradictory• Teachers must decide on theory for

themselves


Learning Theories

Learning as Communication

• Knowledge is transferred from sender to receiver

• Receiver returns feedback to sender

• Sender receives feedback

• Variables may alter intended meaning.


Learning Theories

Learning as Communication


Learning Theories

FactorsAffectionCommunication


Learning Theories

Environmental Factors• Any factor that may cause a learner to

lose focus• Can block communications• Lighting, movement, temperature may

interfere with communications


Psychological Factors• Individual differences that define and

impact communicated information• Emotional state may interfere with

message reception• Learning styles may interfere with

transmission

Learning Theories


Personal Filters• Individual’s values, heritage, and belief

system• May include attitudes, cultural differences,

and opinions• Filters are present in both sender and

receiver

Learning Theories


Learning Theories

Learning Theories Overview

• Behaviorism

• Cognitivism

• Constructivism


Behaviorist’s Perspective• All behavior is a response to external

stimuli• Students learn in response to rewards and

punishments• Learning is a passive response to the

environment

Learning Theories


Cognitivist’s Perspective• Focus is on learning as a mental operation• Information enters through senses

Learning is explained by how one thinks• Believe learning is more complex than

behaviorist responses

Learning Theories


Constructivist’s Perspective• Knowledge is constructed as a result of

the learning process • Learning occurs when knowledge is

assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)• Knowledge may be constructed best in a

social context

Learning Theories


Cognitive Styles• Manner in which one thinks and interprets

the environment• Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive

preferences• Understanding cognitive styles helps

teachers create supportive environments

Learning Theories


Learning Theories

Myers-BriggsCognitive Types


Learning Styles• Conditions under which one learns best• Relates to individual sensory dominance• Auditory learners learn best by listening• Visual learners learn best by seeing• Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by

doing and touching

Learning Theories


The Learner

Intelligence• Inherent capabilities to learn and

understand• Standford-Binet tests emphasize

logical/mathematical and verbal capabilities

• Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes multiple capabilities


• Verbal-Linguistic• Mathematical-

Logical• Visual-Spatial• Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal• Naturalistic• Existential • Musical

Multiple Intelligences

The Learner


Multiple Intelligences

The Learner


• Teaching = a systematic, planned sequence of events – A process that communicates

ideas/skills– Takes into account individual and

environmental factors– Aware of learning theories & learner

characteristics

Teaching and Learning


• Technology: a component of the teaching/learning process– Educational technology includes

resources that facilitate teaching/learning– This view of technology has evolved – It’s consistent with evolution of

learning theories



• Teaching and learning work together

• Holistic planning is the key to effective learning

• Educational technologies selected after planning completed to enhance instruction




An Historical Overview

• Began in the early 1900s with movies

• Slides, radio, sound recordings were added in the 1920s-1930s

• Television drove audio-visuals in the 1950s


An Historical Overview• 1960s: A-V expanded to a broader

systems view • 1970s: educational technology

redefined and expanded further to include all technologies

• 1980s: educational technology entered the Digital Age



• Educational Technology Time Chart




• Quill Pens and Slates

• Wall Charts

• Models

• Films

• Radio




• ITV

• Personal Computer

• CAI

• Computer Based Technology

• Virtual Reality


Today• Holistic view

– All media and systems that support teaching/learning

• Teachers must decide how to best utilize technology



Reference

• McDonald, J. B. & Lever-Duffy, J. (2008). Teaching and learning with

technology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

theoretical foundation

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