theories of personality.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Personality
Power Point Presentation by Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D.
Touro College South
This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.
“Who am I?”
“I am . . .” 1. 2. 3. . . 20.
Beside each number list what you consider to be some of your positive and negative personality qualities.
1. Introduce yourself to the other group members and tell them about your personality.
2. As a group identify the four descriptive terms used most frequently on the exercise. Why do you think these specific terms were used to describe personality?
3. Identify any of the self-descriptive terms that do not really qualify as personality characteristics. What makes a personal quality part of your personality?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Personality
Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
Personality: The Study of IndividualsDefinition of Personality
Description of PersonalityDifferences Between People: Groups or Gradations?Comparing People or Studying Individuals
Personality DynamicsAdaptation and AdjustmentCognitive ProcessesCulture
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview Cont.
Personality DevelopmentBiological InfluencesExperience in Childhood and Adulthood
The Scientific ApproachTheoryCriteria of a Good TheoryRelationship Between Theory and Research
Methods in Personality ResearchPersonality MeasurementCorrelational StudiesExperimentationStudying Individuals
One Theory or Many? Eclecticism and the Future of Personality Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality: The Study of Individuals
Definition of PersonalityDefinition of Personality
The underlying causes withinthe person of individual behavior
and experience
Definition of Personality
DescriptionDynamicsDevelopment
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Description of Personality
•Types:Old approachCategoriesHippocrates Optimistic, Melancholic, Irritable, Apathetic
•Traits•Varies from one person to another•Is more focued•The numbers are astonishing
•Factors•Are broader than traits•They are quantitative
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality DynamicsMotivations for Behavior
Adaptation and Adjustment
Cognitive Processes Culture
How do people adapt to life’s demands?
How does a mentally healthy person act?
What behaviors or thoughts are unhealthy?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Dynamics
Adaptation and Adjustment
Cognitive Processes Culture
Do our thoughts affect our personality?
What kinds of thoughts are important for personality?
Do unconscious processes influence us?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Dynamics
Adaptation and Adjustment
Cognitive Processes Culture
How does culture influence our functioning?
Does culture affect us by its expectations for men and women? For different classes?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Development
Biological Influences Experience in
Childhood and Adulthood
How do biological processes affect personality?
Is personality inherited?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Development
Biological Influences Experience in
Childhood and Adulthood
What do children learn that matters for personality?
Does childhood experience determine adult personality?
Do adults change? Or has personality been determined earlier?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Scientific Approach
method of knowing based on systematic observation
Scientific method:
the assumption that phenomena have causes that can be discovered by empirical research
neurotransmitter causes of experience
thoughts that influence moods and choices
Determinism:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Scientific Approach
THEORYTHEORY
A conceptual tool for understanding
certain specific phenomena
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Thinking in Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Thinking in Theory:Another View
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypotheses Derived From a Theoretical Proposition
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relationship between theory and research
Theory Research
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relationship between theory and research
ideas about personality that are held by ordinary people (not based on formal theory)
assuming that attractive people are warm and trustworthy
assuming that HIV positive people look different from HIV negative people
Implicit theories:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
Personality measurements:
reliability validity measurement techniques
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
repeatability, as when a measurement is repeated at another time or by another observer, with similar results
a correlation between assessment of extraversion once and a month later shows good agreement
two raters assess a person’s behavior, with similar results
Reliability:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
test-retest reliability alternate forms reliability split-half reliability
Methods of Reliability Testing:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
desirable characteristic of a test, indicating that it actually does measure what it is intended to measure
a trait of extraversiona fixation from childhood
conflict
Validity:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
measurement techniquesmeasurement techniques
direct self-report measures, i.e., "How important is achievement to you?" (on a 10-point scale)
indirect methods open-ended questions, i.e., “What would you look for in an
ideal job?” projective tests, i.e., inkblots
behavioral measures How often does the person choose to spend time alone
instead of with other people? How often does the student turn in assignments late?
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
research method that examines the relationships among measures
research that correlates intelligence measures with career success
research that correlates maladjustment with childhood abuse
Correlational research:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
research strategy that manipulates a cause to determine its effect
manipulating exposure to television violence to determine effect on aggressive behavior
subliminal exposure to stimuli to determine effect on symptoms
Experimental research:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
Manipulate the variable thought to be a “cause,” called the “independent variable.”
for example, violent vs. nonviolent TV experimental group watches violent TV control group watches nonviolent TV
Everything constant except the cause Random assignment to control 3rd variables Does the “effect” (dependent variable)
change?
Experimental research:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Methods in Personality Research
case study an intensive investigation of a single
individual e.g., clinical observation of one person
psychobiography the application of a personality theory
to the study of an individual’s life theoretical emphasis
Case Studies & Psychobiography:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
One Theory or Many? Eclecticism and the Future of Personality Theory
a basic theoretical model, shared by various theorists and researchers
behavioral perspectivehumanistic perspectiveevolutionary perspective
Paradigm:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter summaryChapter summary
Personality: The Study of Individuals
Description of Personality
Personality Dynamics
Personality Development
The Scientific Approach
Methods in Personality Research