CHAPTER - 1

Research on the topic previously Topic -Sensor-Controlled Lighting System

About - To design a system for lightning cities and highways. To control the light intensity during the night time.To reduce power, save the environment, increase the lightning

Our project differ from the previous project Topic - Solar Street light on/off system depending on vehiclesAbout - The project was done by using LDR but we have modified it by using PIR motion sensor instead of that.LDR is light depending resistor which works when on the absence of sunlight and light intensity control during the night time which is independent of traffic. But PIR motion sensor works only when vehicles present on the street. Our modified project is to save energy that is when the traffic will be less the energy consumption will be less.

IntroductionBasically, street lighting is one of the important parts of a citys infrastructure where the main function is to illuminate the citys streets during dark hours of the day. Previously, the number of streets in the town and city is very small. Therefore, the street lamps are relatively simple but with the development of urbanization, the number of streets increases rapidly with high traffic density. There are several factors need to be considered in order to design a good street lighting system such as night-time safety for community members and road users, provide public lighting at cost-effective, the reduction of crime and minimizing it is effect on the environment. At the beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control where a control switch is set in each of the street lamps. It is called first generation of the original Street light. After that, another method that has been used was optical control method. This method is using high pressure sodium lamp in their system. It can be seen that this method is widely used in the country nowadays. This method operates by set up an optical control circuit, change the resistance by using of light sensitive device to control street lamps light up automatically at dusk and turn off automatically after dawn in the morning. Due to the technological development nowadays, road lighting can be categorized according to the installation area, performance and their used, for an example, lighting for traffic routes, lighting for subsidiary roads and lighting for urban center and public amenity areas. Meanwhile, street lighting technology can be classified according to the type of lamps used such as incandescent light, mercury vapour light, metal halide light, high pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED light. Over the last few years, LED street lamps have turned into real products that one can see on the road. They make sense for many reasons, such as their compact size, high efficacy (lumens per watt), longevity, and robustness. LED sources also allow for interesting new design forms, often with slimmer profiles than traditional metal halide arc lamps. LED is considered a promising solution to modern street lighting system due to it is behavior and advantages as emphasized. Apart from that, the advantages of LED are likely to replace the traditional street lamps such as the incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and High Pressure Sodium Lamp in future but LED technology is an extremely difficult process that requires a combination of advanced production lines, top quality materials and high-precision manufacturing process. Therefore, this paper highlights the energy efficient of street lighting design using LED lamps through intelligent sensor interface for controlling and managing. The original contribution of this thesis is to design of a streetlight node based on which the system can be set to run in automatic mode, which control streetlight according to Sunrise and Sunset Algorithm and light intensity. This control can make a reasonable adjustment according to the seasonal variation.

ObjectiveThe objective of this project is to develop smart, energy-efficient street lights that are powered by renewable energy and operated on the presence of vehicle. Outdoor lamps contribute to a major amount of electricity consumption from the main power lines of Kolkata city. While solar power acts as an alternative to conventional power supply to the street lamps, operating them in full power only when required adds a two-fold cost and energy saving scheme to this project. At empty streets with no presence of traffic, the street lamps need the light off. The project aims at limiting the large amount of energy wasted without purpose in such conditions by accomplishing automated detection, and powering the LED lamps with appropriate to provide illumination according to the amount of cars present on the road. It is also intended in the project to mount the solar panels at an angle that is optimum for the winter season, so that even during the short day hours of winter, enough energy is collected to support the load through the long nights.

Scope of the projectThe scope of this project includes construction of the prototype of a solar powered outdoor LED lamp. 12 V lead-acid battery supplies energy collected from a solar panel to LED lamps. The different components involved in the designing of this project includes a charge controller circuit and a driver circuit, both connected to a PIR sensor circuit via PIC 16F887 microcontroller, which turns them on or off depending on presence of vehicles. The mounting angle of solar cell will ensure optimum energy collection such as to provide sufficient power to the street lamps during all four seasons of the year. However, the use of tracking or adjustable panels would have allowed higher energy collection, but at an increased cost. According to the Days of Autonomy, the system can power the street lamps for a maximum of 3 days without receiving energy from the sun.

Organization of this thesis The thesis is organized in an order such as to provide the readers with a general understanding the different components present in the photovoltaic systems, before moving on to the details specific to the project. The following chapter introduces the different types of each component, their functions, advantages and disadvantages and their suitability to the project. These general discussions are followed by the chapter which details the comparison and determination of the optimum tilt angle for the solar panel. The same chapter also explains the different meteorological factors that affect the mounting angle of panels and the comparative study for tilt angle in different seasons. Chapter 4 provides a block diagram of the complete system along and outlines the different system parameters. It shows the calculations for determining the system size, and shows the relative decrease in required size by employing the traffic sensor. The last chapter gives a detailed explanation of how the project is implemented. It includes the circuit diagrams and explanation used to build the prototype of the street.lighting system. The paper ends with the future aspects of this project following the results and discussions.

CHAPTER - 2

Light: Light is in the form of radiation, which is visible to the human eye and isresponsible for the sense of light. It is also called as electromagnetic radiation (EMR) whichis having a wavelength in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm- between the infrared, with longerwavelengths and the ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths. The ranges mentioned above donot represent the absolute limits of human vision, but it gives the approximate range in whichpeople can see well. Visible light as narrowly as 420nm to 680 nm to as broadly as 380nm to800nm be defined by various sources. People can see infrared up to 1050nm and in case ofultraviolet, children and young people can see down to about 310 to 313nm. Intensity,propagation direction, frequency, wavelength spectrum and polarization are the primaryproperties of visible light and the speed of light is 3108 m/s. The visible light with these alltypes of EMR move at this velocity in a vacuum. In all types of EMR, visible light is emittedand absorbed in tiny particles called photons and exhibit properties of wave and particles.Street light is placed on the road to make visible everything on the road at night to preventaccidents and to increase safety of people.

Conventional LightingSystem:An electric light is a device that produces lightwhen electricity passes through it. Our forefathers used kerosene oil lamp and candles forlighting system at night. Incandescent lamps were made in the early and middle 19th centurybut had less use now days.Types:There are several kinds of light bulbs. Incandescent - the most common light bulb in the house until about 2003. Gas discharge lamp - a type of light bulb that includes the fluorescent light. Compactfluorescent lights (CFLs) have now replaced incandescent light bulbs in the house. Low Pressure Sodium It is the most efficient light source which is used in streetlighting. LPS lamp is producing a monochromatic orange-yellow light and is also a goodway to reduce sky glow. The drawback of this lamp is only CRI. Everything around itlooks yellow-orange when the lamp is in ON position and its uses more wattage as theage of lamp increases. High Intensity Discharge It requires an external ballast to operate. It takes 3 to 5minutes to reach its full intensity. The lamp will be shut off if there is a dip in electricity.HPS must cool sufficiently to restrict, which usually takes about 1 minute to 10 minutes.HPS lamps are of following types: Mercury vapor: It is a high intensity discharge lamp. It uses an arc throughvaporized mercury in a high pressure lamp to create a weaker light that mainlycreates UV light to excite the phosphors. Lamps have a good efficiency and Colorrendering is better than that of high pressure sodium street lights. Metal halide: It consists of an arc tube with an outer bulb. It may be made ofeither quartz or ceramic and contains an argon gas, mercury and metal halide salts.Traditional quartz MH arc tubes are similar in shape to mercury vapor arc tubes,but they operate at high temperatures and pressures. They are more energyefficient than mercury vapor and greater lumen output. High pressure sodium: It is the most common lamp for street lighting and this isan improvement over the LPS lamp i.e. it has a more CRI with greater efficiencyof a sodium lamp.

Modern Lighting: LightEmitting Diode: Solid states LEDs have beenpopular as indicator lights since the 1970s. In recent years, efficacy and output have risen tothe point where LEDs are now being used in niche lighting applications. Indicator LEDs areknown for their extremely longer life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operatedmuch less conservatively (due to high LED cost per watt), and consequently have muchshorter lives than indicator LEDs. Due to the relatively high cost per watt, LED lighting ismost useful at very low powers; typically for lamp assemblies of fewer than 10 W.LEDs arecurrently most useful and cost-effective in low power applications, such as night lights andflashlights. Colored LEDs can also be used for accent lighting, such as for glass objects.They are also being increasingly used as holiday lighting. LED efficiencies vary over a verywide range. Some have lower efficiency than filament lamps, and some significantly higher.LED performance in this respect is prone to being misinterpreted, as the inherentdirectionality of LEDs gives them a much higher light intensity in one direction per given.

Difference Between Conventionaland Smart Street Light:A Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turnedON at a certain time every night. In conventional street lights, the bulbs which are used, theyconsume more power and at that time there is no controlling technique available. So, energywastage was more. The street lights remain switched ON even when there is no traffic. Insmart street light technologies such as LED, emit a white light that provides a high level ofscotopic Lumens allowing Street Lights with lower wattages and lower photopic Lumens toreplace existing street lights. In these days, smart street lights are controlled by various10techniques such as wireless sensor network, Zigbee based street light control system,microcontroller based control scheme and much more. For instance, in the Zigbee control system, street light control is composed of three parts, centralized control center, remoteconcentrator and street light control terminals. Centralized control center resides in a localgovernment office usually. At the centralized control center, operators monitor and controlstreet lights by using the operators terminal. Centralized control center computerscommunicate with remoteconcentrator which control lights installed alongside every road. Remote concentrators control lights and gather status information. Third, components of astreet light control system is street light control terminals. To control each light individually,this street light control terminal is needed. It is installed to every street light pole to detectstatus of light and to control lighting. It communicates with remote concentrator to give andreceive commands and status information for the control center. Zigbee is rising communication protocol, which is used for data transfer within centralized control center,remote concentrator and street light control terminals. With the help of these above mentioncontrol techniques, the energy consumption of street lighting can be reduced by the followingmethods. By switching the street lights in an organized manner. By controlling the light intensity of lamps from 0 to 100 percent. Switching off the lights at selected locations where there is no traffic after midnight.

Figure 2.1: Representation of intelligent Street light functions

CHAPTER - 3

Circuit Design

Equipment listSolar cellBattery 12VRectifierPIR motion sensorMicrocontroller

Working PrincipleHere we have used PIC microcontroller which has four ports. Here port B is our input port and port D is our output port. When a vehicle passes through the first sensor the corresponding output LED will be glow. The light remains on until the vehicle reaches the second sensor. Similarly for the other sensors.

Block Diagram

Street LightMicrocontroller SensorBatterySolar Cell

Program CodeProgram code written in MikroC

void main() {unsigned char cnt1 , cnt2;cnt1= 0;cnt2= 0;ANSEL = 0;ANSELH = 0;TRISB=0xFF;TRISD=0x00;PORTB=0x00;PORTD=0x00;while(1){if(RB0_bit && !RB1_bit) { cnt1=cnt1+1;PORTD.F0=1;

}if(RB1_bit) { cnt2=cnt2+1;if(cnt1==cnt2){PORTD.F0=0;PORTD.F1=1;}if (cnt1=~cnt2) {PORTD.F0=0;PORTD.F1=1;Delay_ms(1000);Delay_ms(1000);Delay_ms(1000);Delay_ms(1000);PORTD.F1=0;} } }}

Output

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