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The Solar System and its Planets

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Page 1: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

The  Solar  System  and  its  Planets  

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The  milky  way  (seen  from  Bryce  Canyon,  UT)  

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The  Solar  System  

?      “A  system  is  a  set  of  interac+ng  or  

interdependent  components  forming  an  integrated  whole”    (Wikipedia)  

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The  Solar  System  

The  sun  (a  star)  The  planets  Asteroids  Kuiper  Belt  Objects  Comets  Dust  (zodiacal  light)        

InteracKons:  Gravity  causes  planets  to  orbit  around  the  sun                                                  Heat  created  via  fusion  in  the  sun  heats  the  planets                                                  Occasionally,  objects  in  the  solar  system  can  collide                                                                                            

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Zodiacal  light  =    Dust  in  the  plane  of  the  solar  system  

Page 6: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$
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A  top  view  of  the  solar  system’s  orbits  

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A side view of the Solar System’s orbits  

•  Most planets orbit in the same plane •  Which objects are not orbiting in the same plane?  

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The  solar  system  components,  to  scale  

Page 10: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

In  the  last  few  weeks  we  learned  about  stars.  What  are  some  characterisKcs  of  stars?      

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In  the  last  few  weeks  we  learned  about  stars.  What  are  some  characterisKcs  of  stars?          What  is  a  planet?  

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Make  2  lists:  planets  and  not  planets  

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What  is  your  definiKon  of  a  planet?  

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Why  did  the  number  of  planets  change  in  2006?  Scaled  view  of  solar  system  sizes  (distances  NOT  to  scale)  

Page 15: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

Why  did  the  number  of  planets  change  in  2006?  Scaled  view  of  solar  system  sizes  (distances  NOT  to  scale)  

Both  Ceres  and  Pluto  are  preZy  darn  small  

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Scaled  view  of  Pluto  and  Ceres  (drawings,  not  photos!)  

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Ceres  is  part  of  the  asteroid  belt  

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Pluto  is  part  of  the  Kuiper  belt  Ceres  is  part  of  the  asteroid  belt  *First  Kuiper  belt  object  discovered  in  1992*    

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Kuiper  belt  object  Eris  discovered  in  2005  

Bigger  than  Pluto!  Is  Eris  also  a  planet?  

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IAU*  definiKon  of  a  planet    is  in  orbit  around  the  Sun    has  sufficient  mass  for  its  self-­‐gravity  to  overcome  rigid  body  forces  so  that  it  assumes  a  hydrostaKc  equilibrium  (nearly  round)  shape    has  cleared  the  neighbourhood  around  its  orbit  

*InternaKonal  Astronomical  Union  

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Which  part  of  the  IAU  planet  definiKon  does  Pluto  not  saKsfy?    (A)  is  in  orbit  around  the  Sun    (B)  has  sufficient  mass  for  its  self-­‐gravity  to  overcome  rigid  body  forces  so  that  it  assumes  a  hydrostaKc  equilibrium  (nearly  round)  shape    (C)  has  cleared  the  neighbourhood  around  its  orbit  

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IAU  definiKon  of  a  dwarf  planet:    (A)  is  in  orbit  around  the  Sun  

(B)  has  sufficient  mass  for  its  self-­‐gravity  to  overcome  rigid  body  forces  so  that  it  assumes  a  hydrostaKc  equilibrium  (nearly  round)  shape    (C)  has  not  cleared  the  neighbourhood  around  its  orbit    (D)  is  not  a  satellite  (moon)  

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Which  part  of  the  IAU  definiKon  of  a  dwarf  planet  does  asteroid  Vesta  not  saKsfy?    (A)  is  in  orbit  around  the  Sun  (B)  has  sufficient  mass  for  its  self-­‐gravity  to  overcome  rigid  body  forces  so  that  it  assumes  a  hydrostaKc  equilibrium  (nearly  round)  shape  (C)  has  not  cleared  the  neighbourhood  around  its  orbit  (D)  is  not  a  satellite  (moon)  

Vesta  

Page 24: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

The  solar  system  has  two  types  of  planets:    terrestrial  (or  “rocky”)  planets    and    gas  giant  planets  

Page 25: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

What  are  the  characterisKcs  of  terrestrial  and  gas  giant  planets?  Terrestrial  planets   Gas  giant  (Jovian)  planets  

-­‐Are  made  of  solids  like  rocks,  metal  -­‐Have  solid  surfaces  -­‐A  spaceship  could  land  on  it  

-­‐Are  made  primarily  of  gas,  mostly  hydrogen  -­‐Do  not  have  solid  surfaces  -­‐A  space  ship  can  not  land  on  it  (but  it  can  crash  through  its  atmosphere)  

Page 26: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

What  are  the  characterisKcs  of  terrestrial  and  gas  giant  planets?  Terrestrial  planets   Gas  giant  (Jovian)  planets  

-­‐Are  made  of  solids  like  rocks,  metal  -­‐Have  solid  surfaces  -­‐A  spaceship  could  land  on  it  -­‐Are  relaKvely  small  -­‐Are  closer  to  the  sun  -­‐Are  relaKvely  warmer  -­‐Do  not  have  rings  

-­‐Are  made  primarily  of  gas,  mostly  hydrogen  -­‐Do  not  have  solid  surfaces  -­‐A  space  ship  can  not  land  on  it  (but  it  can  crash  through  its  atmosphere)  -­‐Are  relaKvely  large  -­‐Are  farther  from  the  sun  -­‐Are  relaKvely  cooler  -­‐Have  rings  

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Lecture  Tutorial:    Terrestrial  and  Jovian  planets  vs.  Pluto    Lecture  Tutorial:  Sun  size  

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The  naming  of  Eris  Eris  (Ancient  Greek:  Ἔρις,  "Strife")  is  the  Greek  goddess  of  chaos,  strife  and  discord.  Her  name  is  translated  into  LaKn  as  Discordia,  which  means  "discord."  Eris'  Greek  opposite  is  Harmonia,  whose  LaKn  counterpart  is  Concordia.  Homer  equated  her  with  the  war-­‐goddess  Enyo,  whose  Roman  counterpart  is  Bellona.  The  dwarf  planet  Eris  is  named  aoer  the  goddess,  as  is  the  religion  Discordianism.  (from  Wikipedia  entry  about  the  Goddess)    IAU  regulaKons  require  a  name  from  creaKon  mythology  for  objects  with  orbital  stability  beyond  Neptune's  orbit.  (from  Wikipedia  entry  about  the  dwarf  planet)    

Page 32: The$Solar$System$and$its$Planets$ - National …Solar$System$ The$sun$(astar)$ The$planets$ Asteroids$ Kuiper$BeltObjects$ Comets$ Dust(zodiacal$light)$ $ $ $ InteracKons:$Gravity$causes$planets$to$orbitaround$the$sun$

Some  planets  are  closer  to  the  sun*  than  others…  

*the  solar  system’s  “heater”  

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Effective Temperature : An estimate of the surface temperature of a planet, based

only on its distance from the sun

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Order the planets from highest to lowest by effective temperature

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hoZest     coldest  

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Effective temperature and actual temperature of terrestrial planets

Planet Eff. Temp. Actual Surf Temps

Mercury 350° F -333-746° F

Venus 134° F 800-900° F

Earth 44° F 26-80° F

Mars -45° F -190- -10° F

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Night  on  Mercury  -­‐  animaKon  

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Although  Mercury  is  close  to  the  sun,  the  long  night  means  some  parts  are  very  hot,  and  other  parts  are  cold!  

Which  side  of  the  planet  is  the  sun  on  in  this  photo?  

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Although  Mercury  is  close  to  the  sun,  the  long  night  means  some  parts  are  very  hot,  and  other  parts  are  cold!  

Not  to  scale!  

Hot  as  coals  Colder  than  AntarKca  

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Mercury  

Closest  planet  to  sun    Cratered  surface    Almost  no  atmosphere  

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Effective temperature and actual temperature of terrestrial planets

Planet Eff. Temp. Actual Surf Temps

Mercury 350° F -333-746° F

Venus 134° F 800-900° F

Earth 44° F 26-80° F

Mars -45° F -190- -10° F

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Venus  –  Earth’s  evil  twin  sister  

Second  closest  planet  to  sun    Earth’s  sister  planet  –  almost  same  mass  and  size    Thick  atmosphere  causes  extreme  greenhouse  effect    

Venus  from  Pioneer  orbiter  

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Earth  

Third  planet  from  sun  

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Earth  

Third  planet  from  sun    Has  water!!!  

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Effective temperature and actual temperature of terrestrial planets

Planet Eff. Temp. Actual Surf Temps

Mercury 350° F -333-746° F

Venus 134° F 800-900° F

Earth 44° F 26-80° F

Mars -45° F -190- -10° F

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(A)   (B)  

(C)  

(D)  

Water  phase  diagram  

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The  surface  of  the  Earth  has  1  atmosphere  of  pressure  and  its  average  surface  temperature  is  14  degrees  Celsius.    Which  point  on  the  phase  diagram  of  water  may  represent  Earth’s  average?  

(A)   (B)  

(C)  

(D)  

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Which  point  on  the  phase  diagram  of  water  could  represent  the  surface  of  a  planet  with  the  same  atmosphere  as  Earth,  but  much  farther  from  the  sun?  

(A)   (B)  

(C)  

(D)  

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Which  point  on  the  phase  diagram  of  water  could  represent  the  surface  of  a  planet  with  the  same  atmosphere  as  Earth,  but  much  closer  to  the  sun?  

(A)   (B)  

(C)  

(D)  

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Earth  is  the  “Goldilocks”  planets!    Not  too  cold,  not  too  hot,  for  LIQUID  WATER.  The  Earth  is  in  the    “Habitable  zone”.  

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Mars  –  Earth’s  liZle  brother  

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Effective temperature and actual temperature of terrestrial planets

Planet Eff. Temp. Actual Surf Temps

Mercury 350° F -333-746° F

Venus 134° F 800-900° F

Earth 44° F 26-80° F

Mars -45° F -190- -10° F

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Mars  –  Earth’s  liZle  brother  

Two  moons    Smaller  than  Earth    Most  Earth-­‐like  climate,  but  thin  atmosphere  

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Is  there  water  on  Mars?    Mars’s  south  pole    

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Evidence  for  current  and  past  liquid  water  on  Mars  

Could  Mars  have  supported  life?  Could  Mars  s<ll  support  life?  

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Gas  giant  planets  

What  are  the  characterisKcs  of  the  gas  giant  planets?  

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Surface temperatures of gas giant planets

Planet “Surface” (cloud top) Temperature

Jupiter -243° F

Saturn -301° F

Uranus -353° F

Neptune -373° F

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Where  are  the  surfaces  of  gas  giant  planets  located  on  this  phase  diagram?  

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Where  are  the  surfaces  of  gas  giant  planets  located  on  this  phase  diagram?  

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Where  are  the  surfaces  of  the  moons  of  the  gas  giant  planets  located  on  this  plot?  

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What  happens  as  you  move  to  the  interior  of  the  planets  or  moons?  

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What  happens  as  you  move  to  the  interior  of  the  planets  or  moons?  

?  

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Gas  giant  planets  

What  are  the  characterisKcs  of  the  gas  giant  planets?  

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Jupiter  

The  largest  planet  in  the  solar  system.    A  gas  giant  –  made  mostly  of  Hydrogen  and  Helium.    You  can’t  stand  on  it!  

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The  great  red  spot  (the  size  of  the  Earth)  

Jupiter’s  moons  

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Saturn  

The  second  largest  planet  in  the  solar  system.    A  gas  giant  –  made  mostly  of  Hydrogen  and  Helium.        Largest  ring  system.  

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The  Cassini  spacecrao  looks  back  at  the  Earth  

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Actually,  all  of  the  giant  planets  have  rings  

Jupiter  Uranus  

Neptune  

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Saturn’s  largest  moon  Titan  View  of  surface  from  Huygens  probe  

atmosphere  

surface  

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Uranus  

Gas  giant    Flipped  on  its  side  

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Neptune  

Gas  giant    Farthest  planet  from  sun    Also  has  giant  storms    

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Voyager  2  looks  back  at  the  solar  system  

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Given  the  scale  model  we  did  on  Monday  (the  play-­‐doh  lab),  which  of  the  following  would  best  represent  the  distance  between  the  Earth  and  the  sun?  

(A)    The  length  of  this  classroom    (B)    The  length  of  a  dinner  table    (C)    The  length  of  a  football  field    (D)  The  distance  from  Sells  to  Tucson  


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