Think about it…Think about it…

List characteristics that define a living List characteristics that define a living organism.organism.

What are some medical tests/procedures that What are some medical tests/procedures that measure these characteristics of a living measure these characteristics of a living organisms?organisms?

Distinguish between Anatomy and Physiology.Distinguish between Anatomy and Physiology.

Introduction to Introduction to Anatomy and Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology

HistoryHistory

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

Maintenance of LifeMaintenance of Life

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Organ systemsOrgan systems

What is the distinguishing What is the distinguishing factor between Anatomy factor between Anatomy and Physiology?and Physiology?

Anatomy: Anatomy: morphmorphology of Structuresology of Structures Forms and arrangementsForms and arrangements

Physiology: Describes function of StructuresPhysiology: Describes function of Structures What body parts do and how they do it.What body parts do and how they do it. Ex: 1. Heart…Ex: 1. Heart…

2. stomach…2. stomach…

3. mandible…3. mandible…

HistoryHistory

When did the study of the Body Begin?When did the study of the Body Begin?

384 B.C. 384 B.C.

Aristotle: first teacher Aristotle: first teacher of Anatomyof Anatomy

400 B.C.400 B.C. Hippocrates Hippocrates wrote many books: wrote many books:

Described muscular-skeletal Described muscular-skeletal structurestructure

attempted to describe attempted to describe surgical procedures. surgical procedures.

Speculation NOT Speculation NOT experimentationexperimentation

Greek physicians spoke of 4 Greek physicians spoke of 4 humors (blood, phlegm, humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile)yellow bile and black bile)

100 AD100 AD Galen: Roman Galen: Roman

AnatomistAnatomist Specialized in Gladiator Specialized in Gladiator

fightsfights Performed dissections as Performed dissections as

sideline entertainmentsideline entertainment Little understanding of Little understanding of

physiologyphysiology Books were destroyed by Books were destroyed by

Church (library at Alexadria Church (library at Alexadria during fall of Roman during fall of Roman empire)empire)

1600’s1600’s Leeuwenhook: Leeuwenhook: first observed and first observed and

described microbesdescribed microbes How was this How was this

observation observation important?important? Microbes cause Microbes cause

diseasedisease

Anatomy Act: 1832Anatomy Act: 1832

United Kingdom Act of parliament United Kingdom Act of parliament expanded the legal supply of cadavers expanded the legal supply of cadavers for medical research and education, in for medical research and education, in reaction to public fear and revulsion of reaction to public fear and revulsion of the illegal trade in corpses.the illegal trade in corpses.

1850’s1850’s Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Microbes cause Microbes cause diseasedisease

Pasteurization of MilkPasteurization of Milk Rabies VaccinationsRabies Vaccinations

18761876

Robert Koch Robert Koch Defined ID Defined ID

procedure for procedure for pathogenspathogens

Other Major AdvancementsOther Major Advancements

KaryotypesKaryotypes Chemo therapy/ Marie Curie: RadiationChemo therapy/ Marie Curie: Radiation Laser ProcedureLaser Procedure Laughing Gas: Humphrey Davy: 1880Laughing Gas: Humphrey Davy: 1880 Soft Contact Lenses: 1971Soft Contact Lenses: 1971 Human Genome: 1990Human Genome: 1990 Dolly: The Cloned Sheep 1996Dolly: The Cloned Sheep 1996

What events contributed to rapid discoveries in medicine What events contributed to rapid discoveries in medicine after 1600’s?after 1600’s?

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life MovementMovement ResponsivenessResponsiveness GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction RespirationRespiration Metabolism (digestion/ Assimilation )Metabolism (digestion/ Assimilation ) AbsorptionAbsorption CirculationCirculation ExcretionExcretion

Requirements of LifeRequirements of Life WaterWater - required for metabolism, transport, - required for metabolism, transport, regulationregulation

FoodFood - substances that provide nutrients - substances that provide nutrients

OxygenOxygen - used in the release of energy - used in the release of energy

HeatHeat - a form of energy which helps control - a form of energy which helps control metabolic metabolic reactionsreactions

PressurePressure - application of force on an object - application of force on an object

Homeostatic Mechanisms Homeostatic Mechanisms work to control work to control physiological maintenance.physiological maintenance.

Homeostatic mechanisms: function to Homeostatic mechanisms: function to maintain stable environmentmaintain stable environment

ExamplesExamples pHpH Oxygen levelsOxygen levels Blood pressureBlood pressure TemperatureTemperature glucoseglucose

Homeostasis: Feedback Homeostasis: Feedback mechanismsmechanisms

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback:: Receives a signal in environment and then causes a Receives a signal in environment and then causes a

response that reverses the changeresponse that reverses the change Ex: Furnace and Hormone secretionEx: Furnace and Hormone secretion**Most feedback mechanisms are Negative**Most feedback mechanisms are Negative

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback:: Initial signal produces a response that exaggerates Initial signal produces a response that exaggerates

the stimulusthe stimulus Example: milk production and blood clottingExample: milk production and blood clotting

Homeostasis in MedicineHomeostasis in Medicine

Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment, but physiological constant internal environment, but physiological values vary in an individual. values vary in an individual.

Normal values for an individual and the idea of Normal values for an individual and the idea of a normal range for the population are clinically a normal range for the population are clinically important.important.

Structural Levels of Structural Levels of OrganizationOrganizationWhat is the Smallest unit of What is the Smallest unit of all matter?all matter?

1.1. CellsCells2.2. OrgansOrgans3.3. TissuesTissues4.4. MacromoleculesMacromolecules5.5. AtomsAtoms6.6. MoleculeMolecule7.7. Organ systemOrgan system8.8. organismorganism9.9. organellesorganelles

Organ Systems

IntegumentaryIntegumentary SkeletalSkeletal MuscularMuscular NervousNervous EndocrineEndocrine

CardiovascularCardiovascular LymphaticLymphatic DigestiveDigestive RespiratoryRespiratory UrinaryUrinary ReproductiveReproductive

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glandsglands

Protects underlying tissuesProtects underlying tissues Site of sensory receptorsSite of sensory receptors Regulates body temperatureRegulates body temperature Synthesis of biochemicals Synthesis of biochemicals

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, jointsBones, ligaments, cartilage, joints Body frameworkBody framework Protection of vital organsProtection of vital organs Attachment for musclesAttachment for muscles Blood cell productionBlood cell production Storage of inorganic salts Storage of inorganic salts

Muscular SystemMuscular System

MusclesMuscles Body Body

movementmovement Body postureBody posture Generation of Generation of

body heatbody heat

Nervous SystemNervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organsBrain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Detect changes in the internal and external Detect changes in the internal and external

environmentenvironment Receive and interpret sensory informationReceive and interpret sensory information Stimulate muscles and glandsStimulate muscles and glands

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Glands that secrete Glands that secrete hormoneshormones Pituitary thyroid, Pituitary thyroid,

parathyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testis and ovaries, testis and pancreaspancreas

Hormones alter Hormones alter

metabolism in target metabolism in target cellscells

Transport SystemsTransport Systems CardiovascularCardiovascular

systemsystem heart, arteries, heart, arteries,

capillaries, veins, bloodcapillaries, veins, blood Pumps blood thru Pumps blood thru

vessels and transport of vessels and transport of gases, nutrients, gases, nutrients, hormones, wasteshormones, wastes

LymphaticLymphatic system system lymphatic vessels, lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphocytesspleen, lymphocytesProtect against infection Protect against infection

and diseaseand disease

Digestive SystemDigestive System Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestineintestine

Ingestion of foodIngestion of food Breakdown of food moleculesBreakdown of food molecules Absorption of nutrientsAbsorption of nutrients

http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/digestive_system.html

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungsbronchi, lungs

Movement and exchange of respiratory Movement and exchange of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and bloodair and blood

Urinary SystemUrinary System

Kidneys, ureters, Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urinary bladder, urethraurethra

Remove wastes Remove wastes from bloodfrom blood

Maintain body Maintain body water and water and electrolyte electrolyte balancebalance

Transport urineTransport urine

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Male: scrotum, Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penisurethra, penis

Female: ovaries, Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulvavagina, clitoris, vulva

Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Produces gametes, Produces gametes,

support development support development

of embryoof embryo

Organ System Review What Organ system is responsible for production of body heat?

What organ (s) are found in the Skeletal System?

What is the Function of the Lymphatic System?

A doctor records high blood pressure (150/95) in a patient’s chart. Which system should this doctor evaluate more extensively?

Provide an example of how organ systems can be integrated? (in other words, how do some systems share the same function?)

Lifespan ChangesLifespan Changes Aging is the passage of time and Aging is the passage of time and accompanying bodily changes, from the whole-accompanying bodily changes, from the whole-body level to the microscopic level. body level to the microscopic level.