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Xgdt H$jmTenth Standard

Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085.

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks

according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010.Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction.From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three coresubjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• connecting knowledge to life activities

• learning to shift from rote methods

• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

• making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences

• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

• making education relevant to the present and future needs.

• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.

• the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills andcompetencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. Thenew books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help thelearner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become ahealthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, reading,writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all thelanguage textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar,opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have beenintegrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they wouldstop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In order to help learners

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master these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments andproject work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activitieswould help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that studentsmaster the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Textbooksfor students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook they help learners’master skills and competencies and at the same time there is going to be a publicexamination based on them.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board andprinters in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works ofsome writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society isextremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in thetextbooks.

Prof G S MudambadithayaCoordinator

Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society

Bangalore, Karnataka

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society®Bangalore, Karnataka

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gdm©Ü`j :àmo. ~aJyé am_M§Ðßnm, AÜ`j, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nmR²> nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V, ~|Jbyé.

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AÜ`j:S>m°. E_. {d_bm, àmo\o$ga Ed§ AÜ`jm, {h§Xr {d^mJ, ~|Jbya {díd{dÚmb`, ~|Jbyé-560 056

gXñ` :S>m°. ~r. Eg. gwã~bú_r, {h§Xr àdŠVm (AdH$me àmá) 558, 7 "E' _w»` amñVm, "E' goŠQ>a,`bh§H$m Ý y Q>mD$Z, ~|Jbyé - 560 064.S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>,H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24S>m°. gm¡å`m OQ>bm, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m, H«$mB©ñQ> Oy{Z`a H$m°boO, ~|Jbyé - 560 029.lr. e{eYa qgh, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, {haoh{ëb H$moßnbw, hmoboZagrnwa (Vm),hmgZ ({Obm) 573211.lr_Vr gr. EZ. gwYm, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, hw>{bH§w$Q>o, Xmo‹S²>S>~ëbmnwa (Vm) ~|Jbyé J«m_m§Va ({Obm)lr. Or. EM. _§OwZmW, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, H$mobJr, {eH$marnwam (Vm) {ed_mo½Jm ({Obm)

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|JbyéS>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m ©H«$_ g§ moOH$ :lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²> nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V

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AZwH«$_{UH$m

H«$.g§. nmR> {dYm n¥.g§.1. _mV¥ y{_ H${dVm 012. H$í_rar go~ H$hmZr 063. {Jëby aoIm{MÌ 134. A{^Zd _Zwî` H${dVm 265. _oam ~MnZ AmË_H$Wm 326. ~g§V H$s gÀMmB© EH$m§H$s 417. Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho Xmohm 568. B§Q>aZoQ> H«$m§{V {Z~§Y 619. B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _| ì §½` aMZm 7310. Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ boI 8611. g_` H$s nhMmZ H${dVm 9612. amo~moQ> H$hmZr 10213. _{hbm H$s gmhg JmWm ì`{ŠV n[aM` 11314. gya - í`m_ nX 12215. H$Zm©Q>H$ g§nXm {Z~§Y 12816. ~mb-e{ŠV bKw Zm{Q>H$m 14117. H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s 152

hma Zht hmoVr H${dVm

n[a{eîQ>(A) nyaH$ dmMZ(Am) {Z~§Y-boIZ(B) nÌ-boIZ(B©) ì`mH$aU

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1. _mV¥ y{_- ^JdVrMaU d_m ©

Bg H${dVm Ho$ X²dmam H${d _mV¥ y{_ H$s {deofVm H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE N>mÌm|Ho$ _Z _| Xoeào_ H$m ^md OJmZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ&

_mV¥- y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_!A_am| H$s OZZr, Vw_H$mo eV-eV ~ma àUm_!_mV¥- y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&Voao Ca _| em{`V Jm§Yr, ~wX²Y Am¡a am_,_mV¥- y eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&

hao-^ao h¢ IoV gwhmZo,\$b-\y$bm| go wV dZ-CndZ,Voao A§Xa ^am hþAm h¡I{ZOm| H$m {H$VZm ì`mnH$ YZŸ&_wº$-hñV Vy ~m±Q> ahr h¡gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_,_mV¥- y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&

EH$ hmW _| Ý`m`-nVmH$m,kmZ-Xrn Xygao hmW _|,OJ H$m ê$n ~Xb Xo, ho _m±,H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ AmO gmW _|Ÿ&Jy±O CR>o O`-{h§X ZmX go -gH$b ZJa Am¡a J«m_,_mV¥- y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&

*******

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H${dVm H$m Ame` :

^JdVrMaU d_m© Ho$ Zm_ H$mo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVmh¡& àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d Ho$ Xoeào_ H$s PbH$ {XIm`r XoVr h¡& do_mV¥ y{_ H$mo àUm_ H$aVo hþE Cg_| {dÚ_mZ Anma dZ-g§nXm, I{ZOg§n{Îm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE ^maV Ho$ _hmZ² {d y{V`m| H$m ñ_aU H$aVo h¢&Bg H${dVm go ^maV H$s _hmZVm H$m n[aM` àmßV hmoVm h¡&

H${d n[aM` : ^JdVrMaU d_m© (1903-1981)

lr ^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m OÝ_ 30 AJñV 1903H$mo CÞmd {Obo (C.à) Ho$ e\$snwa Jm±d _| hþAmWmŸ& CÝhm|Zo Bbmhm~mX go ~r.E, Eb.Eb.~r. H$s{S>J«r àmá H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo "{dMma' Am¡a "ZdOrdZ'Zm_H$ n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m WmŸ& AmH$medmUrHo$ H$B© Ho$§Ðm| _| ^r godm H$sŸ& CZHo$ "{MÌboIm'CnÝ`mg na Xmo ~ma {\$ë_-{Z_m©U hþAmŸ& XygamCnÝ`mg " ybo-{~gao {MÌ' gm{hË` AH$mX_r go nwañH¥$V h¡Ÿ& AnZo {Ibm¡Zo,nVZ, VrZ ff©, Q>o‹T>o-_o‹T>o amñVo, wdamO MyÊS>m (CnÝ`mg), _oar H$hm{Z`m±,_moMm©~§Xr VWm g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m± (H$hmZr-g§J«h), _oar H${dVmE±, g{dZ` Am¡aEH$ Zmam‹O H${dVm (H${dVm-g§J«h), _oao ZmQ>H$, dgr`V (ZmQ>H$) Am{X CZH$sAÝ` bmoH${à` H¥${V`m± h¢& 5 Aºy$~a 1981 H$mo d_m© Or H$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&

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eãXmW© :em{`V - gmo m hþAm, A_a - _¥Ë whrZ, Omo H$^r Zht _aVm; hñV -hmW, gwhmZo - gw§Xa, Ym_ - Ka, Jy±OZm - à{VÜd{ZV hmoZmŸ&

eãX `w½_ :hao-^ao, \$b-\y$b, dZ-CndZ, gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_Ÿ

{Ûé{ŠV eãX :eV-eV, H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q>

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. H${d {H$go àUm_ H$a aho h¢ ?2. ^maV _m± Ho$ hmWm| _| Š`m h¡ ?3. AmO _m± Ho$ gmW H$m¡Z h¡ ?4. g^r Amoa Š`m Jy±O CR>m h¡ ?5. ^maV Ho$ IoV H¡$go h¢ ?6. ^maV y{_ Ho$ A§Xa Š`m-Š`m ^am hþAm h¡?7. gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_ H$mo _m± H¡$go ~m±Q> ahr h¡?8. OJ Ho$ ê$n H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ {bE H${d {H$ggo {ZdoXZ H$aVo h¢?9. "O`-qhX' H$m ZmX H$hm±-H$hm± na Jy±OZm Mm{hE?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ^maV _m± Ho$ àH¥${V-gm¢X © H$m dU©Z H$s{OE &2. _mV¥ y{_ H$m ñdê$n H¡$go gwemo{^V h¡?

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III. AZwê$nVm:1. dgr`V : ZmQ>H$ :: {MÌboIm : 2. eV-eV : {Ûé{ŠV :: hao-^ao : 3. ~m o§ hmW _o§ : Ý`m` nVmH$m :: Xm{hZo hmW _| : 4. hñV : hmW :: nVmH$m :

IV. XmoZm| I§S>m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :1. Voao Ca _| em{`V A. dZ-CndZ2. \$b-\y$bm| go wV Am. AmO gmW _|3. EH$ hmW _| B. {H$VZm ì`mnH$4. H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ B©. eV-eV ~ma àUm_5. _mV¥-^y C. Ý`m`-nVmH$m

D$. Jm§Yr, ~wÕ Am¡a am_

V. [aŠV ñWmZ H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :1. H${d _mV¥ y{_ H$mo ~ma àUm_ H$a aho h¢ &2. ^maV _m± Ho$ Ca _| Jm§Yr, ~wÕ Am¡a am_ h¢&3. dZ, CndZ go wŠV h¡&4. hñV go _mV¥ y{_ gwI-g§n{Îm ~m±Q> ahr h¡&5. g^r Amoa H$m ZmX Jy±O CR>o &

VI. ^mdmW© {b{IE :EH$ hmW _| Ý`m`-nVmH$m,kmZ-Xrn Xÿgao hmW _|,OJ H$m ê$n ~Xb Xo, ho _m±,H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ AmO gmW _| &

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Jy±O CR>o O`-qhX ZmX go -gH$b ZJa Am¡a J«m_,_mV¥- y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_ &

VII. nÚ ^mJ H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :hao-^ao

hþAm h¡ &

, àUm_ &

H${dVm go AmJo -

• Xoe^pŠV go g§~§{YV H$moB© H$ÞS> H${dVm H$jm _| gwZmBE &

• qhXr H$s AÝ` Xoe^pŠV-H${dVmAm| H$s H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE &

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2. H$í_rar go~- ào_M§X

Bg H$hmZr _| ~mµOma _| bmoJm| Ho$ gmW hmoZodmbr YmoIo~mµOr na àH$me S>mbmJ`m h¡ Am¡a IarXmar H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr ~aVZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na Omoa {X`mJ`m h¡&

H$b em_ H$mo Mm¡H$ _|Xmo-Mma µOê$ar MrµO| IarXZoJ`m Wm& n§Om~r _odm\$amoem|H$s XyH$mZ| amñVo hr _| n‹S>Vrh¢& EH$ XyH$mZ na ~hþV AÀN>oa§JXma, Jwbm~r go~ gOo hþEZµOa Am o& Or bbMm CR>m&AmOH$b {e{jV g_mO _|{dQ>m{_Z Am¡a àmoQ>rZ Ho$ eãXm|_| {dMma H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm hmoJB© h¡& Q>mo_mQ>mo H$mo nhbo H$moB© ^r Z nyN>Vm Wm& A~ Q>mo_mQ>mo ^moOZ H$mAmdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡& JmOa ^r nhbo Jar~m| H$o$ noQ> ^aZo H$s MrµOWr& A_ra bmoJ Vmo CgH$m hbdm hr ImVo Wo; _Ja A~ nVm Mbm h¡ {H$JmOa _| ^r ~hþV {dQ>m{_Z h¢ ; Bg{bE JmOa H$mo ^r _oOm| na ñWmZ {_bZobJm h¡& go~ Ho$ {df` _| Vmo `h H$hm OmZo bJm h¡ {H$ EH$ go~ amoµO ImBEVmo AmnH$mo S>m°ŠQ>am| H$s µOê$aV Z ahoJr& S>m°ŠQ>a go ~MZo Ho$ {bE h_ {Z_H$m¡‹S>rVH$ ImZo H$mo V¡ ma hmo gH$Vo h¢& go~ Vmo ag Am¡a ñdmX _| AJa Am_ go~‹T>H$a Zht h¡ Vmo KQ>H$a ^r Zht& go~ H$mo `h ñWmZ {_b MwH$m h¡& A~ dhHo$db ñdmX H$s MrµO Zht h¡, Cg_| JwU ^r h¢& h_Zo Xy>H$mZXma go _mob-^md{H$`m Am¡a AmY goa go~ _m±Jo&

XÿH$mZXma Zo H$hm-~m~yOr, ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ AmE h¢, Img H$í_ra Ho$& Amnbo OmE±, ImH$a V~r`V Iwe hmo Om oJr&

_¢Zo é_mb {ZH$mbH$a Cgo XoVo hþE H$hm MwZ-MwZH$a aIZm&

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XÿH$mZXma Zo VamOyCR>m`r Am¡a AnZo Zm¡H$a go~mobm-gwZmo, AmY goaH$í_rar go~ {ZH$mb bm&MwZH$a bmZm&

bm¢S>m Mma go~ bm`m&XÿH$mZXma Zo Vm¡bm, EH${bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| CÝh| aIm Am¡aé_mb _| ~m±YH$a _wPo Xo{X`m& _¢Zo Mma AmZo CgHo$hmW _| aIo&

Ka AmH$a {bµ\$mµ\$mÁ`m| H$m Ë`m| aI {X`m&amV H$mo go~ `m H$moB© Xÿgam\$b ImZo H$m H$m`Xm Zht h¡& \$b ImZo H$m g_` Vmo àmV…H$mb h¡& AmOgw~h _w±h-hmW YmoH$a Omo ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ go~ {ZH$mbm, Vmo g‹S>mhþAm Wm& EH$ énE Ho$ AmH$ma H$m {N>bH$m Jb J`m Wm& g_Pm, amV H$moXÿH$mZXma Zo XoIm Z hmoJm& Xÿgam {ZH$mbm& _Ja `h AmYm g‹S>m hþAm Wm&A~ g§Xoh hþAm, XÿH$mZXma Zo _wPo YmoIm Vmo Zht {X`m h¡& Vrgam go~ {ZH$mbm&`h g‹S>m Vmo Z Wm; _Ja EH$ Va\$ X~H$a {~bHw$b {nMH$ J`m Wm& Mm¡WmXoIm& dh `m| Vmo ~oXmJ Wm; _Ja Cg_| EH$ H$mbm gwamI Wm O¡gm AŠga~oam| _| hmoVm h¡& H$mQ>m Vmo ^rVa d¡go hr Yã~o, O¡go ~oa _| hmoVo h¢& EH$go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht& Mma AmZo n¡gm| H$m BVZm J_ Z hþAm {OVZm g_mOHo$ Bg Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ H$m& XÿH$mZXma Zo OmZ~yPH$a _oao gmW YmoIo~mOr H$mì`dhma {H$`m& EH$ go~ g‹S>m hþAm hmoVm, Vmo _¢ CgH$mo j_m Ho$ `mo½` gw_PVm&gmoMVm, CgH$s {ZJmh Z n‹S>r hmoJr& _Ja Mmam| Ho$ Mmam| Iam~ {ZH$b OmE±,

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`h Vmo gm\$ YmoIm h¡& _Ja Bg YmoIo _| _oam ^r gh`moJ Wm& _oam CgHo$hmW _| é_mb aI XoZm _mZmo Cgo YmoIm XoZo H$s àoaUm Wr& CgZo ^m±n {b`m{H$ `h _hme` AnZr Am±Im| go H$m_ boZodmbo Ord Zht h¢ Am¡a Z BVZoMm¡H$g h¢ {H$ Ka go bm¡Q>mZo AmE±& AmX_r ~oB©_mZr V^r H$aVm h¡ O~ CgoAdga {_bVm h¡& ~oB©_mZr H$m Adga XoZm, Mmho dh AnZo T>rbonZ go hmo`m ghO {dídmg go, ~oB©_mZr _| gh`moJ XoZm h¡& n‹T>o-{bIo ~m~wAm| Am¡aH$_©Mm[a`m| na Vmo A~ H$moB© {dídmg Zht H$aVm& {H$gr WmZo `m H$Mhar `må w{Z{gn¡{bQ>r _| Mbo OmBE, AmnH$s Eogr XþJ©{V hmoJr {H$ Amn ~‹S>r go ~‹S>rhm{Z CR>mH$a ^r CYa Z Om |Jo&

nhbo Eogm Zht Wm& ì`mnm[a`m| H$s gmI ~Zr hþB© Wr& `m| Vm¡b _| MmhoN>Q>m±H$-AmY N>Q>m±H$ H$g b|; bo{H$Z Amn CÝh| nm±M H$s OJh yb go XgHo$ ZmoQ> Xo AmVo, Vmo AmnH$mo K~amZo H$s H$moB© µOê$aV Z Wr& AmnHo$ énEgwa{jV Wo& _wPo `mX h¡, EH$ ~ma _¢Zo _wha©_ Ho$ _obo _| EH$ XÿH$mZXma goEH$ n¡go H$s aod{‹S>`m± br Wt Am¡a n¡go H$s OJh AR>ÝZr Xo Am`m Wm& KaAmH$a O~ AnZr yb _mby_ hþB© Vmo XÿH$mZXma Ho$ nmg Xm¡‹S>m J`m& AmemZht Wr {H$ dh AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>m oJm, na bo{H$Z CgZo àgÝZ{MÎm go AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>mXr Am¡a CbQ>o _wPgo j_m _m±Jr& `hm± H$í_rar go~ Ho$ Zm_ go g‹S>o hþE go~~oMo OmVo h¢& _wPo Amem h¡, nmR>H$ ~mµOma _| OmH$a _oar Vah Am±I| Z ~§XH$a {b`m H$a|Jo& Zht Vmo CÝh| ^r H$í_rar go~ hr {_b|Jo&

*******nmR> H$m Ame`-

boIH$ AnZm AZw d ~VmVo hþE nmR>H$m| H$mo gMoV H$aVo h¢ {H$AJa IarXmar H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr Zht ~aV| Vmo YmoIm ImZo H$s g§ mdZmhmoVr h¡&

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boIH$ n[aM` : _w§er ào_M§Xào_M§X Or H$m OÝ_ 31 OwbmB© 1880

H$mo dmamUgr Ho$ nmg b_hr Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAmWm& BZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ YZnVam` Wm& do {ejm{d^mJ _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo& ~MnZ _| hr ào_M§X_mV¥ ào_ go d§{MV aho& BZH$m OrdZ Jar~r _| hrJwµOam& do _o{Q´>H$ VH$ hr n‹T> nm o& do `WmW©dmXrH$WmH$ma Wo&

BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± - JmoXmZ, godmgXZ, J~Z, {Z_©bm, H$_© y{_ Am{XBZHo$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢& ~‹S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r, Z_H$ H$m XamoJm, n§M na_oída,nyg H$s amV Am{X BZH$s àgrÕ H$hm{Z`m± h¢& ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m± "_mZgamoda'Zm_ go g§H${bV h¢&eãXmW© :

_odm\$amoe - _odm `m VmOo \$b ~oMZo dmbm, ZµOa - Ñ{ï>, {ZJmh,{XIm`r XoZm; {Z_H$m¡‹S>r - Zr_ H$m \$b, ñdmX-é[M, bm¢S>m - N>moH$am, ~mbH$;_mob-^md - _yë`, H$s_V, Xm_; VamOy - Vm¡bZo H$m gmYZ, vÀPÀÌr; H$m`Xm- {Z`_, ar{V; JbZm - {H$gr dñVw H$m KZËd H$_ hmoZm,~oXmJ-gm\$, {Og_| H$moB© XmJ Z hmo; gwamI - N>oX, ~oa - EH$ àH$ma H$m\$b; ^m±n boZm - nhMmZZm, Mm¡H$g - gMoV, gmdYmZ; H$Mhar - XâVa,gmI - boZ-XoZ, N>Q>m±H$ - goa H$m gmobhd| ^mJ H$s EH$ Vm¡b, aod‹S>r -{Vb Am¡a MrZr go ~Zr {_R>mB©&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. boIH$ MrµO| IarXZo H$hm± J o Wo?2. boIH$ H$mo Š`m ZµOa Am`m?3. boIH$ H$m Or Š`m| bbMm CR>m?

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4. Q>mo_mQ>mo {H$gH$m Amdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡?5. ñdmX _| go~ {H$ggo ~‹T>H$a Zht h¡?6. amoµO EH$ go~ ImZo go {H$ZH$s µOê$aV Zht hmoJr?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. AmOH$b {e{jV g_mO _| {H$gHo$ ~mao _| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡?2. XyH$mZXma Zo boIH$ go Š`m H$hm?3. XyH$mZXma Zo AnZo Zm¡H$a go Š`m H$hm?4. go~ H$s hmbV Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE : A ~1. go~ H$mo é_mb _| ~m±YH$a àmV…H$mb h¡&2. \$b ImZo H$m g_` Vmo _wPo Xo {X`m&3. EH$ go~ ^r ImZo ~Zr hþB© Wr&4. ì`mnm[a`m| H$s gmI bm`H$ Zht&

IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :1. em_ x

2. IarXZm x

3. ~hþV x

4. AÀN>m x

5. {e{jV x

6. Amdí`H$ x

7. Jar~ x

8. amV x

9. g§Xoh x

10. gm\$ x

11. ~oB©_mZ x

12. {dídmg x

13. gh`moJ x

14. hm{Z x

15. nmg x

16. µJ_ x

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V. AZwê$nVm :1. Ho$bm : nrbm a§J :: go~ : 2. go~ : \$b :: JmOa : 3. ZmJnwa : g§Vam :: H$í_ra : 4. H$n‹S>m : ZmnZm :: Q>mo_mQ>mo :

VI. AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :1. MrµO| -2. amñVm -3. \$b -4. Ka -5. énE -6. Am±I| -7. H$_©Mmar -8. ì`mnmar -9. aod‹S>r -10. XyH$mZ -

VII àË oH$ eãX Ho$ A§{V_ Aja go EH$ Am¡a eãX ~ZmBE :CXm : go~ ~§Xa a§J Ja_1. XyH$mZ2. ~mµOma3. é_mb4. boIH$

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VIII. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo ghr H«$_ go {b{IE :1. JmOa Jar~m| ^r nhbo Ho$ noQ> H$s MrµO ^aZo Wr&2. A~ MrµO Zht h¡ dh Ho$db ñdmX H$s&3. Zhr§ bm`H$ ImZo ^r go~ EH$&4. _mby_ hþB© Ka AmH$a AnZr yb&

IX. H$ÞS> AWdm A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. JmOa ^r nhbo Jar~m| Ho$ noQ> ^aZo H$s MrµO Wr&

2. XyH$mZXma Zo H$hm - ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ Am o h¢&

3. EH$ go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht&

4. XyH$mZXma Zo _wPgo j_m _m±Jr&

nmR> go AmJo -H$jm _| ào_M§X H$s Hw$N> gab H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>H$a CZH$s MMm© H$s{OE&

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3. {Jëby- _hmXodr d_m ©

Bg nmR> go ñZoh^md VWm àmUr-X`m H$s grI {_bVr h¡& new-n{j`m| Ho$ ñd^mdAm¡a CZH$s OrdZ-e¡br Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ à{V _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ ào_ go ~ÀMon[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ g~oao H$_ao go ~am_Xo _| AmH$a _¢Zo XoIm Xmo H$m¡EEH$ J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa Mm|Mm| go Nw>Am-Nw>Am¡db O¡gm Iob Iob aho h¢Ÿ& `hH$mH$ wewpÊS> ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡-EH$ gmW g_mX[aV, AZmX[aV, A{V gå_m{ZV,A{V Ad_m{ZVŸ&

h_mao ~oMmao nwaIo Z Jé‹S> Ho$ ê$n _| Am gH$Vo h¢, Z _ ya Ho$, Zh§g Ho$Ÿ& CÝh| {nVanj _| h_go Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE H$mH$ ~ZH$a hr AdVrU©hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, h_mao XyañW {à`OZm| H$mo ^r AnZoAmZo H$m _Ywa g§Xoe BZHo$ H$H©$e ñda _| hr XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Xygar Amoah_ H$m¡Am Am¡a H$m±d-H$m±d H$aZo H$mo Ad_mZZm Ho$ AW© _| hr à`wº$H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

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_oao H$mH$nwamU Ho$ {ddoMZ _| AMmZH$ ~mYm Am n‹S>r, Š`m|{H$ J_bo Am¡aXrdma H$s g§{Y _| {N>no EH$ N>moQ>o-go Ord na _oar Ñ{ï> éH$ J`rŸ& {ZH$Q>OmH$a XoIm, {Jbhar H$m EH$ N>moQ>m-gm ~ÀMm h¡, Omo gå^dV… Km|gbo go{Ja n‹S>m h¡ Am¡a A~ H$m¡E {Og_| gwb^ Amhma ImoO aho h¢Ÿ&

H$mH$X²d` H$s Mm|Mm| Ho$ Xmo Kmd Cg bKwàmU Ho$ {bE ~hþV Wo, AV…dh {ZíMoï>-gm J_bo go {MnH$m n‹S>m WmŸ&

g~Zo H$hm, H$m¡E H$s Mm|M H$m Kmd bJZo Ho$ ~mX `h ~M Zht gH$Vm,AV… Bgo Eogo hr ahZo {X`m OmdoŸ&

naÝVw _Z Zht _mZm-Cgo hm¡bo go CR>mH$a AnZo H$_ao _| bm`r, {\$aéB© go aº$ nm|N>H$a Kmdm| na nopÝg{bZ H$m _ah_ bJm`mŸ& H$B© K§Q>o Ho$CnMma Ho$ CnamÝV CgHo$ _w±h _| EH$ ~y±X nmZr Q>nH$m`m Om gH$mŸ& Vrgao{XZ dh BVZm AÀN>m Am¡a AmídñV hmo J`m {H$ _oar C±Jbr AnZo XmoZÝh| n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$a, Zrbo H$m±M Ho$ _mo{V`m| O¡gr Am±Im| go BYa-CYa XoIZobJmŸ&

VrZ-Mma _mg _| CgHo$ pñZ½Y amo |, Pã~oXma ny±N> Am¡a M§Mb-M_H$sbrAm±I| g~H$mo {dpñ_V H$aZo bJtŸ&

h_ Cgo {Jëby H$hH$a ~wbmZo bJoŸ& _¢Zo \y$b aIZo H$s EH$ hëH$s S>{b`m_| éB© {~N>mH$a Cgo Vma go {I‹S>H$s na bQ>H$m {X`mŸ&

Xmo df© dhr {Jëby H$m Ka ahmŸ& dh ñd § {hbmH$a AnZo Ka _| PybVmAm¡a AnZr H$m±M Ho$ _ZH$m|-gr Am±Im| go H$_ao Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a {I‹S>H$s go ~mhaZ OmZo Š`m XoIVm-g_PVm ahVm WmŸ& naÝVw CgH$s g_PXmar Am¡a H$m ©-H$bmn na g~H$mo AmíM © hmoVm WmŸ&

O~ _¢ {bIZo ~¡R>Vr V~ AnZr Amoa _oam Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo H$s CgoBVZr Vrd« BÀN>m hmoVr Wr {H$ CgZo EH$ AÀN>m Cnm` ImoO {ZH$mbmŸ&

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dh _oao n¡a VH$ AmH$a ga© go naXo na M‹T> OmVm Am¡a {\$a Cgr VoOrgo CVaVmŸ& CgH$m `h Xm¡‹S>Zo H$m H«$_ V~ VH$ MbVm, O~ VH$ _¢ Cgo nH$‹S>ZoHo$ {bE Z CR>VrŸ&

H$^r _¢ {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a EH$ b§~o {bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| Bg àH$ma aI XoVr{H$ CgHo$ AJbo Xmo n§Om| Am¡a {ga Ho$ A{V[aŠV gmam bKw JmV {bµ\$mµ\o$$ Ho$^rVa ~§X ahVmŸ& Bg AX²> wV pñW{V _| H$^r-H$^r K§Q>m| _o‹‹O> na Xrdma Ho$ghmao I‹S>m ahH$a dh AnZr M_H$sbr Am±Im| go _oam H$m ©-H$bmn XoIm H$aVmŸ&

yI bJZo na {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ _mZmo dh _wPo gyMZm XoVm Am¡a H$mOy`m {~ñHw$Q> {_b OmZo na Cgr pñW{V _| {bµ\$mµ\o$$ go ~mhadmbo n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$aCgo Hw$VaVm ahVm&

{\$a {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V Am`mŸ& ~mha H$s {Jbh[a`m± {I‹S>H$sH$s Ombr Ho$ nmg AmH$a {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ Z OmZo Š`m H$hZo bJtŸ&

{Jëby H$mo Ombr Ho$ nmg ~¡R>H$a AnZonZ go ~mha Pm±H$Vo XoIH$a _wPobJm {H$ Bgo _wº$ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

_¢Zo H$sb| {ZH$mbH$a Ombr H$m EH$ H$moZm Imob {X`m Am¡a Bg _mJ© go{Jëby Zo ~mha OmZo na gM_wM hr _w{º$ H$s gm±g brŸ& BVZo N>moQ>o OrdH$mo Ka _| nbo Hw$Îmo-{~{ëb`m| go ~MmZm ^r EH$ g_ñ`m hr WrŸ& _oao H$_aogo ~mha OmZo na dh ^r {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr H$s amh ~mha Mbm OmVmAm¡a {XZ ^a {Jbh[a`m| Ho$ PwÊS> H$m ZoVm ~Zm, ha S>mb na CN>bVm-Hy$XVmahVm Am¡a R>rH$ Mma ~Oo dh {I‹S>H$s go ^rVa AmH$a AnZo Pybo _| PybZobJVmŸ&

_wPo Mm¢H$mZo H$s BÀN>m Cg_| Z OmZo H$~ Am¡a H¡$go CËnÞ hmo J`r WrŸ&H$^r \y$bXmZ Ho$ \y$bm| _| {N>n OmVm, H$^r naXo H$s MwÞQ> _| Am¡a H$^rgmoZOwhr H$s n{Îm`m| _|&

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_oao nmg ~hþV go new-njr h¢ Am¡a CZH$m _wPgo bJmd ^r H$_ Zhth¡Ÿ& naÝVw CZ_| go {H$gr H$mo _oao gmW _oar Wmbr _| ImZo H$s {hå_V hþB©h¡, Eogm _wPo ñ_aU Zht AmVmŸ&

{Jëby BZ_| AndmX WmŸ& _¢ O¡go hr ImZo Ho$ H$_ao _| nhþ±MVr, dh{I‹S>H$s go {ZH$bH$a Am±JZ H$s Xrdma-~am_Xm nma H$aHo$ _oO na nhþ±M OmVmAm¡a _oar Wmbr _| ~¡R> OmZm MmhVmŸ& ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go _¢Zo Cgo Wmbr Ho$nmg ~¡R>Zm {gIm`m, Ohm± ~¡R>H$a dh _oar Wmbr _| go EH$-EH$ Mmdb CR>mH$a~‹S>r g\$mB© go ImVm ahVmŸ& H$mOy CgH$m {à` ImX² Wm Am¡a H$B© {XZ H$mOyZ {_bZo na dh AÝ` ImZo H$s MrµO| `m Vmo boZm ~§X H$a XoVm Wm `m Pybogo ZrMo \|$H$ XoVm WmŸ&

Cgr ~rM _wPo _moQ>a-XwK©Q>Zm _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb _| ahZmn‹S>mŸ& CZ {XZm| O~ _oao H$_ao H$m XadmµOm Imobm OmVm, {Jëby AnZo Pybogo CVaH$a Xm¡‹S>Vm Am¡a {\$a {H$gr Xygao H$mo XoIH$a VoOr go AnZo Km|gbo _|Om ~¡R>VmŸ& g~ Cgo H$mOy Xo OmVo, na§Vw AñnVmb go bm¡Q>H$a O~ _¢Zo CgHo$Pybo H$s g\$mB© H$s Vmo Cg_| H$mOy ^ao {_bo, {OZgo kmV hmoVm Wm {H$ dhCZ {XZm| AnZm {à` ImX² {H$VZm H$_ ImVm ahmŸ&

_oar AñdñWVm _| dh V{H$ o na {gahmZo ~¡R>H$a AnZo ZÝho-ZÝho n§Om|go _oao {ga Am¡a ~mbm| H$mo hm¡bo-hm¡bo ghbmVm ahVmŸ&

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J{_© m| _| O~ _¢ Xmonha _| H$m_ H$aVr ahVr Vmo {Jëby Z ~mha OmVm,Z AnZo Pybo _| ~¡R>VmŸ& dh _oao nmg aIr gwamhr na boQ> OmVm Am¡a BgàH$ma g_rn ^r ahVm Am¡a R>§S>H$ _| ^r ahVmŸ&

{Jbh[a`m| Ho$ OrdZ H$s Ad{Y Xmo df© go A{YH$ Zht hmoVr, AV… {JëbyH$s OrdZ-`mÌm H$m A§V Am hr J`mŸ& {XZ ^a CgZo Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z dh~mha J`mŸ&

n§Oo BVZo R>§S>o hmo aho Wo {H$ _¢Zo OmJH$a hrQ>a Obm`m Am¡a Cgo CîUVmXoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& naÝVw à^mV H$s àW_ {H$aU Ho$ gmW hr dh {Ma {ZÐm_| gmo J`mŸ&

CgH$m Pybm CVmaH$a aI {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a {I‹S>H$s H$s Ombr ~§X H$aXr JB© h¡, naÝVw {Jbh[a`m| H$s Z`r nr‹T>r Ombr Ho$ Cg nma {MH$-{MH$ H$aVrhr ahVr h¡ Am¡a gmoZOwhr {IbVr hr ahVr h¡Ÿ&

gmoZOwhr H$s bVm Ho$ ZrMo {Jëby H$s g_m{Y h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cgodh bVm g~go A{YH$ {à` Wr, Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cg bKw JmV H$m, {H$grdmgÝVr {XZ, Owhr Ho$ nrVm^ N>moQ>o \y$b Ho$ ê$n _| {Ib OmZo H$m {dídmg,_wPo g§Vmof XoVm h¡Ÿ&

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :H$m¡Z H$h gH$Vm h¡ {H$ new-njr ^mdhrZ àmUr h¢? do ^r h_mar VahH$^r-H$^ma h_go ^r A{YH$ ^mdmZwHy$b, {dMmadmZ² Am¡a göX` ì`dhmaH$aVo h¢& _hmXodr d_m© Zo EH$ N>moQ>m-gm Ord, {Jbhar Ho$ ~ÀMo H$m aoIm§H$ZH$a àmUr-OJV² H$s _mZd-ghO OrdZ e¡br H$m à^mdembr {MÌU {H$`mh¡& AmO Ho$ g§X © _| Ohm± _mZd Ho$ ñdmW© Ho$ H$maU new-njr H$s Om{V`m±bwßV hmoVr Om ahr h¢, dhm± _hmXodr d_m© Or H$m `h "g§ñ_aU' CZH$s ajmH$aZo Am¡a CZHo$ à{V ào_^md OJmZo H$s {Xem _| EH$ gmW©H$ à`ËZ {gX²YhmoVm h¡&

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bo{IH$m H$m n[aM` :_hmXodr d_m© Or {díd ñVa H$s H$d{`Ìr h¢Ÿ&

CÝh| "AmYw{ZH$ _ram' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$mOÝ_ 24 _mM©, 1907 H$mo \$éIm~mX _| hþAmŸ&CZHo$ {nVm JmoqdX àgmX d_m© Am¡a _mVm ho_mamZrWr§& CÝhm|Zo à`mJ Ho$ {díd{dX² mb` go g§ñH¥$V _|E_.E. Cnm{Y àmá H$a à`mJ Ho$ _{hbm {dX² mnrR>_| àYmZmÜ`m{nH$m H$m nX g§ mbmŸ&

_hmXodr d_m© Or Zo JX² Am¡a nX² XmoZm|H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ :`m_m, gm§Ü`JrV, Xrn{eIm, ZraOm, Zrhma, AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ, ñ_¥{V H$saoImE±, nW Ho$ gmWr, _oam n[adma, l¥§Ibm H$s H${‹S>`m± Am{XŸ&

_hmXodr d_m© Or H$mo goŠg[a`m, _§Jb àgmX, {ÛdoXr nXH$ Am{X AZoH$nwañH$ma àmá h¢Ÿ& CZH$s "`m_m' Ho$ {bE kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá h¡Ÿ&

Bg _hmZ² aMZmH$ma H$m {ZYZ {gV§~a, gZ² 1987 H$mo hþAmŸ&

{Q>ßnUr :

H$mH$ wewpÊS> … nwamU-H$Wm _| H$m¡E H$mo n{j`m| Ho$ Jwé Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma{H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© …AMmZH$-`H$m`H$, Suddenly; J_bm-\y$bm| Ho$ no‹S> `m nm¡Yo bJmZo H$m ~V©Z,Pot; Kmd-O»_, hm¡bo go-Yrao go, H$m±M-erem, MwÝZQ>-{gbdQ>, ¤jUÉ ;

gmoZOwhr-EH$ Iwe~yXma \y$b, {Jbhar-Squirrel, _moQ>o éE± Am¡a b§~r ny±N>dmbmEH$ _mXm OÝVw; AdVrU©-CËnÞ hmoZm, AdV[aV hmoZm; H$mH$X²d`-Xmo H$m¡E,Mm|M-n{j`m| Ho$ _wI H$m AJ« ^mJ, _ah_-Am¡f{Y H$m bon, Pã~oXma-JwÀNo>

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O¡gr, S>{b`m-N>moQ>r Q>moH$ar, _ZH|$-_{U, JmV-eara, Xoh; H$sb|-bmoho `m H$mR>H$s Iy±Q>r, ~am_Xm-Ka Ho$ ~mha H$m ^mJ, gwamhr-ºÀÆf, nmZr aIZo H$m ~V©Z&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. bo{IH$m Zo H$m¡E H$mo Š`m| {d{MÌ njr H$hm h¡?

2. {Jbhar H$m ~ÀMm H$hm± n‹S>m Wm?

3. bo{IH$m Zo {Jëby Ho$ Kmdm| na Š`m bJm`m?

4. d_m© Or {Jbhar H$mo {H$g Zm_ go ~wbmVr Wt?

5. {Jbhar H$m bKw JmV {H$gHo$ ^rVa ~§X ahVm Wm?

6. {Jbhar H$m {à` ImX² Š`m Wm?

7. bo{IH$m H$mo {H$g H$maU go AñnVmb _| ahZm n‹S>m?

8. {Jbhar J_u Ho$ {XZm| _| H$hm± boQ> OmVm Wm?

9. {Jbh[a`m| H$s OrdZmd{Y gm_mÝ`V`m {H$VZr hmoVr h¡?

10. {Jbhar H$s g_m{Y H$hm± ~Zm`r J`r h¡?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. bo{IH$m H$mo {Jbhar {H$g pñW{V _| {XIm`r n‹S>r?

2. bo{IH$m Zo {Jëby Ho$ àmU H¡$go ~Mm o?

3. bo{IH$m H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Jëby Š`m H$aVm Wm?

4. d_m© Or H$mo Mm¢H$mZo Ho$ {bE {Jëby H$hm±-H$hm± {N>n OmVm Wm?

5. {Jëby Zo bo{IH$m H$s J¡ahmµOar _| {XZ H¡$go {~Vm o?

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III. nm±M N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. {Jëby Ho$ H$m ©-H$bmn Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&2. bo{IH$m Zo {Jbhar H$mo Š`m-Š`m {gIm`m?3. {Jëby Ho$ A§{V_ {XZm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&4. {Jëby Ho$ à{V _hmXodr d_m© Or H$s __Vm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

IV. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :1. `h ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡&2. Cgr ~rM _wPo _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb

_| ahZm n‹S>m&3. {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ Am`m&4. _oao nmg ~hþV go h¢&5. {Jëby H$s H$m A§V Am hr J`m&

V. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :1. 1907 : _hmXodr d_m© Or H$m OÝ_:: 1987 : 2. Jwbm~ : nm¡Ym :: gmoZOwhr : 3. h§g : g\o$X :: H$m¡Am : 4. {~ëbr : å`mD±$-å`mD±$ :: {Jëby : 5. H$mo`b : _Ywa ñda :: H$m¡Am :

VI. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :1. H$B© K§Q>o Ho$ CnMma Ho$ Cnam§V CgHo$ _w±h _| EH$ ~y±X nmZr Q>nH$m`m

Om gH$m&2. ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go _¢Zo Cgo Wmbr Ho$ nmg ~¡R>Zm {gIm`m&

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3. {Jëby _oao nmg aIr gwamhr na boQ> OmVm Wm&4. {XZ â {Jëby Zo Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z dh ~mha J`m&

VII.{Xò Jò ghr órqbJ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a g§~§{YV nw{ëb§J eãX Ho$ AmJo{b{IE :(_ yar, bo{IH$m, lr_Vr, Hw${V`m)

nwq„J órqbJ1. boIH$2. lr_mZ3. _`ya4. Hw$Îmm

VIII. Imbr OJh ^[aE :EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ

1. C±Jbr2. Am±I|3. ny±N>4. {I‹S>{H$`m±5. \y$b6. n§Oo7. {bµ\$mµ\$m8. H$m¡Am9. J_bo10. Km|gbo

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IX. CXmhaUmZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :

1. {MnH$Zm {MnH$mZm {MnH$dmZm

{bIZm

{_bZm

MbZm

2. XoIZm {XImZm {XIdmZm

^oOZm

IobZm

XoZm

3. gmoZm gwbmZm gwbdmZm

amoZm

YmoZm

ImobZm

4. nrZm {nbmZm {nbdmZm

grZm

grIZm

5. _m±JZm _±JmZm _±JdmZm

~m±Q>Zm

_m±PZm

Om±MZm

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X. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

{ZH$Q> x Xÿa CÎmrU© x AZwÎmrU©

1. {XZ x 1. Cn`moJ x

2. ^rVa x 2. CnpñW{V x

3. M‹T>Zm x 3. C[MV x

{dídmg x A{dídmg B©_mZ x ~oB©_mZ

1. {à` x 1. hmoe x

2. g§Vmof x 2. I~a x

3. ñdñW x 3. M¡Z x

~bdmZ x ~bhrZ YZ x {ZY©Z

1. ~w{Õ_mZ x 1. OZ x

2. e{ŠV_mZ x 2. ~b x

3. X`mdmZ x 3. JwU x

XI. g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :(ImZm, eara, {M{H$Ëgm, BbmO, Xoh, Vbme, ^moOZ, gmhg, AMaO,Y¡ ©, T>±y‹T>, AmíM ©)CXm : CnMma {M{H$Ëgm BbmO1. JmV2. Amhma3. {dñ_`4. {hå_V5. ImoO

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XII.H$maH$ H$m Zm_ {b{IE :CXm : J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa - g§~§Y H$maH$1. _w±h _| EH$ ~±yX nmZr -2. {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a -3. OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V -4. {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr -

5. _¢Zo H$sb| {ZH$mbH$a -

6. Pybo go CVaH$a -

7. gwamhr na boQ> OmVm -

8. Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE -

XIII.Xr J`r eãX-nhobr go new-n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE:

_mo Hw$ _ `y a

a Îmm J é S>

h§ H$ ~y V a

g {~ „r H$m¡ Am

^mfm kmZI. CXmhaUg{hV ñda g§{Y Ho$ nm±M oXm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

ì §OZ g§{Yì §OZ Ho$ gmW ñda AWdm ì §OZ Ho$ _ob go CËnÞ n[adV©Z H$mo ì §OZ g§{Y

H$hVo h¢&CXmhaU : OJV² + ZmW = OJÞmW

gV² + AmMma = gXmMma

1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)

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dmH²$ + _` = dmL²>_`dmH²$ + B©e = dmJre

fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS²>Xe©Z

II. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ {b{IE :

VëbrZ - {MXmZ§X -

{XJå~a - gÁOZ -

gX²J[V -

III. ñda g§{Y Am¡a ì`§OZ g§{Y Ho$ eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :gXmMma, {Jare, dmJre, BË`m{X, gX¡d, Z`Z, OJÝZmW, _hmoËgdfS²>Xe©Z, OJÝ_mohZ

ñda g§{Y ì §OZ g§{Y

n[a`moOZm : new-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

nmR> go AmJo -* AmnHo$ {à` nmbVy OmZda Ho$ ~mao _| Xg dmŠ` {b{IE&* nmR> _| à wŠV {H«$`m eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&* nmR> _| à wŠV q~Xþ, M§Ðq~Xþ Am¡a ZwŠVm Ho$ nm±M-nm±M eãX {b{IE&* " y Q²> y~' _| "{Jëby' H$m dr{S>`mo Xo{IE&

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4. A{^Zd _Zwî`- am_Ymarqgh "{X>ZH$a'

Bg H${dVm Ho$ X²dmam ~ÀMo ñZoh, _mZdr`Vm, ^mB©Mmam Am{X H$m _hËd g_PgH$Vo h¢ &

AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m {d{MÌ, ZdrZ;àH¥${V na gd©Ì h¡ {dO`r nwéf AmgrZ&h¡ ~±Yo Za Ho$ H$am| _| dm[a, {dÚwV, ^mn,hþŠ_ na M‹T>Vm-CVaVm h¡ ndZ H$m Vmn&h¢ Zht ~mH$s H$ht ì`dYmZbm±K gH$Vm Za g[aV² {J[a {gÝYw EH$ g_mZ&

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`h _ZwO,{OgH$m JJZ _| Om ahm h¡ `mZ,H$m±nVo {OgHo$ H$amo§ H$mo XoI H$a na_mUw&

`h _ZwO, Omo g¥{ï> H$m ûm¥§Jma,kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma&ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko ,na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo &

lo CgH$m, ~w{Õ na M¡VÝ` Ca H$s OrV,lo _mZd H$s Agr{_V _mZdm| go àrV;EH$ Za go Xÿgao Ho$ ~rM H$m ì`dYmZVmo‹S> Xo Omo, ~g, dhr kmZr, dhr {dÛmZ,Am¡a _mZd ^r dhr&

*******

H${dVm H$m Ame` :Bg nÚ^mJ _| d¡km{ZH$ wwJ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ _mZd H$m {díbofUhþAm h¡& H${d {XZH$a Or Bg H${dVm Ûmam `h g§Xoe XoZm MmhVo h¢ {H$AmO Ho$ _mZd Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ha VËd na {dO` àmßV H$a br h¡& na§VwH¡$gr {dS>§~Zm h¡ {H$ CgZo ñd § H$mo Zht nhMmZm, AnZo ^mB©Mmao H$mo Zhtg_Pm& àH¥${V na {dO` àmßV H$aZm _Zwî` H$s gmYZm h¡, _mZd-_mZdHo$ ~rM ñZoh H$m ~m±Y ~m±YZm _mZd H$s {g{Õ h¡& Omo _mZd Xÿgao _mZdgo ào_ H$m [aíVm Omo‹S>H$a Amng H$s Xÿar H$mo {_Q>mE, dhr _mZd H$hbmZoH$m A{YH$mar hmoJm&

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H${d n[aM` :H${d am_Ymarqgh {XZH$a Or H$m OÝ_ B©. gZ² 1908H$mo {~hma àm§V Ho$ _w§Joa {Obo _| hþAm& nhbo doao{S>`mo {d^mJ _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo& ~mX _| EH$ gaH$marH$m°boO Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zo& AmJo MbH$a do ^maVgaH$ma Ho$ qhXr gbmhH$ma Ho$ nX na {Z wŠV hþE&B©. gZ² 1974 H$mo BZH$m XohmdgmZ hþAm &H${d H$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - hþ±H$ma, aoUwH$m,agd§Vr, gm_YoZr, Yyn-N>m±h, Hw$éjoÌ, ~mny,apí_a{W Am{X& H${d H$s ha aMZm _| öX` H$mo à^m{dV Am¡a CËgm{hV H$aZoH$s nyU© epŠV h¡& BZH$s ^mfm gOrd Am¡a {df` Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡&"A{^Zd _Zwî`' nÚ^mJ "Hw$éjoÌ' Ho$ fîR> gJ© go {b`m J`m h¡&eãXmW© :A{^Zd-Z`m, ZdrZ, AmYw{ZH$; dm[a-Ob, ^mîn, dmîn - vapour;hþŠ_ - Amkm, ì`dYmZ - naXm, éH$mdQ>, ~mYm; g[aV² - ZXr, g[aVm;qgYw-gmJa, g_wÐ; AmbmoH$-àH$me, ko - OmZH$mar, lo -`e, H$ë`mU,_§Jb &

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m H¡$gr h¡?2. _mZd Ho$ hþŠ_ na Š`m M‹T>Vm Am¡a CVaVm h¡?3. na_mUw {H$go XoIH$a H$m±nVo h¢?4. "A{^Zd _Zwî`' H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m Zm_ {b{IE &5. AmYw{ZH$ nwéf Zo {H$g na {dO` nm`r h¡?6. Za {H$Z-{H$ZH$mo EH$ g_mZ bm±K gH$Vm h¡?7. AmO _ZwO H$m `mZ H$hm± Om ahm h¡?

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II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. "àH¥${V na gd©Ì h¡ {dO`r nwéf AmgrZ' - Bg n§pŠV H$m Ame`

g_PmBE &2. {XZH$a Or Ho$ AZwgma _mZd H$m ghr n[aM` Š`m h¡?3. Bg H${dVm H$m Xÿgam H$m¡Z-gm erf©H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡? Š`m|?

III. ^mdmW© {b{IE :`h _ZwO, Omo g¥pîQ> H$m ûm¥§Jma,kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma &ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko ,na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo &

IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :CXm : ZdrZ-AmgrZ1. ^mn -2. ì`dYmZ -3. ûm¥§Jma -4. ko` -5. OrV -

V. n§{ŠV`m± nyU© H$s{OE :AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m , ZdrZ ;

àH¥${V {dO`r AmgrZ&

_| dm[a, ^mn,

hþŠ_ na H$m Vmn&

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VI. n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE :

1. Xþ{Z`m -

2. {d{MÌ -

3. ZdrZ -

4. Za -

5. dm[a -

6. H$a -

7. AmJma -

VII.{dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. AmO x

2. x àmMrZ

3. M‹T>Vm x

4. g_mZ x

5. x AkmZ

6. OrV x

7. x gr{_V

8. Vmo‹S> x

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VIII. EH$ eãX {b{IE :

O¡go : g^r OJhm| _| - gd©Ì

1. AmgZ na ~¡R>m hþAm -

2. ~Mm hþAm -

3. _Zw H$s g§VmZ - 4. {deof kmZ - 5. A{YH$ {dX² m àmá

IX. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :1. {J[a : nhm‹S> :: dm[a : 2. ndZ : dm w : qgYþ : 3. µO_rZ : Amg_mZ : AmH$me : 4. Za : AmX_r :: Ca :

H${dVm go AmJo -• {XZH$a Or H$s AÝ` H$mì`-H¥${V`m| H$m n[aM` àmßV H$s{OE&• ""_mZd H$s ghr nhMmZ ~w{Õ d VH©$ Zht na§Vw _mZdr`Vm h¡&'' -

Bg {df` na H$jm _| EH$ dmX-{ddmX à{V`mo{JVm H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&

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5. _oam ~MnZ- S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_

Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ gmXJr, Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm, {_b-OwbH$a ahZm Am¡a{H$Vm~| n‹T>Zo H$m à`moOZ Am{X H$s àoaUm nm gH$Vo h¢&

_oam OÝ_ _Ðmg amÁ` (A~ V{_bZmSw>)Ho$ am_oída_² H$ñ~o _| EH$ _Ü`dJu`n[adma _| hþAm Wm& _oao {nVmO¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s H$moB© ~hþV AÀN>rAm¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Zht hþB© Wr Am¡a Z hrdo H$moB© ~hþV YZr ì`{ŠV Wo& BgHo$~mdOyX do ~w{Õ_mZ Wo Am¡a CZ_| CXmaVmH$s gÀMr ^mdZm Wr& _oar _m±,Am{e`å_m, CZH$s AmXe© OrdZg§{JZrWt& _oao _mVm-{nVm H$mo h_mao g_mO _| EH$ AmXe© X§nVr Ho$ ê$n _| XoImOmVm Wm&

_¢ H$B© ~ÀMm| _| go EH$ Wm, b§~o-Mm¡‹S>o d gw§Xa _mVm-{nVm H$m N>moQ>rH$X-H$mR>r H$m gmYmaU-gm {XIZodmbm ~ÀMm& h_ bmoJ AnZo nwíV¡Zr Ka _|ahVo Wo& am_oída_² H$s _g{OXdmbr Jbr _| ~Zm `h Ka MyZo-nËWa d BªQ>go ~Zm nŠH$m Am¡a ~‹S>m Wm& _oao {nVm AmS>§~ahrZ ì`{ŠV Wo Am¡a g^rAZmdí`H$ Ed§ Eoemo-Amam_dmbr MrµOm| go Xÿa ahVo Wo& na Ka _| g^rAmdí`H$ MrµO| g_w{MV _mÌm _| gwb^Vm go CnbãY Wt& dmñVd _|, _¢ H$h±ÿJm{H$ _oam ~MnZ ~hþV hr {ZpíM¨VVm Am¡a gmXJr _| ~rVm - ^m¡{VH$ Ed§^mdZmË_H$ XmoZm| hr Ñ{ï>`m| go&

_¢ àm`… AnZr _m± Ho$ gmW hr agmoB© _| ZrMo ~¡R>H$a ImZm Im`m H$aVm Wm&do _oao gm_Zo Ho$bo H$m nÎmm {~N>mVt Am¡a {\$a Cg na Mmdb Ed§ gwJ§{YV,ñdm{Xï> gm§~ma S>mbVr; gmW _| Ka H$m ~Zm AMma Am¡a Zm[a`b H$s VmµOr MQ>Zr^r hmoVr&

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à{V{ð>V {ed _§{Xa-{OgHo$ H$maU am_oída_² à{gÕ VrW©ñWb h¡-H$m h_maoKa go Xg {_ZQ> H$m n¡Xb amñVm Wm& {Og BbmHo$ _| h_ ahVo Wo, dh _wg{b_~hþb Wm& bo{H$Z dhm± Hw$N> qhXÿ n[adma ^r Wo, Omo AnZo _wgb_mZ n‹S>mo{g`m|Ho$ gmW {_b-OwbH$a ahVo Wo& h_mao BbmHo$ _| EH$ ~hþV hr nwamZr _g{OXWr, Ohm± em_ H$mo Z_mµO Ho$ {bE _oao {nVmOr _wPo AnZo gmW bo OmVo Wo&

am_oída_² _§{Xa Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o nwOmar njr bú_U emór _oao {nVmOr Ho$A{^ÝZ {_Ì Wo& AmÜ`mpË_H$ _m_bm| na MMm©E± H$aVo ahVo& O~ _¢ àíZ nyN>Zobm`H$ ~‹S>m hþAm Vmo _¢Zo {nVmOr go Z_mµO H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m&do H$hVo - "O~ Vw_ Z_mµO n‹T>Vo hmo Vmo Vw_ AnZo eara go BVa ~«÷m§S> H$mEH$ {hñgm ~Z OmVo hmo; {Og_| Xm¡bV, Am w, Om{V `m Y_©-n§W H$m H$moB©oX^md Zht hmoVm&'

_wPo `mX h¡, {nVmOr H$s {XZM`m© nm¡ \$Q>Zo Ho$ nhbo hr gw~h Mma~Oo Z_mµO n‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW ewê$ hmo OmVr Wr& Z_mµO Ho$ ~mX do h_mao Zm[a`bHo$ ~mJ Om`m H$aVo& ~mJ Ka go H$ar~ Mma _rb Xÿa Wm& H$ar~ XO©Z^a Zm[a`b H§$Y>o na {b o {nVmOr Ka bm¡Q>Vo Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX hr CZH$mZmíVm hmoVm&

_¢Zo AnZr {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s gmar qµOXJr _| {nVmOr H$s ~mVm|H$m AZwgaU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& _¢Zo CZ ~w{Z`mXr gË`m| H$mo g_PZoH$m ^agH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡ {H$ Eogr H$moB© X¡dr e{ŠV µOê$a h¡ Omo h_|«_, Xþ…Im|, {dfmX Am¡a Ag\$bVm go Nw>Q>H$mam {XbmVr h¡ VWm ghr amñVm

{XImVr h¡&

O~ {nVmOr Zo bH$‹S>r H$s Zm¡H$mE± ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m, Cg g_`_¢ N>h gmb H$m Wm& o Zm¡H$mE± VrW© m{Ì`m| H$mo am_oída_² go YZwfH$mo{S>>(goVwŠH$amB© ^r H$hm OmVm h¡) VH$ bmZo-bo OmZo Ho$ H$m_ AmVr Wt& EH$

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ñWmZr` R>oHo$Xma Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ Ho$ gmW {nVmOr g_wÐ VQ> Ho$ nmg Zm¡H$mE±~ZmZo bJo& ~mX _| Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ H$s _oar ~‹S>r ~hZ µOmoham Ho$ gmWemXr hmo JB©& Zm¡H$mAm| H$mo AmH$ma boVo hþE _¢ Jm¡a go XoIVm Wm& {nVmOr H$mH$mamo~ma H$mµ\$s AÀN>m Mb ahm Wm& EH$ {XZ gm¡ _rb à{V K§Q>o H$s aµâVmago hdm Mbr Am¡a g_wÐ _| Vyµ\$mZ Am J`m& Vyµ\$mZ _| goVwŠH$amB© Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJAm¡a h_mar Zmd| ~h JBª& Cgr _| nm_~Z nwb ^r Qy>Q> J`m Am¡a `m{Ì`m| go^ar Q´>oZ XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV hmo JB©& V~ VH$ _¢Zo {gµ\©$ g_wÐ H$s Iy~gyaVr H$mo hrXoIm Wm& CgH$s Anma Ed§ A{Z §{ÌV D$Om© Zo _wPo hVà^ H$a {X`m&

C_« _| H$mµ\$s \$H©$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ _oao A§Va§J {_Ì~Z JE& dh _wPgo H$ar~Z n§Ðh gmb ~‹S>o Wo Am¡a _wPo "AmµOmX' H$hH$a nwH$mamH$aVo Wo& h_ XmoZm| amoµOmZm em_ H$mo Xÿa VH$ gmW Ky_Zo Om`m H$aVo& h__g{OXdmbr Jbr go {ZH$bVo Am¡a g_wÐ Ho$ aoVrbo VQ> na Mb n‹S>Vo& _¢ Am¡aObmbwX²XrZ àm`… AmÜ`mpË_H$ {df`m| na ~mV| H$aVo&

àg§Jde _wPo `hm± `h ^r CëboI H$a XoZm Mm{hE {H$ nyao BbmHo$ _| {gµ\©$ObmbwX²XrZ hr Wo, Omo A§J«oµOr _| {bI gH$Vo Wo& _oao n[a{MVm| _|, ObmbwX²XrZHo$ ~am~a {ejm H$m ñVa {H$grH$m ^r Zht Wm Am¡a Z hr {H$grH$mo CZHo$~am~a ~mhar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ ~mao _| nVm Wm & ObmbwX²XrZ _wPo h_oem {e{jVì`{ŠV`m|, d¡km{ZH$ ImoOm|, g_H$mbrZ gm{hË` Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm {dkmZ H$sCnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo ahVo Wo& dhr Wo {OÝhm|Zo _wPo gr{_V Xm`ao go~mha {ZH$mbH$a ZB© Xþ{Z`m H$m ~moY H$am`m&

_oao ~më`H$mb _| nwñVH|$ EH$ Xþb© dñVw H$s Vah hþAm H$aVr Wt& h_mao`hm± ñWmZr` ñVa na EH$ nyd© H«$m§{VH$mar `m H${hE, CJ« amï´>dmXr Eg.Q>r.Ama._m{ZH$_ H$m {ZOr nwñVH$mb` Wm& CÝhm|Zo _wPo h_oem n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bECËgm{hV {H$`m & _¢, AŠga CZHo$ Ka go n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE {H$Vm~| bo Am`m H$aVmWm&

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Xÿgao {Og ì`{ŠV H$m _oao ~mb-OrdZ na Jham Aga n‹S>m, dh _oao MMoao^mB© eågwX²XrZ Wo& dh am_oída_² _| AI~mam| Ho$ EH$_mÌ {dVaH$ Wo& AI~maam_oída_² ñQ>oeZ na gw~h H$s Q´>oZ go nhþ±MVo Wo, Omo nm_~Z go AmVr Wr&Bg AI~ma EO|gr H$mo AHo$bo eågwX²XrZ hr MbmVo Wo& am_oída_² _| AI~mam|H$s Ow_bm EH$ hµOma à{V`m± {~H$Vr Wt&

~MnZ _| _oao VrZ nŠHo$ XmoñV Wo - am_mZ§X emór, AaqdXZ Am¡a{edàH$me& o VrZm| hr ~«m÷U n[admam| go Wo& am_mZ§X emór Vmo am_oída_²_§{Xa Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o nwOmar njr bú_U emór H$m ~oQ>m Wm& AbJ-AbJ Y_©,nmbZ-nmofU, n‹T>mB©-{bImB© H$mo boH$a h__| go {H$gr ^r ~ÀMo Zo H$^r ^rAmng _| H$moB© oX^md _hgyg Zht {H$`m&

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :

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boIH$ n[aM` :ACb \$H$sa O¡Zwbm~XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m OÝ_ 15-10-1931 H$mo

hþAm& ~‹S>o d¡km{ZH$ S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ Or 25-07-2002 go 24-07-2007 VH$ h_mao Xoe Ho$ amï´>n{V Wo& Xoe Ho$ AmXe© VWm "OZdmXr amï´>n{V'Ho$ Zm_ go ^maV Ho$ H$amo‹S>-H$amo‹S> öX`m| _| à{V{ð>V H$bm_ Or AnZr 82 dfm]H$s C_« _| ^r AZoH$mZoH$ gm_m{OH$ àJ{Verb Am§XmobZm| _| AË §V g{H«$` aho&~ÀMm| VWm wdH$m| Ho$ M¡VÝèrb Ed§ ~hþ_wIr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ {Z_m©UmW© AmnHo$ Z oA{^`mZ H$m _§Ì Wm - "_¢ Š`m X±ÿ?' ñdn[adV©Z H$s Amoa CÝ_wI Bg A{^`mZH$m CX²Kmof Wm - B©_mZXma H$m © Ed§ B©_mZXma H$m Zm_& "hmo_nmb' A{^`mZÛmam Amn ~MnZ _| hr BZ gdmbm| H$mo ~moZm MmhVo Wo {H$ ""_¢ Xoe Ho$ {bEŠ`m Xo gH$Vm h±ÿ? g_mO Ed§ n[aga Ho$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?''

(Xo{IE : http://www.whatcanigive.info)

eãXmW© :H$ñ~m - N>moQ>m eha, OrdZ g§{JZr-nËZr, amoµOmZm - {ZË`, H$X-H$mR>r -

Xoh H$m JR>Z, g_w{MV - `mo½`, nwíV¡Zr - n¡V¥H$, Omo nr{‹T>`m| go Mbm AmVmhmo, Omo H$B© nr{‹T>`mo§ VH$ Mbm Om` ; ~hþb - ~hþV , nm¡ \$Q>Zm(_whmdam) - à^mV hmoZm , ~w{Z`mX - Ztd, âgH$ - `Wm e{ŠV, H$m_ AmZm(_whmdam) - BñVo_mb hmoZm, H$m_ _| AmZm; VQ> - {H$Zmam , aµâVma - J{V,aoV - ~mby , Aga - à^md , Ow_bm -Hw$b, _hgyg - {OgH$m kmZ `m AZw dhmo, R>oH$m - a contract ({Z`V g_` `m Xa na H$moB© H$m_ `m ~mV H$aZo-H$amZo H$m BH$ama) , hVà^-{ZñVoO, {e{Wb; H$ar~Z - bJ^J, ñVa - _mZ,CnbpãY - àm{á , Xmàm - H$m ©joÌ, d¥Îm ; AŠga - àmM… A{YH$Va, {dVaH$- ~m±Q>Zodmbm , H$mamo~ma - H$m ©ì`mnma&

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Aä`mg


1. AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm?

2. AãXþb H$bm_ Or ~MnZ _| {H$g Ka _| ahVo Wo?

3. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ ~MnZ _| Xþb© dñVw Š`m Wr?

4. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ MMoao ^mB© H$m¡Z Wo?


1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m ~MnZ ~hþV hr {ZpíM¨VVm Am¡a gmXJr _| ~rVZoHo$ H$maU {b{IE &

2. Am{e`å_m Or AãXþb H$bm_ H$mo ImZo _| Š`m-Š`m XoVr Wt?

3. O¡Zwbm~XrZ Z_mµO Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hVo Wo?

4. O¡Zwbm~XrZ Zo H$m¡Z-gm H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m?

III. Mma `m nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. eågwX²XrZ AI~mam| Ho$ {dVaU H$m H$m © H¡$go H$aVo Wo?

IV. BZ _whmdam| na Ü`mZ Xr{OE :nm¡ \$Q>Zm = à^mV hmoZmH$m_ AmZm = H$m_ _| AmZm, BñVo_mb hmoZm

V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :~ÀMm, Jbr, Ho$bm, Zm¡H$m, à{V`m±, nwñVH|$

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VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :~hþV, em_, g\$b, AÀN>m, ~‹S>m, AnZm

VII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE : A Am1. _oao {nVm MMoao ^mB©2. _«Xmg amÁ` A§Va§J {_Ì3. eågwX²XrZ am_mZ§X emór4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ O¡Zwbm~XrZ5. nŠH$m XmoñV V{_bZmSw>

am_oída_²

VIII.[aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :

1. Am{e`å_m CZH$s AmXe© Wt&

2. am_oída_² à{gÕ h¡&

3. nwOmar njr bú_U emór _oao {nVmOr Ho$ Wo&

4. AI~ma EO|gr H$mo AHo$bo hr MbmVo Wo&

5. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ H$s Ho$ gmW emXr hmo JB©&

IX. AZwê$nVm :

1. Jm§YrOr : amï´>{nVm :: AãXþb H$bm_:

2. ObmbwX²XrZ : OrOm :: eågwX²XrZ :

3. Q´>oZ : y-`mÌm :: Zm¡H$m :

4. qhXÿ : _§{Xa :: Bñbm_ :

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X. ghr eãX go Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m OÝ_ _| hþAm&

A) MoÝZ¡ Am) ~|Jbyé B) am_oída_² B©) lra§J_²

2. am_oída_² _| à{V{ð>V _§{Xa h¡&

A) {dîUw Am) Aæ`ßnm B) hZw_mZ B©) {ed

3. O¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s {XZM`m© Ho$ nhbo ewê$ hmoVr Wr&

A) nm¡ \$Q>Zo Am) gy m©ñV B) Xmonha B©) em_

4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ H$mo H$hH$a nwH$mamH$aVo Wo&

A) AãXþb Am) AmµOmX B) amï´>dmXr B©) H$bm_

XI. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :OrdZ g§{JZr, nwíV¡Zr, à{gÕ, {XZM`m©, g§Vw{ï>

XII. n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE :Ka, ~w{Z`mX, em_, eara, XmoñV

^mfm kmZ

I. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m eãXm| H$mo {b{IE :

n‹T>Zm - n‹T>mZm

1. XoIZm -

2. gwZZm -

3. H$aZm -

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4. OJZm -

5. ^oOZm -

6. MbZm -

7. ~¡R>Zm -

8. amoZm -

9. YmoZm -

10. XoZm -

II. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go nm±M dmŠ`~ZmBE :

CXm : AÜ`mnH$ H$hmZr gwZmVo h¢&

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

nmR> go AmJo -^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V`m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ CZH$m g§{já n[aM` Xr{O o&

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6. ~g§V H$s gÀMmB©- {dîUw à^mH$a

N>mÌ Bg EH$m§H$s _| {M{ÌV ~mbH$ Ho$ M[aÌ go ào[aV hmoH$a àm_m{UH$Vm goOrZm grI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

nmÌ-n[aM`~g§V : EH$ Jar~ eaUmWu b‹S>H$màVmn : ~g§V H$m N>moQ>m ^mB©n§{S>V amO{H$emoa : EH$ ZoVmS>m°ŠQ>a VWm Xmo amh MbVo ì`{ŠV

nhbm Ñí`(ñQ>oO na gw{dYmZwgma EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa Ho$ ~mµOma H$m àVrH$mË_H$ Ñí`Ÿ&

AmZo-OmZo, boZo-XoZo H$m emoa, \o$ardmbm| H$s nwH$maŸ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM _| EH$ b‹S>H$m,Z§Jo n¡a, \$Q>o H$n‹S>o nhZo, hmW _| gm_mZ g§ mbo ^mJVm hþAm AmVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$sAm w bJ^J 12 df© H$s h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Zm_ ~g§V h¡Ÿ& dh nwH$ma ahm h¡Ÿ&)

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~g§V : N>bZr bo bmo, ~Q>Z bo bmo, {X`mgbmB© bo bmoŸ&(H$moB© CgH$s ~mV Zht gwZVmŸ& g~ Cgo XoIVo h¢ Am¡aAmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr g_` EH$ IX²XaYmar ì`{ŠV dhm±go OmVo {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& do _OXya ZoVm n§. amO{H$emoa h¢Ÿ& ~g§VCÝh| XoIH$a CZHo$ nrN>o ^mJVm h¡Ÿ&)

~g§V : gmh~! ~Q>Z br{OE, Xogr ~Q>ZŸ& gmh~, {X`mgbmB© br{OEŸ&amO{H$emoa : ^mB©! _wPo Hw$N> Zht Mm{hEŸ& OmAmo, {H$gr Am¡a H$mo XmoŸ&~g§V : gmh~ N>bZr br{OEŸ& XyY N>m{ZE, Mm` N>m{ZE...amO{H$emoa : _wPo Zht Mm{hEŸ&~g§V : ~Q>Z...amO{H$emoa : ZhtŸ&~g§V : {X`mgbmB©...amO{H$emoa : Zht, ZhtŸ&~g§V : ({dZ_« ñda) gmh~ EH$ N>bZr bo br{OEŸ& {g\©$ Xmo AmZm

H$s_V h¡Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : na ^mB© ! _wPo Zht Mm{hE Vmo H¡$go bo by± ?~g§V : AÀN>m Amn N>… n¡go...&amO{H$emoa : Amohmo! H$h {X`m _wPo Hw$N> Zht Mm{hEŸ&~g§V : (éAm±-gm) gmh~, g~oao go A~ VH$ Hw$N> Zht {~H$mŸ& Amngo

Amem WrŸ& gmh~! EH$ Vmo bo br{OEŸ&amO{H$emoa : (Oo~ go Xmo n¡go {ZH$mbVo hþE) Vw_ Vmo... AÀN>m Vwåh| n¡go

Mm{hEŸ& bmo, o Xmo n¡go bmo Am¡a OmAmoŸ&~g§V : (EH$X_) Zht gmh~, ZhtŸ& _¢ n¡go Zht by±JmŸ&

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amO{H$emoa : Zht bmoJo ?~g§V : Or Zht, Amn N>bZr ˜arX br{OEŸ&amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m, EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ?~g§V : Xmo n¡goŸ&amO{H$emoa : Vmo ~g n¡go bo bmo Am¡a g_P bmo _¢Zo EH$ N>bZr ˜arX brŸ&~g§V : Zht gmh~, ZhtŸ& `h Vmo ^rI h¡Ÿ& _¢ ^rI Zht by±JmŸ&

Amn N>bZr bo b|Ÿ&(amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡Ÿ& do ghgmCg ~ÀMo H$mo XoIVo h¢ {\$a Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢, na n¡go Zht{_bVo&)

amO{H$emoa : ^mB©, _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢& hmoVo Vmo bo boVm, ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ&~g§V : (CXmg) ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ& n¡go Vmo _oao nmg ^r Zht h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> {~H$m

hr ZhtŸ&amO{H$emoa : V^r Vmo H$hVm WmŸ& AÀN>m, H$b bo by±Jm `m _oao Ka bo

AmZmŸ& {H$eZJ§O _| ahVm hÿ±Ÿ&~g§V : (EH$X_) Zht gmh~, AmO hr bo br{OEŸ& Amn ZmoQ> _wPo

Xr{OE, _¢ A^r ~mµOma go wZm bmVm hÿ±Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : ^mB© Vw_ Vmo...~g§V : ~g _¢ `h Am`mŸ&amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m bmo, ^wZm bmAmo, A^r AmZmŸ&~g§V : A^r Am`m, gmh~Ÿ& Amn `ht R>ha| ; A^r nbH$ _maVo hr

Am`mŸ&(~g§V ZmoQ> boH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa ^mJVm h¡Ÿ& amO{H$emoa dht I‹S>oahVo h¢Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao n§Ðh-~rg {_ZQ> ~rV OmVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go-O¡go g_`~rVVm h¡, do CËgwH$ hmoH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)

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amO{H$emoa : n§Ðh {_ZQ> hmo JE, A~ VH$ Zht Am`mŸ& H$hm± ah J`mŸ?_wPo Vmo bJVm h¡ A~ Zht bm¡Q>oJmŸ&

Xygam Ñí`(ñQ>oO na µOam gm n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW nhbo O¡gm Ñí`Ÿ& EH$Amoa {H$eZJ§O H$m ~moS>© bJm hþAm h¡Ÿ& hëH$m emoa h¡Ÿ& g§Ü`mhmo JB© h¡Ÿ& bmoJ Kam| H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM_| EH$ Xw~bm-nVbm b‹S>H$m OëXr-OëXr AmVm h¡Ÿ& dh Z§Jon¡a h¡,Ÿ H$n‹S>o \$Q>o h¢Ÿ& Am w bJ^J Xg df© h¡Ÿ& CgH$s eŠb~g§V go {_bVr h¡Ÿ& dh CgH$m N>moQ>m ^mB© àVmn h¡Ÿ& dhAmVo-OmVo ì`{ŠV`m| go Hw$N> nyN> ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _wI naì`J«Vm h¡Ÿ&)

àVmn : Š`m| Or, {H$eZJ§O `hr h¡ ?EH$ ì`{ŠV : hm±Ÿ&àVmn : n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo h¢ ?EH$ ì`{ŠV : H$m¡Z amO{H$emoa ?àVmn : Omo b¡ŠMa XoVo h¢Ÿ& _OXyam| H$s ~ñVr _| OmVo h¢Ÿ&EH$ ì`{ŠV : _¢ Zht OmZVm, AmJo nyN>moŸ&

(àVmn AmJo ~‹T> OmVm h¡, Am¡a EH$ Xygao ì`{ŠV go nyN>Vm h¡Ÿ&)àVmn : Š`m| Or, n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo h¢ ?Xygam ì`{ŠV : H$m¡Z n§.amO{H$emoa ? do Omo _OXyam| Ho$ ZoVm h¢ ?àVmn : hm±, hm±, do hrŸ&Xygam ì`{ŠV : (Bemam H$aHo$) CYa XoImo, dh Zrbm naXm h¡ Z!àVmn : hm±Ÿ&Xygam ì`{ŠV : ~g do dht ahVo h¢Ÿ&

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(ì`{ŠV AmJo ~‹T> OmVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn Zrbo naXodmbo _H$mZ Ho$gm_Zo OmH$a nwH$maVm h¡Ÿ&)

àVmn : amO{H$emoa Or, n§.amO{H$emoa Or !(A§Xa go AmdmµO AmVr h¡Ÿ&)

amO{H$emoa : H$m¡Z ? ({I‹S>H$s go Pm±H$H$a XoIVo h¢) Š`m| ^mB©, Š`m ~mVh¡?

àVmn : Or, _wPo _oao ^mB© Zo oOm h¡Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmam ^mB© ! R>hamo _¢ AmVm hÿ±Ÿ& (~mha AmH$a) Voam ^mB©

H$m¡Z h¡, ~ÀMo !

àVmn : AmO Xmonha H$mo CgZo AmnH$mo EH$ N>bZr ~oMr WrŸ&amO{H$emoa : hm±, hm±, AmO _¢Zo EH$ b‹S>Ho$ go EH$ N>bZr br Wr& EH$

énE H$m ZmoQ> {X`m Wm&àVmn : dh ZmoQ> wZmZo J`m Wm, _Ja O~ wZmH$a bm¡Q> ahm Wm

Vmo _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Am J`m& _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB©&amO{H$emoa : (AMaO) Š`m ! _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB© !

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àVmn : (ñda {JaVm h¡) CgH$m gm_mZ, n¡go, g~ {~Ia JEŸ& CgHo$XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JEŸ&

amO{H$emoa : (^`) n¡a Hw$Mbo JE...àVmn : (éAm±-gm) Or hm±Ÿ& Am¡a Bg{bE dh AmnHo$ nmg Z Am

gH$mŸ& dh ~ohmoe hmo J`m WmŸ& ~‹S>r _w{íH$b go Cgo Kabo JEŸ& ~‹S>r Xoa _| O~ Cgo hmoe Am`m Vmo CgZo _wPo AmnHo$n¡go bm¡Q>m>Zo H$mo H$hmŸ& _¢ AmnHo$ gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bm`m hÿ±Ÿ&

amO{H$emoa : (Imo`m-Imo`m) _oao gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bmE hmoŸ! CgZo ^oOo h¢!bo{H$Z ~ÀMo ! dh A~ H$hm± h¡ ?

àVmn : KaŸ&amO{H$emoa : Ka _| H$m¡Z h¡ ?àVmn : H$moB© ZhtŸ&amO{H$emoa : H$moB© Zht...?àVmn : Or hm± ! _¢ Am¡a _oam ^mB©, h_ XmoZm| ^rIy Ahra Ho$ Ka

_| ahVo h¢Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmao _m±-~mn Š`m...àVmn : (amo n‹S>Vm h¡) do _mao JEŸ& X§Jm| Ho$ {XZm| _| CÝh| {H$gr Zo

_ma S>mbm...amO{H$emoa : (Imo`m-Imo`m) CÝh| {H$gr Zo _ma S>mbm? Vw_ XmoZm| ^rIy

Ahra Ho$ Ka ahVo hmo! (EH$X_ OmJH$a) ~ÀMo! amoAmo _VŸ&_¢ A^r Vwåhmao gmW MbVm hÿ±Ÿ& A^r...

àVmn : Amn _oao gmW Mb|Jo ?amO{H$emoa : hm±, A^r MbmoŸ& (AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢) na hm± ! Vwåhmam Ka H$hm±

h¡ ?àVmn : Ahra Q>rbo _|Ÿ&

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amO{H$emoa : (A§Xa H$s Amoa XoIH$a) A_aqgh! _¢ Ahra Q>rbm Om ahmhÿ±Ÿ& Vw_ Bgr dŠV S>m°. d_m© H$mo boH$a dhm± AmAmoŸ& H$hZm{H$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo AmH$a Hw$Mbr JB© h¢Ÿ&OëXr H$amo! ^rIy Ahra H$m Ka nyN> boZmŸ& (_w‹S>H$a) AmAmo~ÀMo, Mb|Ÿ&(àVmn M{H$V-{dpñ_V CÝh| XoIVm h¡Ÿ& {\$a R>Jm-gm CZHo$AmJo-AmJo OmVm h¡Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)

Vrgam X¥í`(ñQ>oO na EH$ H$ÀMo Ka Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ Amogmao H$m Ñí`Ÿ& µO_rZna Xar {~N>r h¡, Cg na ~g§V boQ>m h¡Ÿ& ah-ah H$a XX©go H$amh CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& àVmn Am¡a amO{H$emoa H$m àdoe)

àVmn : `h ahm, gmh~Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : Aao ! `h Vmo µO_rZ na boQ>m h¡Ÿ&~g§V : (M{H$V hmoH$a) Amn ! Amn AmE h¢....amO{H$emoa : H$hm± MmoQ> bJr h¡, ~oQ>m ? XoIy±....

(amO{H$emoa nmg AmH$a Q>m±J XoIVo h¢Ÿ& {H$gr Zo \$ñQ> EoS>Xr h¡Ÿ& nQ²>Q>r ~±Yr h¡Ÿ& Ny>Vo hr Mr˜ {ZH$b OmVr h¡Ÿ& ~g§VAmoR> ^tMH$a Amh ItMVm h¡Ÿ&)

~g§V : Amoh, Amoh ...(amO{H$emoa Hw$N> Xoa Bgr Vah XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)

amO{H$emoa : Zht, Zht, K~amAmo ZhtŸ&~g§V : (XX© go H$amhVo hþE) _¢ _moQ>a go Q>H$am J`m Wm, Bg{bE

V~ AmnHo$ n¡go Z bm¡Q>m gH$mŸ&amO{H$emoa : Cg ~mV H$s qMVm Z H$amo, ~oQ>m! _¢Zo S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbdm`m

h¡Ÿ& Vw_ R>rH$ hmo OmAmoJoŸ&

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~g§V : S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbdm`m h¡...(S>m°ŠQ>a H$m àdoe)

S>m°ŠQ>a : h¡bmo n§{S>V Or ! _¢Zo Bgo ~mµOma _| XoIm h¡Ÿ&amO{H$emoa : Or hm± ! µOam Xo{IE VmoŸ&

(S>m°ŠQ>a n¡a XoIVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§V µOmoa go AmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmnH$s Am±Im| go Am±gy PaVo h¢Ÿ& dh H$^r ^mB© H$mo XoIVm h¡,H$^r S>m°ŠQ>a H$moŸ& amO{H$emoa CËgwH$Vm go nyN>Vo h¢Ÿ&)

amO{H$emoa : Š`m| S>m°ŠQ>a ! R>rH$ hmo OmEJm Z ?S>m°ŠQ>a : (J§ ra) n§{S>V Or ! Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ n¡a H$s hS²>‹S>r Qy>Q>

JB© h¡Ÿ& ñH«$sZ H$aHo$ XoIZm hmoJmŸ& Xygam n¡a R>rH$ h¡, naBgo A^r AñnVmb bo OmZm Mm{hEŸ&

amO{H$emoa : Vmo Š`m hþAm, A^r bo MbmoŸ& _¢ Eå~wb§g Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$aAmVm hÿ±Ÿ&

S>m°ŠQ>a : Or hm±, H$a AmBEŸ& _¢ V~ VH$ B§OoŠeZ bJmVm hÿ±Ÿ&~g§V : (Am±I| ImobH$a)Amn ! Amn Š`m H$a aho h¢ ? _¢ Jar~ hÿ±...

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amO{H$emoa : (h±gH$a) Vw_ qMVm _V H$amoŸ& ~g MwnMmn boQ>o ahmo ~oQ>m!S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ ! O~ VH$ _¢ Zht AmVm Amn `ht ah|, Bgo~MmZm hr hmoJmŸ& `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xwb© JwU h¡,`h B©_mZXma h¡Ÿ&(S>m°ŠQ>a àVmn H$s ghm`Vm go B§OoŠeZ V¡ ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§VAm±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& jU ^a Ho$ {bE CgHo$ _wI na em§{VAm¡a H¥$VkVm C^a AmVr h¡Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a B§OoŠeZ bJmVo h¢, ~g§VAmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn ^mB© H$m {ga Wm_Vm h¡, Am¡a naXm{JaVm OmVm h¡Ÿ&)

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :{dîUw à^mH$a _mZd-_Z Ho$ nmaIr boIH$ h¢& Bg EH$m§H$s _| CÝhm|Zoñdm{^_mZ, naXþ…IH$mVaVm O¡gr _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`mh¡& Jar~ hmoH$a ^r ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a n[al_ H$s H$_mB© go OrZodmbo ~g§VAm¡a àVmn EH$ Amoa h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa H§$Jmbm| Ho$ à{V h_XXu {XImVo hþEAmXa Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$aZodmbo amO{H$emoa O¡go nmÌ AZwgaUr` h¢&

boIH$ n[aM` : {dîUw à^mH$a (1912-2009)_mZd-OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aZodmbo boIH$m| _|{dîUw à^mH$a Or H$m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& CZH$mOÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ _wµOâ\$aZJa Ho$ _ranwa _|gZ² 1912 B©. _| hþAm& n§Om~ _| {ejm nmH$a dht15 df© VH$ CÝhm|Zo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar H$s& gZ² 1955_| AmH$medmUr Ho$ {Xëbr H|$Ð _| ZmQ>H$ {ZX}eH$~Zo& S>o‹T> df© ~mX dhm± go Ë`mJnÌ {X`m Am¡a V~go ñdV§Ì gm{hpË`H$ Ho$ ê$n _| OrdZ `mnZ H$aaho Wo &

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{dîUw à^mH$a Or Jm§YrdmXr boIH$ _mZo OmVo h¢& AmnHo$ EH$m§H$s _mZdr`g§doXZmAm| go AmoVàmoV h¢& _mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ YamVb na ^mdmË_H${MÌU CZHo$ EH$m§{H$`m| H$s {deofVm h¡& CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - Amdmam_grhm, VQ> Ho$ ~§YZ, {Z{eH$m§V, Xn©U H$m ì`pŠV, YaVr A~ ^r Ky_ ahrh¡, `wJo-`wJo H«$m§{V, J¥hñWr Am{X&

eãXmW© :amh - amñVm, _mJ© ; {X`mgbmB© - ¸æíQPÜwx , Matchstick;

N>bZr - OmbrXma N>moQ>m CnH$aU, EH$ AmZm- N>… n¡go, éAm±-gm - amoZoO¡go, Ahra - ½dmbm, AmoR>-^tMZm - XX© ghZ H$aZm, \o$ardmbo - Ky_-{\$aH$a gm_mZ ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar, wZm bmZm - ~‹S>o {gŠHo$ H$mo {Mëba/Nw>Q²>Q>oHo$ ê$n _| ~XbZm, Amogmam - ~am_Xm, Ka Ho$ AmJo H$m ^mJ; eŠb - ñdê$n,AmH¥${V; ì`J«Vm - ì`mHw$b, C{Û½Z, ~oM¡Z &

Aä`mg


1. ~g§V Š`m-Š`m ~oMVm Wm?

2. ~g§V Ho$ ^mB© H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?

3. n§{S>V amO{H$emoa Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo ?

4. N>bZr H$m Xm_ Š`m Wm ?

5. ~g§V Am¡a àVmn H$hm± ahVo Wo ?

6. "~g§V H$s gÀMmB©' EH$m§H$s _| {H$VZo Ñí` h¢?

7. EH$m§H$s H$m àW_ Ñí` H$hm± KQ>Vm h¡?

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8. ~g§V Ho$ Ka na S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo H$m¡Z bo AmVm h¡?

9. n§.amO{H$emoa Ho$ AZwgma ~g§V _| {Z{hV Xþb© JwU H$m¡Z-gm h¡?

10. n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo Wo?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. N>bZr go Š`m-Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢ ?2. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Š`m {dZVr H$aVm h¡?3. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Xmo n¡go boZo go Š`m| BZH$ma H$aVm h¡?4. ~g§V amO{H$emoa Ho$ nmg Š`m| Zht bm¡Q>m ?5. àVmn amO{H$emoa Ho$ Ka Š`m| Am`m?6. ~g§V Zo amO{H$emoa H$mo N>bZr IarXZo Ho$ {bE {H$g Vah ào[aV

{H$`m?7. ~g§V Ho$ n¡a XoIH$a S>m°ŠQ>a Zo Š`m H$hm ?

III. Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ~g§V B©_mZXma b‹S>H$m h¡ & H¡$go?2. ~g§V Am¡a àVmn Ahra Ho$ Ka _| Š`m| ahVo h¢?3. amO{H$emoa Ho$ _mZdr` ì`dhma H$m n[aM` Xr{OE &

IV. AZwê$nVm :1. n§.amO{H$emoa : {H$eZJ§O :: ~g§V : 2. n§.amO{H$emoa : _OXÿam| Ho$ ZoVm :: ~g§V : 3. n§.amO{H$emoa : _m{bH$ :: A_aqgh : 4. àVmn : N>moQ>m ^mB© :: d_m© :

5. ????? : àíZmW©H$ {Mh²Z :: !!!!! :

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V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. _¢ A^r ~mµOma go bmVm hÿ± &

2. _¢ AmnHo$ AmZo bm`m hÿ± &

3. h_ XmoZm| Ho$ Ka _| ahVo h¢ &

4. _¢ Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$a AmVm hÿ± &

5. Bg_| EH$ Xþb© JwU h¡, `h h¡ &

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {ZX}emZwgma {b{IE :

1. EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ? (dV©_mZH$mb _|)

2. _¢ A^r ~mµOma go wZm bmVm hÿ± & ( yVH$mb _|)

3. EH$ Xÿgao ì`pŠV go nyN>Vm h¡ & (^{dî`V²H$mb _| )

VII. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

1. nrN>o ×

2. IarXZm ×

3. boZm ×

4. AmZm ×

5. em§{V ×

6. Jar~ ×

VIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :1. CgH$s Am w bJ^J 12 df© H$s h¡&2. g~oao go A~ VH$ Hw$N> Zht {~H$m&

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3. _¢ ^rI Zht by±Jm&4. ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go ~g§V H$mo Ka bo JE&5. ~g§V AmoR> ^tMH$a Amh ItMVm h¡&6. `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xþb© JwU h¡&

IX. n[a`moOZm :• {dîUw à^mH$a Ho$ AÝ` EH$m§{H$`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a {H$gr EH$

EH$m§H$s H$m gma g§jon _| {b{IE &

^mfm kmZI. qbJ nhMmZH$a AbJ-AbJ gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZHo$ AÝ` qbJ eãX

{b{IE :b‹S>H$m, ~ÀMr, Xþ~bm, nVbm, W¡br, gm{h~m, ^mB©, _m±, S>m°ŠQ>a,n§{S>VmBZ

nw{ëb§J órqbJCXm: 1. b‹S>H$m b‹S>H$s

2. ~ÀMr3. Xþ~bm4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

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II. aoIm§{H$V eãX H$m dMZ nhMm{ZE Am¡a Cg eãX H$m AÝ` dMZ ê$n{b{IE :CXm : amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡& ~mV|1. {\$a do Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢& 2. A§Xa go AmdmµO AmVr h¡ & 3. EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Hw$Mbr JB© h¢& 4. ~g§V Am±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡& 5. bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Ka bm¡Q> aho h¢& 6. bmoJ Ka H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢& 7. _OXÿam| H$s ~ñVr _| amO{H$emoa H$m _H$mZ h¡& 8. ~g§V Ho$ XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JE& 9. _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢& 10. CgH$m H$n‹S>m \$Q>m h¡& 11. amO{H$emoa {I‹S>H$s go Pm±H$Vo h¢& 12. ~g§V Ho$ n¡a H$s hS²>‹S>r Qy>Q> J`r h¡&

g_mg"g_mg' H$m VmËn © h¡ "g§{járH$aU'& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$m

_ob "g_mg' H$hbmVm h¡& BZHo$ _ob go CËnÞ Z`m Am¡a gmW©H$ eãX"gm_m{gH$ nX' AWdm "g_ñV nX' H$hbmVm h¡& eãXm| H$mo AbJ H$aHo${bIZm "{dJ«h dmŠ`' H$hbmVm h¡&

O¡go : g_ñVnX {dJ«h dmŠ`1. amOnwÌ amOm H$m nwÌ2. _mVm-{nVm _mVm Am¡a {nVm

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"g_mg' _| Xmo nX hmoVo h¢&1. nyd©nX - nhbm nX2. CÎma nX - Xÿgam nX AWdm AmJodmbm nX

O¡go : nbH$ _maZm - nyd©nX-nbH$, CÎma nX-_maZm, {dJ«h dmŠ`- nbH$ H$mo _maZm

III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE: g_ñV nX {dJ«h dmŠ` g_mg H$m oX

CXm: ~ohmoe hmoe {Og_| Z hmo Aì``r^md g_mg1. gw{dYmZwgma VËnwéf g_mg2. Xþ~bm-nVbm3. Zrbo a§Jdmbm naXm4. n§Ðh {_ZQ>5. Qy>Q>o h¢ n¡a {OgHo$

nmR> go AmJo -• "~g§V H$s gÀMmB©' EH$m§H$s H$m _§MZ AnZr H$jm _| H$s{OE&• ào_M§X H$s H$moB© EH$ H$hmZr n{‹T>E Am¡a H$jm _| gwZmBE&• " y Q²> y~' _| "B©_mZXma b‹S>H$m' dr{S>`mo Xo{IE Am¡a H$jm _| MMm©

H$s{OE&

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7. Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho- Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg

BZ Xmohm| Ho$ X²dmam N>mÌ AÀN>o H$_© H$aZo Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm go OrdZ {~VmZo H$sgrI àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, Vwbgr g{hV {ddoH$ &&

2. O‹S> MoVZ, JwU-Xmof_`, {dñd H$sÝh H$aVma &g§V-h§g JwU Jhqh n`, n[ah[a dm[a {dH$ma &&

3. X`m Y_© H$m _yb h¡, nmn _yb A{^_mZ &Vwbgr X`m Z N>m±{S> o, O~ bJ KQ> _| àmU &&

4. Vwbgr gmWr {dn{Îm Ho$, {dÚm {dZ` {ddoH$ &gmhg gwH¥${V gwgË`d«V, am_ ^amogmo EH$ &&

5. am_ Zm_ _{Z Xrn Yé, Orh> Xohar Ûma &Vwbgr ^rVa ~m{ham¡, Omo Mmhgr C{O`ma &&

*******Xmohm| H$m Ame` :VwbgrXmg Or Zo BZ Xmohm| _| _w{I`m Ho$ bjU, g§V H$m ñd^md Am{Xna àH$me S>mbm h¡& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo X`m-Y_© H$m _hËd, A{^_mZ,Ë`mJ, {ddoH$ wV ì`dhma, am_ na {dídmg, am_ Zm_ Omn BË`m{X H$m~ImZ H$aVo hþE gwPmd {X`m h¡ {H$ BZgmZ H$mo Zr{V wV OrdZ {~VmZmMm{hE&

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H${d n[aM`:Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg(gZ²1532-1623)Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg {h§Xr gm{hË` Ho$ ^{ŠVH$mb H$sam_^{ŠV emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢Ÿ& VwbgrXmg H$mOÝ_ gZ² 1532 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ amOmnwa _| hþAmWmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ AmË_mam_ Am¡a _mVm H$mhþbgr WmŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ O~ VwbgrXmg OrH$m OÝ_ hþAm, V~ CÝhm|Zo am_ Zm_ H$m CÀMmaU{H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_"am_~mobm' n‹S>mŸ& VwbgrXmg ^JdmZ am_ Ho$ AZÝ`^ŠV WoŸ&

CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - am_M[aV _mZg, {dZ`-n{ÌH$m, JrVmdbr,Xmohmdbr, H${dVmdbr Am{XŸ& gZ² 1623 H$mo H$mer _| CZH$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&

eãXmW© :_w{I`m-ZoVm, gH$b-g§nyU©, {dñd-g§gma, H$sÝh-{H$`m, H$aVma-g¥pîQ>H$Vm©,n`-XÿY, n[ah[a-Ë`mJZm, dm[a-nmZr, KQ>-eara, {dn{Îm-g§H$Q>, gwH¥${V-AÀN>oH$m ©, Orh-Or^, Mmhgr-Mmam| Amoa&^mdmW© :

1. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg _wI AWm©V² _w±h Am¡a _w{I`m XmoZm| Ho$ ñd^mdH$s g_mZVm Xem©Vo hþE {bIVo h¢ {H$ _w{I`m H$mo _w±h Ho$ g_mZ hmoZmMm{hE& _w±h ImZo-nrZo H$m H$m_ AHo$bm H$aVm h¡, bo{H$Z dh Omo ImVm-nrVm h¡ Cggo eara Ho$ gmao A§Jm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVm h¡& VwbgrH$s am` _| _w{I`m H$mo ^r Eogo hr {ddoH$dmZ hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ dh H$m_AnZr Vah go H$a| bo{H$Z CgH$m \$b g^r _| ~m±Q>o&

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2. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg h§g njr Ho$ gmW g§V H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþECgHo$ ñd^md H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢ - g¥pîQ>H$Vm© Zo Bg g§gma H$moO‹S>-MoVZ Am¡a JwU-Xmof {_bmH$a ~Zm`m h¡& AWm©V², Bg g§gma _| AÀN>o-~wao (gma-{Zñgma), g_P-Zmg_P Ho$ ê$n _| AZoH$ JwU-Xmof ^ao hþEh¢, bo{H$Z h§g ê$nr gmYw bmoJ {dH$mam| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÀN>o JwUm| H$moAnZmVo h¢ &

3. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Zo ñnîQ>V… ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ X`m Y_© H$m _ybh¡ Am¡a A{^_mZ nmn H$m & Bg{bE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ O~ VH$ eara_| àmU h¢, V~ VH$ _mZd H$mo AnZm A{^_mZ N>mo‹S>H$a X`mbw ~Zo ahZmMm{hE&

4. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Or H$h aho h¢ {H$ _Zwî` na O~ {dn{Îm n‹S>Vrh¡ V~ {dX² m, {dZ` VWm {ddoH$ hr CgH$m gmW {Z^mVo h¢& Omo am_na ^amogm H$aVm h¡, dh gmhgr, gË`d«Vr Am¡a gwH¥$VdmZ ~ZVm h¡&

5. àñVwV Xmoho Ho$ X²dmam VwbgrXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Og Vah Xohar na{X`m aIZo go Ka Ho$ ^rVa VWm Am±JZ _| àH$me \¡$bVm h¡, Cgr Vaham_-Zm_ OnZo go _mZd H$s Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mh² ew{Õ hmoVr h¡&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. VwbgrXmg _wI H$mo Š`m _mZVo h¢ ?2. _w{I`m H$mo {H$gHo$ g_mZ ahZm Mm{hE ?3. h§g H$m JwU H¡$gm hmoVm h¡ ?4. _wI {H$gH$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVm h¡?5. X`m {H$gH$m _yb h¡?

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6. VwbgrXmg {H$g emIm Ho$ H${d h¢?

7. VwbgrXmg Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?

8. VwbgrXmg Ho$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?

9. nmn H$m _yb Š`m h¡?

10. VwbgrXmg Ho$ AZwgma {dn{Îm Ho$ gmWr H$m¡Z h¢?


1. _w{I`m H$mo _wI Ho$ g_mZ hmoZm Mm{hE& H¡$go?

2. _Zwî` H$mo h§g H$s Vah Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?

3. _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| àH$me H$~ \¡$bVm h¡?

III. AZwê$nVm:

1. X`m : Y_© H$m _yb :: nmn :

2. n[ah[a : Ë`mJZm :: H$aVma :

3. Orh : Or^ :: Xohar :

IV. ^mdmW© {b{IE :

1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &

nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, Vwbgr g{hV {ddoH$ &&

2. Vwbgr gmWr {dn{Îm Ho$, {dÚm {dZ` {ddoH$ &

gmhg gwH¥${V gwgË`d«V, am_ ^amogmo EH$ &&

V. Xmoho H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &

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VI. Omo‹S>>H$a {b{IE : A ~

1. {díd H$sÝh {dH$ma2. n[ah[a dm[a H$aVma3. O~ bJ KQ> am_ ^amogmo EH$4. gwgË`d«V _| àmU

VII. nyU© H$s{OE:1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, &2. nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, &3. am_ Zm_ _{Z Xrn Yé, &4. Vwbgr ^rVa ~m{ham¡, &

VIII. C{MV {dbmo_ eãX na ghr ( ) H$m {ZemZ bJmBE:1. {ddoH$ godH$ A{ddoH$2. X`m {ZX©`m ew^moX`m3. Y_© __© AY_©$4. {dH$ma A{dH$ma g§ñH$ma5. {dZ` g{dZ` A{dZ`

Xmoho go AmJo -• ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho n‹T>H$a CZ_| {Z{hV Zr{V VËd H$s H$jm _| MMm©

H$s{OE&• {~hmar Ho$ Xg Xmohm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE &

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8. B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V-g§H${bV

AmO Ho$ g§X © _| B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V go hmoZodmbo bm^ VWm hm{Z Ho$ ~mao _| N>mÌOmZH$mar àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a gMoV ah gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

AmO H$m wJ B§Q>aZoQ> wJ h¡Ÿ& ~‹S>o ~y‹T>m| go boH$a N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| VH$ g~na Bg B§Q>aZoQ-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& EH$ {XZ amohZ ñHy$b go bm¡Q>Vo hrB§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZo XmoñVm| Ho$ ~rM hþB© MMm© Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo ~m~yOrgo H$hZo bJmŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Cn`moJ go BZgmZr gmoM H$mXm`am ~‹T> J`m h¡Ÿ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ~Xbr VH$ZrH$ Ho$ H$maU qµOXJr Ho$~Xbo ZµO[a o H$mo ^r Cgo g_Pm`mŸ& bo{H$Z amohZ BVZo go g§Vwï> Zht hþAmŸ&dh B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm WmŸ& ~m~yOr BVZm hrOmZVo Wo {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Vah go {dídì`mnr H§$ß yQ>am| H$m A§VOm©b (ZoQ>dH©$)h¡, {OgH$s dOh go nyao {díd H$m {dñVma EH$ Jm±d H$m-gm N>moQ>m hmo J`mh¡& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo amohZ H$mo gwPmd {X`m {H$ dh AnZo H§$ß yQ>a {ejH$ gonyN>-VmN> H$aoŸ&

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Xygao {XZ amohZ AnZo H§$ß yQ>a {ejH$ go BgHo$ ~mao _| Šbmg _| àíZnyN>Vm h¡Ÿ&

amohZ : ga! B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡? Bggo {H$g àH$ma H$s H«$m§{VhþB© h¡?

{ejH$ : ~‹S>m AÀN>m gdmb h¡ ! gwZmo, B§Q>aZoQ> AZ{JZV H§$ß yQ>am| Ho$ H$B©A§VOm©bm| H$m EH$ Xygao go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m Omb h¡Ÿ&AmO BZgmZ Ho$ {bE ImZ-nmZ {OVZm µOê$ar h¡, B§Q>aZoQ> ^rCVZm hr Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&

A{OV : dh H¡$go ga ?

{ejH$ : Hw$N> gmb nhbo Xya ahVo [aíVoXma `m XmoñVm| H$mo H$moB© I~a XoZrn‹S>Vr Vmo h_| {MQ²>R>r {bIZr n‹S>Vr Wr `m Xya^mf H$m Cn`moJH$aZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ& Bggo g_` Am¡a n¡go XmoZm| H$m A{YH$ ì``hmoVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam nb ^a _|, {~Zm Á`mXm IM©

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{H$E H$moB© ^r {dMma hmo, pñWa {MÌ hmo, dr{S>`mo {MÌ hmo, Xw{Z`mHo$ {H$gr ^r H$moZo _| oOZm _w_{H$Z hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& Vw_ MmhmoVmo nyao EH$ nwñVH$mb` H$s {H$Vm~m| Ho$ {df` H$mo H$_ g_` _|H$ht ^r ^oO gH$Vo hmoŸ& B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m_hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& em`X BgHo$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZmXmoZm| hr joÌ R>n n‹S> OmVo h¢Ÿ&

Zohm : ga, B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Am¡a H$m¡Z-gr _XX {_bVr h¡ ?

{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> X²>dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r {~b^a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bggo XyH$mZ OmZo Am¡a bmBZ _| K§Q>m| I‹S>o ahZoH$m g_` ~M gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ>-~¢qH$J X²dmam Xw{Z`m H$s {H$gr^r OJh na Mmho {OVZr ^r aH$_ oOr Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&

AO` : Am¡a ?

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{ejH$ : Am¡a "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ûmam EH$ OJh ~¡R>H$a Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$B©Xoem| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Ho$ gmW 8-10 XÿaXe©Z Ho$ naXo na MMm©H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& EH$ hr H$_ao _| ~¡R>H$a {d{^Þ Xoem| _| ahZodmbobmoJm| Ho$ gmW {dMma-{d{Z_` H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

A§Obr : ga, Š`m B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go ~oamoµOJmar H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vo h¢?

{ejH$ : hm±, µOê$a ! ^maV _| AmB©.Q>r (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr) Am¡aAmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr EZo~ëS> g{d©gog) g§ñWmAm|H$m àdoe B§Q>aZoQ> go g§ d hþAm h¡Ÿ& BZgo AZ{JZV bmoJm| H$moamo‹>OJma {_bm h¡ Am¡a {g\©$ h_mao Xoe _| hr Zht, H$B© Xoem|H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| ^r gwYma hþAm h¡Ÿ&

Am_moX : ga, _¢Zo "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' (Social Networking) eãX H$htn‹T>m WmŸ& BgH$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?

{ejH$ : "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar ImoO h¡, {OgZo Xw{Z`m ^aHo$ bmoJm| H$mo EH$ OJh na bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡Ÿ& gmoebZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© gmBQ²>g h¢, O¡go - \o$g~wH$, AmaHw$Q>, {Q²>dQ²>Q>a,qbH$S>BZ Am{XŸ& BZ gmBQ>m| Ho$ H$maU Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$sahZ-ghZ, doe- yfm, ImZ-nmZ Ho$ Abmdm g§ñH¥${V, H$bm Am{XH$m à^md erK«m{VerK« h_mao g_mO na n‹S> ahm h¡Ÿ&

~ÀMmo, BVZm hr Zht, ^maV O¡go àJ{Verb amï´> B©-JdZ}Ýg(B©-àemgZ) X²dmam ~Xbmd bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢Ÿ&

aOV : B©-JdZ}Ýg Š`m hmoVm h¡, ga ?

{ejH$ : B©-JdZ}Ýg X²dmam gaH$ma Ho$ g^r H$m_H$mO H$m {ddaU, A{^boI,gaH$mar AmXoe Am{X H$mo `WmdV² bmoJm| H$mo gy{MV {H$`m OmVmh¡Ÿ& Bggo àemgZ nmaXeu ~Z gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

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AmXoe : ga, V~ Vmo B§Q>aZoQ> g_mO Ho$ {bE EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m daXmZgm{~V hþAmŸ&

{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡Ÿ& CgZo OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| AnZmH$_mb {XIm`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go-{M{H$Ëgm, H¥${f, A§V[aj kmZ, {dkmZ,{ejm Am{XŸ& `hm± VH$ {H$ Xoe Ho$ ajmXbm| H$s H$m ©dmhr _|B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡Ÿ&

nyOm : ga, Š`m B§Q>aZoQ> H$m H$moB© Xwîn[aUm_ ^r h¡ ?

{ejH$ : hm± hm±, h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Amoa daXmZ h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa dhA{^emn ^r h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> H$s dOh go n¡agr, ~¢qH$J \«$m°S>, h¡qH$J(gyMZm/I~am| H$s Mmoar) Am{X ~‹T> ahr h¢Ÿ& _wŠV do~ gmBQ>,M¡qQ>J Am{X go wdm nr‹T>r hr Zht ~ÀMo ^r B§Q>aZoQ> H$s H$~§Y~m±hm| Ho$ nme _| \±$go hþE h¢Ÿ& Bggo dŠV H$m Xwén`moJ hmoVmh¡ Am¡a ~ÀMo AZwn wŠV Am¡a AZmdí`H$ OmZH$mar hm{gb H$aaho h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE Amn bmoJm| H$mo B§Q>aZoQ> go gMoV ahZm Mm{hEŸ&

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amohZ : ga, AmnZo h_| B§Q>aZoQ> H«$m§{V Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV gmar OmZH$marXrŸ& BgHo$ {bE g~H$s Va\$ go ~hþV YÝ`dmXŸ&

{ejH$ : EH$ ~mV `mX aIZm {H$ Bg joÌ H$s H«$m§{V {Za§Va MbVr ahoJr&

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$mam| Zo _mZd-OrdZ H$mo gw{dYmOZH$ ~Zm`m h¡& B§Q>aZoQ>go _mZd H$s OrdZe¡br Am¡a CgH$s gmoM _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþAm h¡&AmO B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZm XmoZm| joÌ H$_Omoa hmo OmVo h¢&B§Q>aZoQ> Zo nyar Xþ{Z`m H$mo EH$ OJh bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡& OrdZ Ho$ha joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡& B§Q>aZoQ> daXmZ h¡ VmoA{^emn ^r h¡ &

eãXmW© :Xm`am-joÌ, gr_m; VH$ZrH$s-àm¡X² mo{JH$s, Technology; Z‹>O[a`m-Ñ{ï>H$moU,gwPmd-gbmh, AZ{JZV-Ag§»`, I~a-g_mMma, ì``-IM© H$aZm, gyMZm-OmZH$mar, Information; R>>n n‹S>Zm-~§X hmoZm, aH$_-YZam{e, ImoO-emoY,AÝdofU; A{^boI-{b{IV {ddaU, Record; `WmdV²>-O¡go Ho$ d¡go, n¡agr-MwamH$a ZH$br à{V`m± ~ZmZm, Piracy; \«$m°S>-YmoIm, fraud; nme-~§YZ, \§$Xm;hm{gb H$aZm-àmá H$aZm, BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr-gyMZm àm¡X² mo{JH$s&{Q>ßnUr :

1. g§Mma _mÜ`_ - g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE±, Xya^mf, XyaXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ> Am{XgmYZ {OZH$m Cn`moJ gyMZmAm| Ho$ g§XoedhZ Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

2. dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg - Video Conference - EH$ g^mJma {Og_| H$B©bmoJm| Ho$ gmW 8-10 Q>r.dr. Ho$ naXo na EH$ gmW MMm© hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

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3. BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr EZo~ëS> g{d©gog - gyMZm àm¡X² mo{JH$s X²dmamg§ mì` godmE±-gyMZm àm¡X² mo{JH$s Ho$ X²>dmam àmá H$am`r OmZodmbrgodmE±, O¡go - ~r.nr.Amo.&

4. H$~§Y ~m±h| - H$~§Y Zm_H$ EH$ amjg Wm {OgH$s ~m±h| b§~r hmoH$aH$ht ^r nhþ±M gH$Vr WtŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ O~ CgZo AnZr ~m±hm|_| lram_ VWm bú_U H$mo \±$gm`m WmŸ, V~ lram_ Zo CgH$s ~m±hm|H$mo H$mQ> {X`m WmŸ& àñVwV nmR> _| B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ì`mnH$ à^md H$mo{XImZo Ho$ {bE BZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

5. {XZ-à{V{XZ VH$ZrH$s-n[adV©Z hmoVm ahoJm& CgHo$ AZwê$n B§Q>aZoQ>joÌ _| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVo ah|Jo&

Aä`mg


1. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?

2. B§Q>aZoQ> ~¢qH$J X²dmam Š`m oOm Om gH$Vm h¡ ?

3. àJ{Verb amï´> {H$gHo$ X²dmam ~Xbmd bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢?

4. g_mO Ho$ {H$Z joÌm| _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m `moJXmZ h¡ ?

5. B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V H$m Aga {H$g na n‹S>m h¡?

6. AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg H$m {dñV¥V ê$n Š`m h¡?

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1. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡?

2. ì`mnma Am¡a ~¢qH$J _| B§Q>aZoQ> go Š`m _XX {_bVr h¡?

3. B©-JdZ]g Š`m h¡?

III. Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?

2. "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

3. "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar ImoO h¡& H¡$go ?

4. B§Q>aZoQ> go H$m¡Z-gr hm{Z`m± hmo gH$Vr h¢ ?

IV. AZwê$nVm :

1. H§$ß`yQ>a : g§JUH$ `§Ì :: B§Q>aZoQ> :

2. AmB©.Q>r : BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr : AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg.

3. \o$g~wH$ : daXmZ :: h¡qH$J :

4. dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg : {dMma-{d{Z_` :: B©-àemgZ :

V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :1. B§Q>aZoQ> Zo nyao {díd H$mo 1. ~hþV ~‹S>m daXmZ gm{~V hþAm&2. B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam H$moB© ^r 2. gMoV ahZm Mm{hE&3. B§Q>aZoQ> g_mO Ho$ {bE 3. {~b ^a gH$Vo h¢ &4. B§Q>aZoQ> H$s dOh go 4. EH$ N>moQ>o Jm±d H$m ê$n Xo {X`m h¡&5. B§Q>aZoQ> go g~H$mo 5. n¡agr, h¡qH$J Am{X ~‹T> ahr h¢&

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VI. H$moîR>H$ _| {XE JE eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:1. B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Vah go {dídì`mnr H§$ß yQ>am| H$m h¡&

(A§VOm©b, ~{hOm©b)2. AmB©. Q>r Am¡a AmB©. Q>r. B©. Eg go AZ{JZV bmoJm| H$mo

{_bm h¡& (H$n‹S>m, amoµOJma)3. gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© h¢& (gmBS²>g, gmBQ²>g)4. B©-JdZ]g go àemgZ ~Z gH$Vm h¡ & (nmaXeu,

AnmaXeu)5. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ h¡& (A^`XmZ, daXmZ)6. Xoe Ho$ H$s H$m ©dmhr _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m

`moJXmZ h¡& (ajmXbm|, nw{bgXbm|)7. B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Amoa daXmZ h¡ Vmo dh ^r h¡& (Anhmg,

A{^emn)

VII. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&

2. B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢&

3. B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go ~oamoµOJmar H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vo h¢ &

VIII.ghr {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :

(Zm_w_{H$Z, A{^emn, Cn wŠV, KQ>Zm, gXþn`moJ, ApñWa)

1. ~‹T>Zm × 2. pñWa ×

3. _w_{H$Z × 4. daXmZ ×

5. Xþén`moJ × 6. AZwn`wŠV ×

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IX AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE : (CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma)

CXm : n¡gm - n¡go CXm : I~a - I~a|

1. naXm - 1. {H$Vm~ -

2. H$_am - 2. OJh -

3. Xm`am - 3. H$mo{ee -

CXm : wJ - wJ CXm : qµOXJr - qOX{J`m±

1. XmoñV - 1. OmZH$mar -

2. H§$ß yQ>a - 2. {MQ²>R>r -

3. [aíVoXma - 3. OrdZe¡br -

X. BZ dmŠ`m| _| à`wŠV {dam_ {Mh²Zm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

1. AmO H$m wJ B§Q>aZoQ> wJ h¡ &

2. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡ ?

3. ~‹S>m AÀN>m gdmb h¡ !

4. bmoJm| Ho$ gmW {dMma - {d{Z_` H$a gH$Vo h¢ &

5. hm± hm± , Xþîn[aUm_ h¢ &

XI. n[a`moOZm :

g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _mÜ`_m| H$s {MÌg{hV gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a ha EH$go hmoZodmbo bm^ VWm hm{Z H$m Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {ddaU {b{IE &

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XII.eãX ImoO : H$ÝZS>, qhXr Am¡a A§J«oµOr g_mMma-nÌm| Ho$ Zm_ ZrMo {XEJE h¢& CZH$mo Ty>±‹T>>H$a {b{IE :

Z S>o g§ am B§ à A gm Q>m

Om H$ ßVm d ŠH$ {S> B ÝZ _

a w åg {d O ^m ` {h S>

H$ C a Z ŠV {h Z ñWm Am°

H$ \$ ho ` V Z E qh à

dm Šg Xþ n B§ am Q>m Zm© dm

{S> B Ur O ào ñVm {Ì ^m Q>

Ur `m ëS> Z H$m g bm H$ åg

qhXrCXm : 1. Zd^maV Q>mBåg

2.3.

H$ÝZS>1.2.

A§J«oµOr>1.2.

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^mfm kmZ

I. {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ`m| H$m H$mb n[adV©Z H$aHo$ {b{IE :

1. g~ na B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

2. amohZ {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm Wm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)

3. amohZ H§$ß yQ>a {ejH$ go àíZ nyN>oJm& ( yVH$mb _|)

II. H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :

1. BZgmZr gmoM H$m Xm`am ~‹T> ahm h¡&

2. {nVmOr Zo amohZ H$mo g_Pm`m &

3. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&

4. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡&

5. B©-JdZ]g go àemgZ nmaXeu ~ZoJm&

nmR> go AmJo -

• B§Q>aZoQ> Ûmam hmoZodmbo Am¡a ^r AZoH$ bm^ Am¡a hm{Z`m| Ho$ ~mao _| H$jm_| MMm© H$s{OE &

• Am°ZbmBZ ~¢qH$J, Am°ZbmBZ empßn¨J, Am°ZbmBZ {Q>H$Q> ~wqH$J O¡go AÝ`Am°ZbmBZ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE &

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9. B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _|- h[ae§H$a nagmB©

àñVwV ì §½` aMZm _| EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ag§J{V H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&Bg_| hmñ` Am¡a ì §½` H$m gw§Xa gpå_lU h¡Ÿ& Bg aMZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nagmB©Or Zo B©_mZXma H$hbmZodmbo bmoJm| H$s ~oB©_mZr H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

_¢Zo H$VB© Eogm Hw$N> Zht {H$`m, {Oggo B©_mZXma _mZm OmD±$Ÿ& Z OmZoCÝh| H¡$go `h «_ hmo J`m {H$ _¢ B©_mZXma hÿ±Ÿ& _wPo nÌ {_bm, ""h_ bmoJBg eha _| EH$ B©_mZXma gå_obZ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& Amn Xoe Ho$ à{gÕ B©_mZXmah¢Ÿ& h_mar àmW©Zm h¡ {H$ Amn Bg gå_obZ H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$a|Ÿ& h_ AmnH$moAmZo-OmZo H$m nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m X|Jo VWm Amdmg, ^moOZ Am{X H$s CÎm_ì`dñWm H$a|JoŸ& AmnHo$ AmJ_Z go B©_mZXmam| VWm CXr`_mZ B©_mZXmam| H$mo ~‹S>ràoaUm {_boJrŸ&'' _¢ J`mŸ& bo{H$Z hb{\$`m H$hVm hÿ± {H$ B©_mZXmar Ho$ {bEZht J`mŸ& B©_mZ go _wPo Hw$N> boZm-XoZm Zht h¡Ÿ& _¢ `h {hgm~ bJmH$a J`m{H$ Xygao XO} _| OmD±$Jm Am¡a nhbo H$m {H$am`m by±JmŸ& Bg Vah EH$ gm¡ nMmgén o ~M|JoŸ& `h ~oB©_mZr H$hbm oJrŸ& na CZ bmoJm| Zo _wPo amï´>r` ñVa H$mB©_mZXma _mZm hr Š`m| ?

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ñQ>oeZ na _oam Iy~ ñdmJV hþAmŸ& bJ^J Xg ~‹S>r \y$b-_mbmE± nhZm`rJ`tŸ& gmoMm, Amg-nmg H$moB© _mbr hmoVm Vmo \y$b-_mbmE± ^r ~oM boVmŸ&

_wPo hmoQ>b Ho$ EH$ ~‹S>o H$_ao _| R>ham`m J`mŸ& _oao H$_ao Ho$ ~m | Am¡agm_Zo Xmo hm°b Wo, {OZ_| bJ^J Vrg-n¢Vrg à{V{Z{Y R>hao WoŸ& _oao XmoB©_mZXma gmWr ^r _oao hr H$_ao _| Am J oŸ& _¢Zo gmoMm Vmbm bJm`m Om oJm,Vmo BÝh| VH$br\$ hmoJrŸ& _¢Zo Vmbm Zht bJm`mŸ& CX²>KmQ>Z emZXma hþAmŸ& _¢ZobJ^J EH$ K§Q>o VH$ ^mfU {X`mŸ&

bmoJ Om MwHo$ WoŸ& _¢ Wm _w»` A{V{WŸ& _wPgo bmoJ ~mV| H$a aho WoŸ&_¢ MbZo bJm, Vmo Mßnb nhZZo J`mŸ& XoIm, _oar Mßnb| Jm`~ WtŸ& Z`rAm¡a AÀN>r Mßnb| WtŸ& A~ dhm± EH$ Omo‹S>r \$Q>r-nwamZr Mßnb| ~Mr Wt& _¢ZoCÝh| hr nhZ {b`mŸ& `h ~mV \¡$b J`r {H$ _oar Z`r Mßnb| H$moB© nhZJ`mŸ&

EH$ B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> _oao H$_ao _| Am oŸ& H$hZo bJo, ""Š`m AmnH$sMßnb| H$moB© nhZ J`m ?''

_¢Zo H$hm, ""hm±, BVZo ~‹S>o Obgo _| Mßnbm| H$s AXbm-~Xbr hmo hrOmVr h¡Ÿ&'' {\$a _¢Zo Ü`mZ go XoIm, CZHo$ nm±dm| _| _oar hr Mßnb| WtŸ& dh^r _oar Mßnb| XoI aho WoŸ& do ~hþV H$aHo$ CZH$s hr WtŸ&

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na dh ~o{hMH$ _wPo g_PmZo bJo, ""Xo{IE, Mßnb| EH$ OJh ZhtCVmaZr Mm{hEŸ& EH$ Mßnb `hm± CVm[a o, Vmo Xygar Xg \$sQ> XyaŸ& V~ Mßnb|Mmoar Zht hmoVtŸ& EH$ hr OJh Omo‹S>r hmoJr, Vmo H$moB© ^r nhZ boJmŸ& _¢ZoEogm hr {H$`m WmŸ&''

_¢ XoI ahm Wm {H$ dh _oar hr Mßnb| nhZo h¢ Am¡a _wPo g_Pmaho h¢Ÿ&

_¢Zo H$hm, ""H$moB© ~mV ZhtŸ& gw~h Xygar IarX by±JmŸ& AmnH$s Mßnb|Zht J`t, `h JZr_V h¡Ÿ&''

{\$a _¢Zo XoIm {H$ EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo Am`moOZH$Vm©Am|go H$hm, Vmo CÝhm|Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""hmoQ>bdmbo Zo YwbmZo H$mo oO Xr hmoJrŸ&Xygar Am Om oJrŸ&'' na Xygar Am`r ZhtŸ&

Xygao {XZ Jmo{ð>`m± ewê$ hmo J`tŸ& amV H$mo Jmo{ð>`m| go bm¡Q>mŸ& XoIm {H$Xmo Am¡a MmXa| Jm`~ h¢Ÿ& VrZm| Mbr J`tŸ&

Xygao {XZ ~¡R>H$ _| OmZo Ho$ {bE Yyn H$m Mí_m ImoOZo bJm, Vmo Zht{_bm, em_ H$mo Vmo WmŸ&

_¢Zo EH$-Xmo bmoJm| go H$hm, Vmo ~mV \¡$b J`rŸ&Bgr g_` ~Jb Ho$ H$_ao _| hëbm hþAm, ""Aao _oam ~«r\$Ho$g H$hm± Mbm

J`m? `ht Vmo aIm WmŸ&''_¡§Zo nyN>m, ""Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zht Wo ?''Odm~ {_bm, ""n¡go Vmo Zht WoŸ& H$mJµOmV WoŸ&''_¢Zo H$hm, ""Vmo {_b Om oJmŸ&''_¢ {~Zm Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm o ~¡R>H$ _| nhþ±MmŸ&~¡R>H$ _| n§Ðh {_ZQ> Mm` H$s Nw>Å>r hþB©Ÿ& bmoJm| Zo ghmZw y{V àH$Q> H$sŸ&

EH$ gÁOZ Am oŸ& H$hZo bJo, ""~‹S>r Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& Xo{IE, AmnH$mYyn H$m Mí_m hr Mbm J`mŸ&''

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dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm o WoŸ& _wPo `mX Wm, EH$ {XZ nhbo dhYyn H$m Mí_m Zht bJm o WoŸ& _¢Zo XoIm, Omo Mí_m dh bJm o Wo, dh _oamhr Wm&

H$hZo bJo, ""AmnZo Mí_m bJm`m Zht Wm ?''_¢Zo H$hm, ""amV H$mo Š`m Mm±XZr _| Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm`m OmVm h¡?

_¢Zo H$_ao H$s Q>o~wb na aI {X`m WmŸ&''dh ~mobo, ""H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm&''_¢ CÝh| XoI ahm Wm Am¡a dh _oam Mí_m bJm o BV_rZmZ go ~¡R>o WoŸ&Vrgao {XZ amV H$mo bm¡Q>m, Vmo Hw$N> hamaV Wr Wmo‹S>r R>ÊS> ^r WrŸ& _¢Zo

gmoMm, {~ñVa go H$å~b {ZH$mb by±Ÿ& na H$å~b ^r Jm`~ WmŸ&{\$a hëbm hþAmŸ& ñdmJV g{_{V Ho$ _§Ìr Am oŸ& H$B© H$m ©H$Vm© Am oŸ&

_§Ìr H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$mo S>m±Q>Zo bJo, ""Vw_ bmoJ Š`m H$aVo hmo ? Vwåhmar S²>`yQ>r`hm± h¡Ÿ& Vwåhmao ahVo Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& `h B©_mZXma gå_obZ h¡Ÿ& ~mha`h Mmoar H$s ~mV \¡$br, Vmo {H$VZr ~XZm_r hmoJr ?''

H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Zo H$hm, ""h_ Š`m H$a| ? AJa gå_mZZr` S>obrJoQ> `hm±-dhm± Om |, Vmo Š`m h_ CÝh| amoH$ gH$Vo h¢ ?''

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_§Ìr Zo Jwñgo go H$hm, ""_¢ nw{bg H$mo ~wbmH$a `hm± g~H$s VbmerH$admVm hÿ±Ÿ&''

_¢Zo g_Pm`m, ""Eogm ha{JµO _V H$[a oŸ& B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _| nw{bgB©_mZXmam| H$s Vbmer b§o, `h ~‹S>r Aemo Zr` ~mV hmoJrŸ& {\$a BVZo ~‹S>ogå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r J‹S>~‹S>r hmoJr hrŸ&''

EH$ H$m ©H$Vm© Zo H$hm, ""Vbmer {H$ZH$s H$adm |Jo, AmYo Ho$ bJ^JS>obrJoQ> Vmo {H$am`m boH$a Xmonha H$mo hr dmng Mbo J oŸ&''

amV H$mo nhZZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o {gahmZo X~mH$a gmo mŸ& Z`r Mßnb| Am¡a eoqdJH$m {S>ã~m {~ñVa Ho$ ZrMo X~m`mŸ&

gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm WmŸ& _wPo CZ bmoJm| Zo AÀN>m n¡gm {X`mŸ& _¢Zo gm_mZ~m±YmŸ&

_§Ìr Zo H$hm, ""nagmB© Or, Jm‹S>r AmZo _| Xoa h¡Ÿ& M{b o, ñdmJV g{_{VHo$ gmW AÀN>o hmoQ>b _| ^moOZ hmo Om oŸ& A~ Vmbm bJm XoVo h¢Ÿ&''

na Vmbm ^r Jm`~ WmŸ& Vmbm VH$ Mwam {b`mŸ& JO~ hmo J`mŸ&_¢Zo H$hm, ""[aŠem ~wbdmB oŸ& _¢ grYm ñQ>oeZ OmD±$JmŸ& `hm± Zht

éHy±$JmŸ&''_§Ìr h¡amZ WoŸ& ~mobo, ""Eogr ^r Š`m ZmamµOJr h¡ ?''_¢Zo H$hm, ""ZmamµOJr H$VB© Zht h¡Ÿ& ~mV `h h¡ {H$ MrµO| Vmo g~ Mwam

br J`tŸ& Vmbm VH$ Mmoar _| Mbm J`mŸ& A~ _¢ ~Mm hÿ±Ÿ& AJa éH$m Vmo_¢ hr Mwam {b`m OmD±$JmŸ&''

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :Bg OJV² _| AÀN>mB©-~wamB© XmoZm| {XImB© XoVr h¢& h§g-jra Ý`m` H$s VahBZ_| h_| {g\©$ AÀN>mB© H$mo AnZmH$a ~wamB© H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZm Mm{hE& ~oB©_mZr^r EH$ AdJwU h¡& ~oB©_mZm| na ì §½` H$aVo hþE àñVwV aMZm Ûmam boIH$Zo gMoV {H$`m h¡ {H$ h_ ~oB©_mZr go Xÿa ah| &

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boIH$ n[aM` :H$b_ H$mo boIH$ H$s Vbdma _mZZodmbo lr h[ae§H$anagmB© {hÝXr gm{hË` OJV² H$s EH$ ~oOmo‹S> {Z{Y h¢&BZH$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ O_mZr Jm±d _| 22 AJñV 1924H$mo hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - h±gVo h¢amoVo h¢, yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, gXmMma H$m VmdrµO, d¡îUdH$m {\$gbZ Am{XŸ& {hÝXr Ho$ ì §½` gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg_| BZH$m `moJXmZ A{X²dVr` h¡Ÿ&eãXmW© :

nXm©\$me-AZmdaU, H$VB©-ha{J‹O, H$^r ^r; hb{\$`m-H$g_ go,VH$br\$-H$ï>, emZXma-d¡ d wV, S>obrJoQ>-Delegate, à{V{Z{Y; Obgm-g_mamoh, CËgd; {hMH$-g§H$moM, JZr_V-Iwer H$s ~mV, Mí_m-EoZH$,H$mJ‹OmV-H$mJO-nÌ, hëbm-emoa, BV_rZmZ-^amogm, {dídmg; hamaV-hëH$mÁda; ha{J‹>O-{~ëHw$b, {H$gr Xem _| ^r; {gahmZm-V{H$`mŸ&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. àñVwV H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ?2. boIH$ Xygao XO} _| Š`m| g\$a H$aZm MmhVo Wo ?3. boIH$ H$s Mßnb| {H$gZo nhZr Wt ?4. ñdmJV g{_{V Ho$ _§Ìr {H$gH$mo S>m±Q>Zo bJo ?5. boIH$ nhZZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o H$hm± X~mH$a gmo o ?6. gå_obZ _| boIH$ Ho$ ^mJ boZo go {H$Z-{H$Z H$mo àoaUm {_b

gH$Vr Wr?

7. boIH$ H$mo H$hm± R>ham`m J`m?

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8. ~«r\$Ho$g _| Š`m Wm?

9. boIH$ Zo Yyn H$m Mí_m H$hm± aIm Wm?

10. Vrgao {XZ boIH$ Ho$ H$_ao go Š`m Jm`~ hmo J`m Wm?


1. boIH$ H$mo oOo J o {Z_§ÌU nÌ _| Š`m {bIm J`m Wm?

2. \y$b _mbmE± {_bZo na boIH$ Š`m gmoMZo bJo?

3. boIH$ Zo _§Ìr H$mo Š`m g_Pm`m?

4. Mßnbm| H$s Mmoar hmoZo na B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> Zo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?

5. boIH$ Zo H$_am N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$m {ZU© Š`m| {b`m?

6. _w»` A{V{W H$s ~oB©_mZr H$hm± {XImB© XoVr h¡?


1. boIH$ Ho$ Yyn H$m Mí_m Imo OmZo H$s KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

2. _§Ìr VWm H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ ~rM _| Š`m dmVm©bmn hþAm?

3. gå_obZ _| boIH$ H$mo H$m¡Z-go AZw d hþE? g§jon _| {b{IE&

IV. AZwê$nVm:

1. nhbm {XZ : Mßnb| Jm`~ Wr§ :: Xÿgao {XZ :

2. Vrgao {XZ : H$å~b Jm`~ Wm :: Mm¡Wo {XZ :

3. [aŠem : VrZ n{h`m| H$m dmhZ :: gmB[H$b :

4. aobJm‹S>r : nQ>ar :: hdmB©OhmO :

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V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. h_ bmoJ Bg eha _| EH$ gå_obZ H$a aho h¢ &

2. _oar Mßnb| Wt&

3. dh _oam Mí_m bJm o go ~¡R>o Wo&

4. {\$a BVZo ~‹S>o gå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r hmoJr hr &

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. AmJ_Z ×

2. amV ×

3. Odm~ ×

4. ~oMZm ×

5. gÁOZ ×

VII.~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. H$n‹S>m -

2. MmXa -

3. ~mV -

4. {S>ã~m -

5. MrµO -

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VIII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :

1. R>haZm

2. YmoZm

3. XoIZm

4. bm¡Q>Zm

5. CVaZm

6. nhZZm

IX. g§{Y-{dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

1. ñdmJV

2. ghmZw y{V

3. gÁOZ

4. namonH$ma

5. {ZpíM¨V

6. gX¡d

X. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. h_ AmnH$mo AmZo-OmZo H$m nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m X|Jo&

2. ñQ>oeZ na _oam Iy~ ñdmJV hþAm &

3. Xo{IE, Mßnb| EH$ OJh Zht CVmaZr Mm{hE&

4. A~ _¢ ~Mm hÿ±& AJa éH$m Vmo _¢ hr Mwam {b`m OmD±$Jm &

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XI. B©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo ghr {M• (((((√√√√√))))) Am¡a ~oB©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo JbV{M• (((((×))))) bJmBE :1. Xÿgao bmoJm| H$s dñVwAm| H$mo dm{ng nhþ±MmZm &2. Mmoar H$aZm &3. amñVo _| {_br dñVwAm| H$mo nw{bg ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MmZm &4. H$m_Mmoar H$aZm &5. ~Jb _| Nw>ar _w±h _| am_-am_ H$aZm &6. PyR> ~mobZm &7. ZoH$ _mJ© na MbZm &8. OmZ~yPH$a JbVr H$aZm &9. ~hmZm ~ZmZm &10. gM ~mobZm &11. g_` na H$m_ nyam H$aZm &12. YmoIm XoZm &13. OmbgmµOr H$aZm &14. Mmoa ~mµOmar Am¡a {_bmdQ> H$aZm &15. {ZîR>m go H$m © H$aZm &16. «îQ>mMma _| em{_b hmoZm &17. godm^md go Xÿgam| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZm &18. Xoe Ho$ à{V gÀMm A{^_mZ aIZm &19. gÀMo ^md go ~‹S>m| H$m AmXa H$aZm &20. AnZo ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ gmW ^mB©Mmao H$m ì`dhma H$aZm &

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XII. {MÌ XoIH$a H$hmZr a{ME Am¡a CgHo$ {bE EH$ C{MV erf©H$Xr{OE :

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^mfm kmZ

I. {XE JE {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ` ~X{bE :1. _oao nmg Mßnb Zht Wr& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)

2. EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡& ( yVH$mb _|)

3. Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zhr§ Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

4. H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)

5. dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm o Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

6. gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm Wm& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

II. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :

1. _¢Zo gm_mZ ~m±Ym&

2. ~‹S>r Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢&

3. nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m by±Jm&

4. S>obrJoQ> Xmonha H$mo hr dmng Mbo J o&

5. _oar Mßnb| XoI aho Wo&

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III. BZ H$hmdVm| H$m AW© g_PH$a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

O¡go : H$hmdV - Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&AW© - BÀN>m hmoZo na Cgo nmZo H$m _mJ© ñd § {_b OmVm h¡&dmŠ` - `{X _Zwî` Mmho Vmo H${R>Z go H${R>Z H$m © H$mo ^r nyam

H$a gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&1. Jwé Jw‹S> hr aho, Mobo eŠH$a hmo J o&2. O¡gm Xoe, d¡gm og&3. {Z~©b Ho$ ~b am_&

4. ~§Xa Š`m OmZo AXaH$ H$m ñdmX&

5. hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a&

nmR> go AmJo -• {dÚm{W© m| H$s g_ñ`mAm| na AnZr nmR>embm _| EH$ {dÚmWu

gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&• {H$gr gå_obZ _o§ ^mJ boH$a dhm± Ho$ AZw dm| na H$jm _| MMm©

H$s{OE&

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10. Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ- S>m°. {dO`m Jwám

_mZd H$mo gVV à`ËZerb hmoZm Mm{hE& Xÿgam| H$s ghm`Vm go dh ZdrZdñVwAm| H$mo ~ZmZm ^r grI gH$Vm h¡& Z Ho$db bmoJm| go A{nVw àm{U`m|o go^r h_| grI {_bVr h¡&

nydm}Îma ^maV _| ~gZodmbo qgJ\$mo Am{Xdm{g`m| _| Omo H$hmZr H$hr OmVrh¡, CgHo$ AZwgma g~go nhbo AmX_r H$mo _H$mZ ~ZmZm ~hþV-go newAm| Zo{gIm`m&

CZ {XZm| AmX_r Jw\$mAm| _| Am¡a no‹S>m| Ho$ ZrMo ahVm Wm& Cg g_` {H$ÝÐÿbm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ Zm_H$ Xmo XmoñVm| Zo V` {H$`m {H$ do _H$mZ~ZmE±Jo& _wpíH$b `h Wr {H$ do Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVoh¢, Bg{bE do newAm| go nyN>-VmN> H$aZo Ho$ {bE O§Jb H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>o&

CZH$s _wbmH$mV g~go nhbo hmWr go hþB©& XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo hmWr H$moZ_ñH$ma {H$`m, {\$a H$hm, ""hmWr ^mB©, h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&Amn ~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVo h¢?''

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hmWr ~mobm, ""Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡? no‹S>m| go bH$‹S>r Ho$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a_O~yV Jmobo H$mQ> bmo, {OVZo _oao n¡a h¢&''

XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo AmJo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''hmWr Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV Vmo _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-â

^r nVm Zht&''XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| CÝh| gm±n {_bm& XmoñVm| Zo gm±n H$mo amoH$m&

Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m& ~mobo, ""gm±n ^mB©, h_ bmoJ Ka ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWr Zo h_go H$hm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡aO¡go _O~yV Am¡a _moQ>o bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S> go H$mQ> bmo& Cgo ~g BVZm hr_mby_ h¡& AmJo H$s ~mV dh Zht OmZVm&''

gm±n Zo H$hm, ""Eogm H$amo {H$ bH$‹S>r Eogr nVbr Am¡a b§~r H$mQ>mo, O¡gm_¢ h±ÿ&''

XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX {\$a Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''gm±n Zo H$hm, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-â nVm Zht&XmoZm| XmoñV Am¡a AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| g‹S>H$-{H$Zmao CÝh| EH$ ¢g I‹S>r

{_br& ¢g H$m ¢gm _a J`m Wm& ¢go H$m _m§g Xÿgao OmZda Im JE Wo&Imbr n§Oa n‹S>m Wm& ¢g CgrHo$ nmg I‹S>r Xþ…I _Zm ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV¢g Ho$ gm_Zo nh±þMo& Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, "" ¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ

_H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn ~Vm gH$Vr h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWrZo ~Vm`m {H$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV Jmobo no‹S>m| go H$mQ> bmo {OVZo CgHo$ n¡ah¢& gm±n Zo H$hm {H$ Eogr b§~r Am¡a nVbr bH${‹S>`m± H$mQ> bmo, O¡gm dh IwXh¡& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV Z hmWr ~Vm nm`m, Z gm±n& ~oMmao XmoZm| H$mo aÎmr-â nVm Zht&''

¢g Zo XmoZm| XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ¢go H$m n§Oa {XIm`m& ~mobr, ""O¡go Bgn§Oa _| Mma n¡am| na h{È>`m± n‹S>r h¢, Cgr Vah Mma _moQ>o Jmobo µO_rZ _|Jm‹S>H$a CZ na nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m| go N>ßna H$m n§Oa ~Zm bmo&''

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XmoZm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm hmoJm?''

¢g Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVr& _wPo aÎmr-^a nVmZht&''

V~ XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| EH$ Vmbm~ {_bm& Vmbm~ _| EH$~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV dht R>ha JE& {\$a XmoZm| Zo _N>brHo$ nmg OmH$a Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, ""h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVoh¢& hmWr H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡am| O¡go _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S>m|go H$mQ> bmo& gm±n Zo ~Vm`m {H$ O¡gm dh h¡, d¡gr nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m±H$mQ> bmo& ¢g Zo `h {XIbm {X`m {H$ BZ XmoZm| {H$ñ_ H$s bH${‹S>`m| H$mo H¡$goO_m`m OmE& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV CZ bmoJm| _| go {H$gr H$mo nVm Zht& H$moB©aÎmr-^a ^r Zht OmZVm&''

_N>br Zo H$hm, ""Amn bmoJ µOam _oar nrR> H$s n{Å>`m± Ü`mZ go XoI bmo&{\$a no‹S>m| go ~hþV-gr n{Îm`m± Vmo‹S> bmo& BZ n{Îm`m| H$mo N>ßna na Cgr VahO_m Xmo, O¡gr _oar nrR> na n{Å>`m± h¢&

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_N>br H$s ~mV gwZH$a XmoñVm| H$s g_P _| Am J`m {H$ A~ do_H$mZ ~Zm gH$Vo h¢& _H$mZ ~ZmZo H$m nyam VarH$m CÝh| _mby_ hmo J`m&A~ Am¡a Hw$N> OmZZo H$s µOê$aV Zht Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV O§Jb go bm¡Q>H$a AmEAm¡a EH$ OJh _H$mZ ~Zm {b`m& `h Xþ{Z`m _| AmX_r Ho$ hmWm| ~Zm nhbm_H$mZ Wm&

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :

AZm{XH$mb go _mZd new-n{j`m| go AnZo n[aga Am¡a dmVmdaU goHw$N>-Z-Hw$N> grIVm Am ahm h¡¡& Mt{Q>`m| go {JaH$a CR>Zo H$m gmhg grImh¡ Vmo _wJu Zo Cgo gw~h OëXr CR>Zo H$s grI Xr h¡& Bgr àH$ma {d{^Þnew-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$m AZwH$aU H$aVo-H$aVo CgZo AnZr ^mfm H$mog_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡& àñVwV H$hmZr _| `hr {XIm`m J`m h¡ {H$ BÝgmZ Zo _H$mZ~ZmZm ^r new-àm{U`m| go grIm& CgH$m gab {Zê$nU Bg H$hmZr _| {H$`mJ`m h¡&

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bo{IH$m n[aM` : S>m°. {dO`m JwámS>m°. {dO`m Jwám Or H$m OÝ_ 21 {Xg§~a gZ² 1946 H$mo hþAm& AmnZo bmB~«oar

gmB§g _| ñZmVH$moÎma VWm nrEM.S>r H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s h¡& Hw$éjoÌ{díd{dX² mb` _| qhXr àmÜ`mnH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Jm§Yr ZoeZbå y{g`_ VWm {Xëbr {díd{dX² mb` _| bmB~«o[a`Z H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡& godm go{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Amn boIZ H$m © _| ì`ñV h¢&AmnH$s àH$m{eV nwñVH|$ h¢ - h_mao ~hmXþa ~ÀMo (gyMZm Am¡a àgmaU _§Ìmb`),XmoñVr {H$Vm~m| go (Children's Literature and Reading Habbit), ~mb H$hmZr g§J«h,Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ, Q>obr\$moZ H$s _aå_V, \$sg H$s {Oå_oXmar, ~w{X²Y_mZÝ`m`mYre Am{X&

eãXmW© :_H$mZ - Ka, J¥h ; aÎmr - Wmo‹S>m , IwX - ñd § , hÈ>r - ªÀÄÆ¼É, Bone;_wpíH$b - H$ï> , V` H$aZm - {ZíM` H$aZm , _O~yV - Ñ‹T>> , Jm‹S>Zm -JS²>‹T>m ImoXH$a Cg_| H$moB© dñVw aIH$a {_Å>r go T>H$Zm , nVbr - Xþ~br, Omo_moQ>m Z hmo ; Vmbm~ - gamoda , {H$ñ_ - àH$ma, ^m±{V, T>§J, VO©; VarH$m- ar{V, T>§J; Jmobo - d¥Îm, JmobmH¥${V&

Aä`mgI. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. qgJ\$mo Am{Xdmgr H$hm± ahVo Wo?2. g~go nhbo AmX_r H$mo _H$mZ ~ZmZm {H$gZo {gIm`m?3. _H$mZ Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>-VmN> H$aZo XmoZm| XmoñV H$hm± Mb n‹S>oo?4. XmoñVm| H$s _wbmH$mV g~go nhbo {H$ggo hþB©?5. XmoñVm| Zo Š`m-Š`m V` {H$`m?6. hmWr go CÎma nmH$a XmoñV {H$ggo {_bo?7. g~ OmZdam| H$s ~mV| gwZH$a XmoñVm| Zo Š`m {H$`m?

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1. bm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ O§Jb H$s Amoa Š`m| Mb n‹S>o?

2. XmoñVm| Zo hmWr Ho$ gmW {H$gH$s MMm© H$s?

3. hmWr Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m CÎma {X`m?

4. XmoñVm| Zo {H$Z-{H$Z OmZdam| go _wbmH$mV H$s?

III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. gm±n Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?

2. ¢g Ho$ n§Oa go XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m OmZH$mar {_br?

3. _N>br Zo XmoñVm| Ho$ àíZ H$m Š`m Odm~ {X`m?

IV. AZwê$nVm:

1. hmWr : O§Jbr OmZda :: ¡¢g :

2. _N>br : nmZr :: gm±n :

3. _N>br : V¡aZm :: gm±n :

4. hmWr : gy±‹S> :: ¢g :

V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:

1. H$hmZr - 6. _N>br -

2. Jw\$m - 7. bH$‹S>r -

3. no‹S> - 8. nÅ>r -

4. nÎmr - 9. bmoJ -

5. hÈ>r - 10. Ka -

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VI. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:

1. AmX_r - 4. eoa -

2. hmWr - 5. _moa -

3. ¢g - 6. ~hZ -

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. ~hþV × 6. _O~yV ×

2. {XZ × 7. b§~r ×

3. ZrMo × 8. nmg ×

4. _wpíH$b × 9. XmoñV ×

5. AmJo × 10. H$mQ>Zm ×

VIII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:

A Am

1. Vmbm~ n¡a

2. hmWr _N>br

3. ¢g Am{Xdmgr

4. nhbm h{È> m±

5. qgJ\$mo _H$mZ

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IX. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:

1. ¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ¢go H$m {XIm`m&

2. XmoñVm| H$s _wbmH$V A§V _| go hþB©&

3. Amn bmoJ µOam _oar nrR> H$s Ü`mZ go XoI bmo&

4. ¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&

X. n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE:

1. _H$mZ 2. no‹S> 3. XmoñV 4. |Q>

XI. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:

1. ~ZZm - 4. grIZm -

2. {JaZm - 5. H$aZm -

3. bJZm - 6. R>haZm -

XII. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE :

(nmZr, nmbVy OmZda, Jm±d, Amg_mZ, {~b, no‹S, O§Jb)

1. hmWr 3. ¢g

2. gm±n 4. _N>br

5. njr 6. ~¡bJm‹S>r

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XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:

1. ¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo n§Oa {XIm`m&

2. gm±n Zo H$hm, "AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm&'

3. hmWr ~mobm, "Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡?'

4. Vmbm~ _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr&

nmR> go AmJo -

I. nmbVy Am¡a O§Jbr OmZdmam| H$s gyMr V¡ ma H$s{OE:

nmbVy OmZda O§Jbr OmZda

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.

8. 8.

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II. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na {b{IE {H$ H$m¡Z Š`m H$m_ H$aVmh¡? -

CXm : ~‹T>B© bH$‹S>r H$m H$m_

1. Hw$åhma

2. bwhma

3. gwZma

4. Owbmhm

5. XyH$mZXma

6. hbdmB©

7. S>m°ŠQ>a

8. AÜ`mnH$

9. g¡{ZH$

10. {H$gmZ

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11. g_` H$s nhMmZ-{g`mam_eaU Jwá

g_` ~hþV AZ_mob h¡& CgH$m _hËd YZ go ^r Á`mXm h¡& Bg H${dVm ÛmamN>mÌ g_` H$s _hÎmm g_P|Jo&

CX² moJr H$mo H$hm± Zht gwg_` {_b OmVm,g_` Zï> H$a H$ht gm¡»` H$moB© ^r nmVm&

Ambg hr `h H$am ahm h¡ g^r ~hmZo,Omo H$aZm h¡, H$amo A^r, H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?

nm gH$Vo {\$a Zht H$^r Vw_ BgH$mo ImoHo$Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zht MH«$dVu ^r hmoHo$&

H$a gH$Vm H$~ H$m¡Z Ðì` h¡ BgH$s g_Vm,{\$a ^r Vw_H$mo Zht µOam h¡ BgH$s qMVm&&

g_` B©e H$m {X`m hþAm A{V AZwn_ YZ h¡,`hr g_` hr Ahmo Vwåhmam ew OrdZ h¡&

VwÀN> H$^r Vw_ Zht EH$ nb H$mo ^r OmZmo,nb-nb go hr ~Zm hþAm OrdZ H$mo _mZmo&&

H$aZm h¡ Omo H$m_, Cgr _| {MËV bJm Xmo,AmË_m na {dídmg H$amo, g§Xoh ^Jm Xmo&&

Eogm gwg_` ^bm Am¡a H$~ Vw_ nmAmoJo,ImoH$a nrN>o Bgo gd©Wm nNVmAmoJo&&

*******

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nmR> H$m Ame` :"g_`' A{YH$ _hËdnyU© VWm Cn`moJr hmoVm h¡& g_` H$mo Omo AnZm

gÀMm gmWr ~Zm boJm, dh AnZo H$m_ _| g\$b hmoJm& Bg H${dVm _| `hg§Xoe {X`m J`m h¡ {H$ h_| H$m_ H$aZo H$m Omo Adga àmá hmoVm h¡, Cgo ì`W©OmZo Zht XoZm Mm{hE&

H${d n[aM`:H${d {g`mam_eaU Jwá H$m OÝ_ 4 {gV§~a 1895 H$mo

_Ü`àXoe Ho$ Pm±gr Ho$ {MaJm±d _| hþAm Wm& {nVm H$m Zm_goR> am_MaU H$ZH$Zo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ H$m¡eë`m ~mB© Wm&o qhXr Ho$ amï´>H${d _¡{WbreaU Jwá Ho$ AZwO Wo& àma§{^H$

{ejm Ho$ ~mX Ka na hr CÝhm|Zo JwOamVr, A§J«oµOr VWm CXÿ©^mfm grIr& 1929 _| _hË_m Jm§YrOr Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a dYm© _| aho& CZH$sà_wI aMZmE± h¢- _m¡ ©{dO`, AZmW, {dfmX, AmÐm©, AmË_moËgJ©, _¥Ê_`r,~mny, ZHw$b Am{X& XrK©H$mbrZ gm{hË` godm Ho$ {bE CÝh| ZmJar àMm[aUrg^m, dmamUgr X²dmam "gwYmH$a nXH$' àXmZ {H$`m J`m& b§~o g_` H$s ~r_marHo$ H$maU 29 _mM© 1963 _| BZH$m {ZYZ hþAm>&

eãXmW© :

CX² moJr - n[al_r, _ohZVr; gm¡»`-gwI , Ambg - Ambñ`, H$m_Mmoar ;~hmZm - ~mV Q>mbZm, Zm_ _mÌ H$m H$maU ; Ðì`-YZ, nXmW©, gm_J«r;AZwn_ - AZmoIm, ~oOmo‹S>, Cn_m{dhrZ ; VwÀN>-N>moQ>m, jwÐ, {Zñgma, Aën;nb-jU, {MÎm-_Z, Ü`mZ, A§V…H$aU ; {dídmg-^amogm, `H$sZ; gwg_` -AÀN>m g_`, CÎm_ Adga; ImoZm - J±dmZm, gd©Wm - gXm, h_oem&

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98


1. H${d Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` H$mo gwI H$~ Zht {_bVm?2. ~hmZo ~ZmZo H$m à_wI H$maU Š`m h¡?

3. g_` {H$gH$m {X`m hþAm AZwn_ YZ h¡?4. H${d {H$g na {dídmg H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?5. g_` Ho$ ImoZo go Š`m hmoVm h¡?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. _Zwî` H$o$ {bE gwI H$s àm[á H$~ g§ d h¡?2. g_` H$m gXþn`moJ H¡$go H$aZm Mm{hE?3. H${dVm H$s A§{V_ Mma n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d Š`m H$hZm MmhVo h¢?

III. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V©H$s{OE :(gd©Wm, MH«$dVu, H$amo A^r, ew )1. Omo H$aZm h¡, , H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?2. Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zhr§ ^r hmoHo$&3. `hr g_` hr Ahmo Vwåhmam OrdZ h¡&4. ImoH$a nrN>o Bgo nN>VmAmoJo&

IV. AZwê$nVm :1. Ambg : n[al_ :: Zï> : 2. OmZmo : _mZmo :: bJm Xmo : 3. YZ : {ZY©Z :: {X`m : 4. OrdZ : _aU :: ImoZm :

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V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :1. CX²`moJr gwI2. Ambg AZwn_ YZ3. OrdZ g_Vm4. g_` ~hmZm

5. Ðì` nb-nb

gwg_`

VI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :

CXm : OmVm - nmVm

1. ~hmZo -

2. g_Vm -

3. YZ -

4. bJm Xmo -

5. OmZmo -

6. nmAmoJo -

VII.ZrMo {X o JE eãXm| H$m ewÕ ê$n {b{IE :

1. MH$adaVr -

2. MtVm -

3. ZíQ> -

4. Abmg -

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5. gadWm -

6. g`_ -

VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãX {b{IE:

CXm : g_` - gwg_`

1. nwÌ -

2. \$b -

3. _Z -

4. `mo½` -

5. `e -

6. ZmX -

7. _{V -

IX. g_` Ho$ _hËd go g§~§{YV {ZåZ{b{IV Xmohm Am¡a H${dVmAm| H$mo n{‹T>EAm¡a {b{IE& H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE :

1. H$mb H$a¡ gmo AmO H$a, AmO H$a¡ gmo A~,nb _| nab` hmodoJm, ~hþ[a H$aoJm H$~&>

2. CR> OmJ _wgm{H$a ^moa ^B©,A~ a¡Z H$hm± Omo gmodV h¡&Omo gmodV h¡ gmo ImodV h¡,Omo OmJV h¡ gmo nmdV h¡&

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3. Omo AmO H$aZm gmo A~ H$a bo&

4. O~ {M{‹S>`m MwJ J`r IoV,V~ nN>Vm o Š`m hmoVm h¡&

X. AnZo AÜ`mnH$ H$s ghm`Vm go Bgo nyU© H$s{OE :

EH$ nha = K§Q>o

EH$ {XZ = K§Q>o

EH$ gámh = {XZ

EH$ nj = {XZ

EH$ _mg = {XZ

EH$ gmb = {XZ

XI. Vm{bH$m _| _hrZm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE Am¡a 30 {XZ AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| hama§J, 31 AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| nrbm a§J, 28/29 AmZodmbo _hrZo _| bmb a§J^[aE :

nmR> go AmJo - "g_` H$m _hËd' {df` na Xg dmŠ`m| H$m EH$ {Z~§Y {b{IE&

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12. amo~moQ>-S>m°. àXrn _wImonmÜ`m` "AmbmoH$'

N>mÌm| H$mo Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam g_Pm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ _erZ H$^r ^r _Zwî` H$mñWmZ Zht bo gH$Vm Am¡a _Zwî` H$m _hËd H$^r H$_ Zht hmo gH$Vm&

dfm] go gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$a ahm Wm gmYmoam_& AMmZH$ EH$ {XZMbVr ~g go {JaH$a Cgo IVaZmH$ MmoQ> Am JB©& Cgo AñnVmb _| ^Vu H$amZmn‹S>m& gŠgoZm n[adma ~‹S>m Wm& ~oQ>o-~o{Q>`m|, ZmVr-nmoVm| go Ka _| h_oem am¡ZH$Am¡a Mhb-nhb ~Zr ahVr& gmYmoam_ Ho$ AñnVmb nhþ±M OmZo go g^r H$sVH$br\|$ ~‹T> JBª& YraO gŠgoZm go n[admadmbm| H$m `h Xþ…I Zht XoIm J`m&V^r n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m Ho$ ZmVo CÝhm|Zo H$moB© \¡$gbm {H$`m& Bg \¡$gbo Ho$ VhVAJbo amoµO do "amo~moQ>mo{ZŠg H$m°anmoaoeZ' Ho$ H$m`m©b` Om nhþ±Mo&

df© 2030 Ho$ Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm& XâVa A^r Iwbm hr Wm& EH$ amo~moQ>d¡Š y_ ŠbrZa go XâVa Ho$ \$e© H$mo gm\$ H$a ahm Wm& H§$ß yQ>a{dX² H¥${Ì_~w{Õ (Am{Q>©\$s{e`b B§Q>¡brO|g) H$m g_mdoe amo~moQ> _| H$aZo _| g\$b hmo JEWo& Hw$N> amo~moQ>m| _| Vmo _mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$ JwU n¡Xm H$aZo _| ^r H§$ß yQ>a{dXm|Ed§ amo~mo{Q>H$s d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo g\$bVm {_br Wr&

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H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>o EH$ amo~moQ> Zo hr YraO gŠgoZm H$m ñdmJV {H$`m, "Orlr_mZ²! _¢ AmnHo$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?' Odm~ _| YraO gŠgoZm ~mobo,"_wPo Kaoby H$m_H$mO H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> H$s µOê$aV h¡&' `hgwZH$a H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>m amo~moQ> ~mobm, "bo{H$Z Kaoby H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE ~w{Õ_mZamo~moQ> Š`m|? Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> go ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&'

"XaAgb _wPo ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Mm{hE& _oao ZmVr-nmoVm| H$m hmo_dH©$ H$amZoHo$ {bE Ed§ dS>© àmogoga na _oam H$m_ g± mbZo Ho$ {bE ^r...&'

"R>rH$ h¡, O¡gr AmnH$s _Ou& O~ Amn µÁ`mXm H$s_V MwH$mH$a ~w{Õ_mZamo~moQ> H$s godmE± boZo Ho$ {bE V¡ ma hr h¢ Vmo h_| ^bm Š`m EVamO hmogH$Vm h¡&''

YraO gŠgoZm H$mo `h amo~moQ> ~hþV hr ì`dhma-Hw$eb Am¡a MmbmH$ bJm&gM_wM J«mhH$ H$s ZãµO nH$‹S>Zo H$s H$bm _| dh nma§JV bJVm Wm&

Cg {XZ Xmonha H$mo hr H§$nZr H$m EH$ H$m{_©H$, Omo EH$ amo~moQ> hr Wm,gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE amo~mo{Zb H$mo N>mo‹S> J`m& {Og amo~moQ>H$m Am°S>©a YraO gŠgoZm Zo {X`m Wm CgrH$m Zm_ amo~mo{Zb Wm&

amo~mo{Zb Ho$ Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br& gw~h ZmíVmH$amZo, _oh_mZm| Ho$ ñdmJV _| Ûma ImobZo, Ka Ho$ N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| H$mo H$hm{Z`m±

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gwZmZo, ~ÀMm| H$mo hmo_dH©$ _| _XX H$aZo VWm YraO gŠgoZm Ho$ dS>© àmogogana H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm em_ H$mo dh n[adma Ho$ nmbVy Hw$Îmo eoê$ H$mo Kw_mZoH$m H$m_ ^r nyar _wñV¡Xr Ho$ gmW H$aZo bJm Wm&

amo~mo{Zb amoµO em_ H$mo eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZo Ho$ {bE bo OmVm Wm& Eogo _|EH$ {XZ CgH$s _wbmH$mV amo~moXrn go hmo JB©& amo~moXrn Cgr _mohëbo _| ahZodmbo e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo P~ê$ H$mo Kw_mZo Am`m H$aVm Wm& XmoZm| amo~moQ>m|Ho$ ~rM XmoñVr hþB© Vmo eoê$ Am¡a P~ê$ ^r Amng _| {hb-{_b JE&

amo~mo{Zb H$s Vah amo~moXrn ^r EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Wm& ~mVm|-~mVm| _|EH$ {XZ amo~moXrn Zo amo~mo{Zb H$mo ~Vm`m, "OmZVo hmo amo~mo{Zb, Vwåhmao AmZogo nhbo gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$aVm Wm?'

amo~mo{Zb H$mo Bg ~mao _| Hw$N> nVm Zht Wm& dh ~mobm, "Zht Vmo, _wPoBgH$s H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht h¡& na Vwåh| {H$gZo ~Vm`m?'

"_¢Zo e_m© n[adma H$mo Vwåhmao gŠgoZm n[adma Ho$ ~mao _| ~mVMrV H$aVogwZm h¡& gmYmoam_ Zm_ H$m godH$ EH$ ~g XþK©Q>Zm _| Km`b hmoH$a {H$grAñnVmb _| h¡&'

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"gmo Vmo R>rH$ h¡, na Bg_| Img ~mV Š`m h¡? R>rH$ hmoH$a dh Xþ~mamgŠgoZm n[adma go Am Ow‹S>oJm&'

"Zht amo~mo{Zb! `ht Vw_ JbV hmo& Vwåhmao n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m YraOgŠgoZm H$s e_m© gmh~ go _wbmH$mV hþB© Wr& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$ dh A~gmYmoam_ H$s Nw>Å>r H$aZodmbo h¢&'

gwZH$a amo~mo{Zb Mm¢H$ J`m& ~mobm, "Š`m H$hm Vw_Zo! do bmoJ gmYmoam_H$s Nw>Å>r H$aZodmbo h¢! na Š`m|?'

"Bg{bE {H$ Vw_ CÝh| ~hþV ^m JE hmo& ~y‹T>o gmYmoam_ H$mo Wmo‹S>m _wAmdµOmXoH$a do CgH$mo$ Jm±d {^Odm X|Jo&'

"_Ja amo~moXrn, `h Vmo amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {déÕ h¡& H$moB© amo~moQ>{H$gr B§gmZ H$mo H¡$go ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm gH$Vm h¡! `h Vmo gmYmoam_ Ho$ noQ> nabmV _maZm hþAm& Zht, h_| Hw$N> Am¡a H$aZm hmoJm&'

amo~mo{Zb H$s ~mV gwZH$a amo~moXrn ~mobm, "d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ {dkmZ boIH$AmBµOH$ Am{g_mod Ho$ amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {Ibm\$ Vmo `h h¡ hr {H$ H$moB©amo~moQ> {H$gr B§gmZ Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m H$maU ~Zo, gmW-gmW _mZdr` ZµO[a o go^r `h JbV h¡ {H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr ^r B§gmZ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo IVam nhþ±Mo&'

XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> Jwá _§ÌUm hþB©& {\$a XmoZm| AnZo-AnZo nmbVy Hw$Îmm|Ho$ gmW AnZo _m{bH$m| Ho$ Ka bm¡Q> JE&

AJbo amoµO amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn "amo~moQ>mo{ZŠg H$m°anmoaoeZ' Ho$ XâVa _|hm{µOa hþE& H§$nZr Ho$ _m{bH$ amo~moOrV go CÝhm|Zo |Q> H$s& gmar ~mV| {dñVmago g_PmBª& gwZH$a amo~moOrV ~mobm, "_Ja _¢ Š`m H$ê±$! _¢ Vmo AZw~§Y H$seVm] go ~±Ym h±ÿ& ì`mnma _| AJa _¢ {Z`_ H$mo XoIZo bJ±y Vmo H$a {b`m _¢ZoY§Ym& _¢ Vw_ bm|Jm| H$s H$moB© _XX Zht H$a gH$Vm&'

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amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn Zo ~hþV g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& amo~moOrV Q>ggo _g Zht hþAm& Cgo Am{g_mod Ho$ {Z`_m| go ~‹T>H$a Y§Yo H$s qMVm Wr&{Zame hmoH$a XmoZm| dmng bm¡Q> AmE&

Hw$N> {XZ Am¡a JwµOa JE& gŠgoZm n[adma amo~mo{Zb H$mo nmH$a \y$bm Zhtg_m ahm Wm& na amo~mo{Zb gmYmoam_ Ho$ H$maU ~hþV qM{VV Wm& CgHo$ H$maUgmYmoam_ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo Am±M AmE, `h Cgo {H$gr ^r gyaV _| _§Oya ZhtWm& amo~mo{Zb gmoMVm {H$ B§gmZ AnZo ñdmW© Am¡a bmbM Ho$ VhV {Z`_ Am¡aH$mZyZm| H$mo A±JyR>m {XIm XoVm h¡, na bJVm h¡, amo~moQ>m| _| ^r A~ dhr H$_rn¡Xm hmo JB© h¡&

Cgr amV amo~mo{Zb H$mo YraO gŠgoZm Zo EH$ {dkmZ H$Wm dS>© àmogogana Q>mBn H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xr& H$Wm g§jon _| Bg àH$ma Wr- EH$ Ka _| Zm¡H$aH$mo, Omo {H$gr OmZbodm ~r_mar go nr{‹S>V Wm, {ZH$mbH$a CgH$s OJh naEH$ amo~moQ> H$mo aI {X`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr Vah amo~moQ> H$mo Bg ~mV H$sOmZH$mar {_b OmVr h¡ Vmo dh "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K' go g§nH©$ gmYH$a g§K H$mogmar ~mVm| go AdJV H$amVm h¡& g§K amo~moQ>m| H$s h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm H$a XoVmh¡& A§VV… g_Pm¡Vm Bg ~mV na hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg Zm¡H$a H$mo Ka _| {\$ago aI {b`m OmEJm&

H$hmZr Q>mBn H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$s YmpËdH$ Am¡a Vmam| ^ao n[an§WdmbrImon‹S>r _| `H$m`H$ _mZmo Zrbr amoeZr hmo JB©&

AJbo amoµO hr amo~moXrn Ho$ gmW dh g§K Ho$ H$m`m©b` Om nhþ±Mm& g~~mV| gwZH$a AÜ`j Zo g§K H$s H$m ©H$m[aUr H$s AmnmVH$mbrZ ~¡R>H$ ~wbmB©&~¡R>H$ _| V` hþAm {H$ g^r amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ H$m_ H$aZodmbo amo~moQ>m| H$sh‹S>Vmb H$m Amh²dmZ H$a {X`m OmE&

amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM Bg Amh²dmZ go hbMb _M JB©&CÝhm|Zo amo~moOrV na gŠgoZm n[adma Ho$ gmW hþE AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$a

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XoZo H$m X~md S>mbm& amo~moOrV AHo$bm n‹S> J`m& _O~yaZ Cgo YraO gŠgoZmHo$ gmW AnZo AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$mo dmng ~wbmZo H$s~mV _mZZr n‹S>r&

YraO gŠgoZm H$mo O~ `h g~ nVm Mbm Vmo CZHo$ hmWm| Ho$ VmoVo C‹S>JE& `h gM Wm {H$ CÝhm|Zo gmYmoam_ H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mbZo H$m \¡$gbmH$a {b`m Wm, na ~Xbo hþE hmbmV _| CÝh| _O~ya hmoH$a "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K'Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ nmg OmH$a `h JwOm[ae H$aZr n‹S>r {H$ O~ VH$ gmYmoam_ nyarVah go R>rH$ Zht hmo OmVm h¡, V~ VH$ amo~mo{Zb CgHo$ nmg H$m_ H$aVmahoJm& gmYmoam_ Ho$ R>rH$ hmoVo hr dh Cgo Xmo~mam H$m_ na aI b|Jo& g§KH$mo `h ~mV _mZZo _| H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&

em_ H$mo amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn {_bo& amo~moXrn ~mobm, "_wPo Iwer h¡{H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr B§gmZ H$mo ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&'

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :

gŠgoZm n[adma Zm¡H$a gmYmoam_ H$mo {ZH$mbH$a amo~mo{Zb H$mo {Z wŠVH$aVo h¢& amo~mo{Zb Am¡a Xÿgao amo~moQ> amo~moXrn H$s _wbmH$mV hmoZo na CÝh| nVmMbVm h¡ {H$ gmYmoam_ H$s A~ Nw>Q²>Q>r H$a Xr OmEJr& CgH$s Zm¡H$ar MbrOmEJr& amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn AnZo g§Kf© Ho$ Ûmam YraO gŠgoZm H$mo _O~yaH$aVo h¢ {H$ gmYmoam_ H$mo Xmo~mam Zm¡H$ar na aIr OmE& A§V _| amo~moXrnIwe hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZgo B§gmZm| H$mo H$moB© ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&

eãXmW© :IVaZmH$ - IVao H$m, ^`OZH$; _w{I`m - Ka H$m àYmZ , ZmVo -

g§~§Y go, VhV - A§VJ©V , d¡Š y_ ŠbrZa - g\$mB© H$aZo H$m EH$ _erZ,g_mdoe - em{_b H$aZm, EVamµO - Amn{Îm, Xmof {ZH$mbZm; ZãµO - Zm‹S>r,nma§JV-{ZnwU , H$m{_©H$ - H$_©Mmar, _wñV¡Xr - VËnaVm, _wAmdµOm - hµOm©Zm,{H$gr H$m © `m hm{Z Ho$ ~Xbo _| {X`m J`m YZ; ZµO[a`m - gmoMZo H$m VarH$m,

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_§ÌUm - {dMma-{d_e©, gbmh ; AZw~§Y - {b{IV g_Pm¡Vm, Contract; gyaV- eŠb, Moham; _§Oya - ñdrH$ma , g§nH©$ - _ob, g§ moJ ; AdJV - OmZmhþAm, YmpËdH$ - YmVw go ~Zm, YmVw g§~§Yr; n[an§W-dh Omo amñVm amoHo$ hþEhmo, `H$m`H$ - AMmZH$, EH$mEH$; AmnmVH$mbrZ - g§H$Q> H$mb H$m, Amh²dmZ- nwH$maZm, ~wbmZm&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. dfm] go gŠgoZm Ho$ n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$a ahm Wm?2. YraO gŠgoZm {H$g H$m`m©b` _| Om nhþ±Mo?3. EH$ amo~moQ> d¡Š y_ ŠbrZa go Š`m gm\$ H$a ahm Wm?4. amo~mo{Zb H$s _wbmH$mV {H$ggo hþB©?5. e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo H$m Zm_ {b{IE&6. amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn {H$ggo {_bZo JE?7. d¡km{ZH$ boIH$ H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. gmYmoam_ H$mo Š`m hþAm Wm?2. YraO gŠgoZm H$mo ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> H$s µOê$aV Š`m| Wr?3. amo~moXrn Zo amo~mo{Zb go Š`m H$hm?4. amo~mo[Zb Zo amo~moOrV H$mo Š`m g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s?5. H$hmZr H$mo Q>mBn H$aVo g_` amo~mo{Zb H$mo Š`m hþAm?

III. nm±M-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. YraO gŠgoZm Zo Kaoby H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE amo~moQ> aIZo H$m {ZU© Š`m|

{b`m?2. amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn H$s _wbmH$mV H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

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3. {dkmZ H$Wm H$m gma {b{IE&4. amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM hbMb Š`m| _M JB©?

IV. {ZåZ{b{IV H$maH$m| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :(H$m, Ho$, _|, go, H$s)

1. df© 2030 Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm&2. Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&3. amo~mo{Zb Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br&4. amo~moQ>m| h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm hþB© &5. g§K H$mo `h ~mV _mZZo H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&

V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE : A ~1. `h gwZH$a H$mC§Q>a na Jwá _§ÌUm hþB©&2. _Ja, amo~moXrn, `h Vmo nmH$a \y$bm Zht g_m ahm Wm&3. em_ H$mo amo~mo{Zb ~¡R>m amo~moQ> ~mobm&4. XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {déÕ h¡&5. gŠgoZm n[adma Am¡a amo~moXrn {_bo&

amo~mo{Zb H$mo

VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. ~oQ>m - 5. ~o{Q>`m± -

2. ZmVr - 6. nmoVm -

3. Hw$Îmm - 7. H§$n{Z`m± -

4. Nw>Å>r - 8. Zm¡H$[a`m± -

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VII. AZwê$nVm :

1. eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZm : amo~mo{Zb :: P~ê$ H$mo$ Kw_mZm :

2. _w{I`m : YraO gŠgoZm :: godH$ :

3. Q>g go _g Z hmoZm : AQ>b ahZm :: \y$bo Z g_mZm :

^mfm kmZ

_whmdao:Omo dmŠ`m§e AnZo gm_mÝ` AW© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr {deof AW© H$mo àH$Q>

H$aVm h¡, dh _whmdam H$hbmVm h¡&CXmhaU : Am±Io§ MwamZm - AnZo Amn H$mo {N>nmZm

Am±I§o {XImZm - Y_H$mZm, S>amZm, Jwñgm H$aZmAŠb H$m A§Ym - _yI©AmñVrZ H$m gm±n - H$nQ>r {_ÌH$mZ ^aZm - MwJbr H$aZm

I. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma _whmdao {b{IE:1. eara Ho$ A§Jm| go g§~§{YV - CXm… A±JyR>m {XImZm - gm\$ BZH$ma H$aZm

2. A§H$mo§ go g§~§{YV - CXm… Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - ^mJ OmZm

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II. _whmdam| H$m AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

1. Am±I IwbZm -

2. B©X H$m Mm±X hmoZm -

3. H$mZ I‹S>o hmoZm -

4. hdm go ~mV| H$aZm -

5. ~mV H$m YZr -

III. _whmdam| H$mo ghr AW© Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. amhV H$s gm±g boZm - {dM{bV Z hmoZm

2. noQ> na bmV _maZm - M¡Z H$s gm±g boZm/Vgëbr H$aZm

3. Q>g go _g Z hmoZm - AmíM ©M{H$V hmoZm

4. \y$bm Zht g_mZm - Zm¡H$ar `m ghy{b`V N>rZZm

5. Am±M AmZm - dŠV AmZo na BZH$ma H$aZm

6. A±JyR>m {XIm XoZm - hm{Z nhþ±MZm

7. hbMb _MmZm - ~hþV Iwe hmoZm

8. hmWm| Ho$ VmoVo C‹S>Zm - emoa _MmZm

IV. {ZåZ{b{IV _whmdam| go dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :

(gm±g amoHo$ hþE, Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmo OmZm, Jwñgm hdm hmo OmZm, qMJm[a`m±gwbJZm, Xm±Vm| Vbo C±Jbr X~mZm, yMmb Am OmZm)

1. _mñQ>a gmh~ H$s Am±Im| _| ahr Wt&

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2. _m{bH$ H$mo XoIH$a S´>mBda H$m hmo J`m&

3. AnZo gm_Zo eoa H$mo XoI _¢ H$m\$s Xoa VH$ I‹S>m ahm&

4. AÜ`m{nH$m H$s AZwnpñW{V _| ~ÀMm| Zo H$jm _| BVZm emoa _Mm aImWm, Eogm bJ ahm Wm, _mZmo H$jm _| hmo&

5. EH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo AnZo _w±h go Q´>H$ ItMVo XoI h_ X~mH$aah JE&

6. {~ëbr H$mo gm_Zo go AmVm XoI Myhm hmo J`m&

nmR>> go AmJo - amo~moQ> EH$ _erZ h¡, na Cg_| _mZdVm H$m ^md ^am hþAm h¡&_mZd ^r Bg àH$ma H$s _mZdVm H$m ^md H$hm± Am¡a H¡$go àH$Q> H$agH$Vm h¡ - BgHo$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OE&

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13. _{hbm H$s gmhgJmWm-g§H${bV

Bg boI X²dmam N>mÌ `h OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _{hbmE± ^r gmhg àXe©Z_| nwéfm| go Hw$N> H$_ Zht h¢& {~N>|Ðr nmb Bg {dMma H$m EH$ {ZXe©Z h¡& Eogr_hrbmAm| go àoaUm nmH$a N>mÌ gmhgr ^md AnZm gH$Vo h¢&

nhbr _{hbm EdaoñQ> {dOoVm {~N>|Ðr nmb H$moEdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr ^maVr`_{hbm hmoZo H$m Jm¡ad àmá h¡& {~N>|Ðr H$m OÝ_EH$ gmYmaU ^maVr` n[adma _| hþAm Wm& {nVm{H$eZnmb qgh Am¡a _m± h§gmXoB© ZoJr H$s nm±Mg§VmZm| _| `h Vrgar g§VmZ h¢& {~N>|Ðr Ho$ ~‹S>o^mB© H$mo nhm‹S>mo§ na OmZm AÀN>m bJVm Wm& ^mB©H$mo XoIH$a CÝhm|Zo {ZíM` H$a {b`m {H$ do ^rdhr H$a|Jr Omo CZH$m ^mB© H$aVo h¢& do {H$gr gonrN>o Zhr§ aho§Jr, CZgo ~ohVa H$aHo$ {XIbmE±Jr& Bgr OµÁ~o go CÝhm|Zo nd©VmamohUH$m à{ejU boZm ewê$ H$a {X`m&

{~N>|Ðr H$mo ~MnZ _| amoµO nm±M {H$bmo_rQ>a n¡Xb Mb H$a ñHy$b OmZm n‹S>VmWm& ~mX _| nd©VmamohU-à{ejU Ho$ Xm¡amZ CZH$m H$R>moa n[al_ ~hþV H$m_Am`m& {gbmB© H$m H$m_ grI {b`m Am¡a {gbmB© H$aHo$ n‹T>mB© H$m IM© OwQ>mZobJr§& Bg Vah CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V _| E_.E VWm ~r.ES> VH$ H$s {ejm àmá H$s&

n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo Ho$ AnZo bú` H$mo ^r h_oemAnZo gm_Zo aIm& Bgr Xm¡amZ CÝhmo§Zo Zo "H$mbmZmJ' nd©V H$s M‹T>mB© H$s& gZ²1982 _| CÝhm|Zo "J§JmoÌr ½bo{e`a'(6672 _r) VWm "ê$S> Joamo'(5819 _r) H$s M‹T>mB© H$s {Oggo CZ_| AmË_{dídmg Am¡a ~‹T>m&

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AJñV 1983 _| O~ {Xëbr _| {h_mb` nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ hþAm V~do nhbr ~ma VoZqOJ ZmoJ} (EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbo nhbo nwéf) VWm Ow§Ho$ Vm~r(EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr _{hbm) go {_br§& V~ CÝhm|Zo g§H$ën {b`m {H$do ^r CZH$s Vah EdaoñQ> na nhþ±Mo§Jr Am¡a dh {XZ ^r Am`m, O~ 23 _B©1984 H$mo EdaoñQ> nhþ±MH$a ^maV H$m P§S>m \$ham {X`m& Cg g_` CZHo$ gmWnd©Vmamohr A§J XmoaOr ^r Wo&

^maV H$s Bg _{hbm X²dmam {b{IV `h B{Vd¥Îmm§V ~hþV àoaUmXm`H$ VWmamoMH$ h¡& Bg_| CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ do EdaoñQ> Ho$ {eIana H¡$go nhþ±Mr§ -

H$Z©b Iwëba Zo gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s M‹T>mB© Ho$ {bE VrZ {eIa Xbm|Ho$ Xmo g_yh ~Zm {XE& _¢ gw~h Mma ~Oo CR> JB©, ~\©$ {nKbmB© Am¡a Mm`~ZmB©& Hw$N> {~ñHw$Q> Am¡a AmYr Mm°H$boQ> H$m hëH$m ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ níMmV²_¢ bJ^J gm‹T>o nm±M ~Oo AnZo V§~y go {ZH$b n‹S>r& A§J XmoaOr Zo _wPgonyN>m Š`m _¢ CZHo$ gmW MbZm Mmh°±yJr& _wPo CZ na {dídmg Wm& gmW hrgmW _¢ AnZr AmamohU j_Vm Am¡a H$_©R>Vm Ho$ ~mao _| ^r AmídñV Wr&

gw~h 6.20 na O~ A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob go ~mha {ZH$bo Vmo{XZ D$na M‹T> Am`m Wm& hëH$s-hëH$s hdm Mb ahr Wr Am¡a R>§S> ~hþV A{YH$Wr& h_Zo ~J¡a añgr Ho$ hr M‹T>mB© H$s& A§J XmoaOr EH$ {ZpíMV J{V goD$na M‹T>Vo JE& _wPo ^r CZHo$ gmW MbZo _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hþB©& O_rhþB© ~\©$ H$s grYr d T>bmD$ MQ²>Q>mZ| BVZr g»V Am¡a wa war Wr§, _mZmo ereoH$s MmXa {~N>r hmo& h_| ~\©$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE \$md‹S>o H$m BñVo_mb H$aZm n‹S>m&

Xmo K§Q>o go H$_ g_` _| hr h_ {eIa H¢$n na nhþ±M JE& A§J XmoaOrZo nrN>o _w‹S>H$a nyN>m, ""Š`m Vw_ WH$ JB© hmo?'' _¢Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Zhr§''`h gwZH$a do ~hþV A{YH$ AmíM ©M{H$V Am¡a AmZ§{XV hþE& Wmo‹S>r Mm` nrZoHo$ ~mX h_Zo nwZ… M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$a Xr& ëhmQy> EH$ Zm`bm°Z H$s añgr bm`mWm Bg{bE A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ añgr Ho$ ghmao M‹T>o, O~{H$ ëhmQy> EH$ hmWgo añgr nH$‹S>o hþE ~rM _| Mbm& V^r ëhmQy> Zo Jm¡a {H$`m {H$ _¢ BZ D±$MmB© m|Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Mma brQ>a Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Anojm bJ^J T>mB© brQ>a

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Am°ŠgrOZ à{V {_ZQ> H$s Xa go boH$a M‹T>ahr Wr& _oao aoJwboQ>a na O¡go hr CgZoAm°ŠgrOZ H$s Amny{V© ~‹T>mB© _wPo H${R>Z M‹T>mB©AmgmZ bJZo bJr&

X{jUr {eIa Ho$ D$na hdm H$s J{V ~‹T>JB© Wr& Cg D±$MmB© na VoµO hdm Ho$ Pm|Ho$^wa^wao ~\©$ Ho$ H$Um| H$mo Mmam| Va\$ C‹S>m ahoWo {Oggo Hw$N> {XImB© Zht Xo ahm Wm& _¢ZoXoIm {H$ Wmo‹S>r Xÿa VH$ H$moB© D±$Mr M‹T>mB© Zhth¡& T>bmZ EH$X_ grYr ZrMr Mbr JB© h¡&_oar gm±g _mZmo EH$X_ éH$ JB© Wr& _wPo bJm{H$ g\$bVm ~hþV ZµOXrH$ h¡& 23 _B©, 1984H$o$ {XZ Xmonha Ho$ 1 ~OH$a 7 {_ZQ> na _¢EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na I‹S>r Wr& EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>rna nhþ±MZodmbr _¢ àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm Wr&

EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na BVZr OJh Zht Wr {H$ Xmo ì`{ŠV gmW-gmW I‹S>ohmo gH|$& Mmam| Va\$ hµOmam| _rQ>a b§~r grYr T>bmZ H$mo XoIVo hþE h_mao gm_Zo_w»` àíZ gwajm H$m Wm& h_Zo \$md‹S>o go nhbo ~\©$ H$s IwXmB© H$a AnZo AmnH$mogwa{jV ê$n go pñWa {H$`m& BgHo$ ~mX _¢ AnZo KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b ~¡R>r& ~\©$ naAnZo _mWo H$mo bJmH$a _¢Zo gmJa_mWo Ho$ VmO H$m Mw§~Z {H$`m& {~Zm CR>o hr_¢Zo AnZo W¡bo go hZw_mZ Mmbrgm Am¡a XþJm© _m± H$m {MÌ {ZH$mbm& _¢Zo BÝh|AnZo gmW bmE bmb H$n‹S>o _| bnoQ>m Am¡a N>moQ>r-gr nyOm H$aHo$ BZH$mo ~\©$ _|X~m {X`m& CR>H$a _¢ AnZo aÁOw ZoVm A§J XmoaOr Ho$ à{V AmXa ^md go PwH$s&CÝhm|Zo _wPo Jbo bJm`m& Hw$N> Xoa ~mX gmoZ_ nwbOa nhþ±Mo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo \$moQ>mo{bE&

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Bg g_` VH$ ëhmQy> Zo h_mao ZoVm H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZo H$s gyMZm XoXr Wr& V~ _oao hmW _o§ dm°H$s-Q>m°H$s {X`m J`m& H$Z©b Iwëba Zo _wPo ~YmB©Xr Am¡a ~mobo, ""Xoe H$mo Vw_ na Jd© h¡&'' h_Zo {eIa na 43 {_ZQ> ì`VrV{H$E Am¡a AnZr dmngr `mÌm 1 ~OH$a 55 {_ZQ> na Ama§ H$s& A§J XmoaOrAm¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob na gm § nm±M ~Oo VH$ nhþ±M JE& g~Zo gmCW H$mobgo {eIa VH$ Am¡a dmng gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s `mÌm (MmoQ>r na éH$Zo g{hV)nyao 10 K§Q>o 40 {_ZQ> Ho$ A§Xa nyar H$aZo na ~YmB© Xr& _¢ O~ V§~y _| Kwgahr Wr, _¢Zo _oOa Hw$_ma H$mo H$Z©b Iwëba go dm`ab¡g na ~mV H$aVo gwZm,""Amn {dídmg H$a| `m Z H$a| lr_mZ, {~N>|Ðr nmb Ho$db VrZ K§Q>o _| hrdm{ng Am JB© h¡ Am¡a dh CVZr hr MwñV {XI ahr h¡ {OVZr dh AmOgw~h M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$aZo go nhbo Wr&''

_wPo nd©VmamohU _| loð>Vm Ho$ {bE ^maVr` nd©VmamohU g§K H$m à{V{ð>VñdU©-nXH$ VWm AÝ` AZoH$ gå_mZ Am¡a nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$E JE& nX²_lrAm¡a à{V{ð>V AOw©Z nwañH$ma H$s KmofUm H$s JB©& g~Ho$ AmH$f©U Am¡a gå_mZH$m H|o$Ð hmoZm _wPo ~hþV AÀN>m bJm&

Bg Vah {~N>|Ðr H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZodmbr nhbr ^maVr` _{hbm hmoZoH$m Jm¡ad àmá hþAm&

({~N>|Ðr nmb X²dmam {b{IV "EdaoñQ>-_oar {eIa `mÌm' na AmYm[aV>)*******

nmR> H$m Ame` :Bg nmR> go ~ÀMo gmhg JwU, Ñ‹T> {ZíM`, AWH$ n[al_, _wgr~Vm|

H$m gm_Zm H$aZm BË`m{X AmXe© JwU grIVo h¢& BgHo$ gmW {h_mb` H$sD±$Mr Mmo{Q>`m| H$s OmZH$mar ^r àmá H$aVo h¢& `h nmR> {gÕ H$aVm h¡{H$ "_ohZV H$m \$b AÀN>m hmoVm h¡&'

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eãXmW© : MmoQ>r - {eIa, OµÁ~m - hm¡gbm, Xm¡amZ - Cg g_`, P§S>m - nVmH$m,

ÜdO; V§~y - em{_`mZm, AmamohU - M‹T>Zm, H$_©R>Vm - H$m_ H$aZo H$s e{ŠVH$m ^md, ~J¡a - {~Zm, \$md‹S>m - IwXmB© H$m gmYZ, BñVo_mb - Cn`moJ,ZµOXrH$ - nmg, aÁOw - añgr&


1. {~N>|Ðr nmb H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Jm¡ad àmá hþAm h¡?2. {~N>|Ðr Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z Wo?3. {~N>|Ðr Zo Š`m {ZíM` {H$`m?4. {~N>|Ðr Zo {H$g ½bo{e`a na M‹T>mB© H$s?5. gZ² 1983 _| {Xëbr _| H$m¡Z-gm gå_obZ hþAm Wm?6. EdaoñQ> na ^maV H$m P§S>m \$hamVo g_` nmb Ho$ gmW H$m¡Z Wo?7. H$Z©b H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?8. ëhmQy> H$m¡Z-gr añgr bm`m Wm?9. {~N>|Ðr Zo W¡bo go H$m¡Z-gm {MÌ {ZH$mbm?10. H$Z©b Zo ~YmB© XoVo hþE {~N>|Ðr go Š`m H$hm?11. _oOa H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?12. {~N>|Ðr H$m ^maVr` nd©VmamohU g§K Zo H$m¡Z-gm nXH$ XoH$a gå_mZ {H$`m?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. {~N>|Ðr nmb Ho$ n[adma H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&2. {~N>|Ðr H$m ~MnZ H¡$go ~rVm?3. {~N>|Ðr Zo nd©VmamohU Ho$ {bE {H$Z-{H$Z MrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m?4. EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MH$a {~N>|Ðr Zo Š`m {H$`m?

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III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo H$s V¡ mar {H$g àH$ma H$s?

2. X{jUr {eIa na M‹T>Vo g_` {~N>|Ðr Ho$ AZw d Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

3. àñVwV nmR> go Š`m g§Xoe {_bVm h¡?

IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A ~

1. J§JmoÌr ½bo{e`a H$s M‹T>mB© gZ² 1984

2. nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ gZ² 1985

3. EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MZm gZ² 1982

gZ² 1983

V. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :

1. nhm‹S>> : {J[a :: MmoQ>r :

2. H$mbmZmJ : nd©V :: J§JmoÌr :

3. H$Z©b : Iwëba :: _oOa :

4. Mm` : Ja_ :: ~\©$ :

5. nhbo {h_mb` nd©Vmamohr nwéf : VoZqOJ ZmoJ} :: nhbr EdaoñQ>

nd©Vmamohr _{hbm :

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VI. órqbJ eãX {b{IE : nw{ëb§J órqbJ1. ~mn -

2. nwéf -

3. ^mB© -

4. ~oQ>m -

5. lr_mZ -

VII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :

1. n‹T> + AmB© = n‹T>mB©

2. M‹T> + AmB© =

3. H${R>Z + AmB© =

4. D±$Mm + AmB© =

5. ~‹S> + AmB© =

VIII. AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :

1. MQ²>Q>mZ -

2. añgr -

3. erem -

4. MmoQ>r -

5. MmXa -

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IX. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. AmamohU x

2. M‹T>Zm x

3. R>§S>m x

4. n[al_ x

5. gm_Zo x

X. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

CXm: nhm‹S>> = {J[a nd©V

MmoQ>r = ,

gw~h = ,

_{hbm = ,

ZµOXrH = ,

XI. {ZåZ eãXm| _| {deofU VWm g§km eãXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$s{OE :eãX g§km {deofU

CXm: D±$Mm nd©V - nd©V D±$Mm1. _Ywa ñda - , 2. H$H©$e AmdmµO - , 3. ~‹S>m gmYw - , 4. R>§S>r hdm - , 5. Zm`bm°Z añgr - ,

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XII.AZoH$ eãX Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {Xò Jò h¢, T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE :CXm : Omo n‹T>m {bIm Z hmo - AZn‹T>1. Ohm± nhþ±Mm Z Om gHo$ - 2. _mg _| EH$ ~ma AmZodmbm -3. Omo H$^r Z _ao - 4. AÀN>o M[aÌdmbm - 5. Omo Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo hmo - 6. Omo pñWa aho - 7. {Ogo j_m Z {H$`m Om gHo$ - 8. Omo dZ _| Ky_Vm hmo - 9. {OgH$m g§~§Y npíM_ go hmo - 10. Omo CnH$ma _mZVm hmo -

XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :1. {~N>|Ðr H$m OÝ_ EH$ gmYmaU n[adma _| hþAm Wm&2. {~N>|Ðr H$mo amoµO n¡Xb MbH$a ñHy$b OmZm n‹S>Vm Wm&3. X{jUr {eIa Ho$ D$na hdm H$s J{V ~‹T> JB© Wr&4. _wPo bJm {H$ g\$bVm ~hþV ZµOXrH$ h¡&5. _¢ EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MZodmbr àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm Wr&

n[a`moOZm : gmhgr$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_ VWm joÌ H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

nmR>> go AmJo - AnZo {H$gr XmoñV H$s AWdm AnZr hr H$moB© gmhg JmWm H$jm _| gwZmBE&

_m{gH$gÀM[aÌAjåÀ_adZMa

nmíMmË`àË`jñWmB©XþJ©_H¥$Vk

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14. gya-í`m_- gyaXmg

àñVwV nX _| H${d gyaXmg Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb-brbm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE CgHo$ñd^md, ^mobonZ Ed§ _mVm `emoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

_¡ m _moqh XmD$ ~hþV {IPm`moŸ&_mogm| H$hV _mob H$mo brZmo, Vmo{h Ogw_{V H$~ Om`moŸ&&H$hm H$hm¢ B{h [ag Ho$ _mao, IobZ hm¢ Zqh OmVŸ&nw{Z nw{Z H$hV H$m¡Z h¡ _mVm, H$mo h¡ Vw_amo VmVŸ&&Jmoao Z§X OgmoXm Jmoar, Vw_ H$V ñ`m_ garaŸ&MwQ>H$s X¡ X¡ h±gV ½dmb, g~ {gI¡ XoV ~b~raŸ&&Vy _moqh H$mo _maZ grIr, XmC{h H$~hþ± Z IrP¡Ÿ&_mohZ H$mo _wI [ag g_oV b{I, Ogw_{V gw{Z gw{Z arP¡Ÿ&&gwZhþ H$mÝh ~b^Ð M~mB©, OZ_V hr H$mo YyVŸ&"gya' ñ`m_ _mo{h§ JmoYZ H$s gm¢, hm¢ _mVm Vy nyVŸ&&

*******

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nX H$m Ame` :~ÀMo ñd^md go ^mobo hmoVo h¢& do h_oem AnZo _mVm-{nVm go AnZo

^mB©, ~hZ Am¡a {_Ìm| H$s Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> {eH$m`V H$aVo ahVo h¢& CZH$m~mb ghO ñd^md XoIH$a ~‹S>m| H$mo h±gr AmVr h¡ Am¡a CÝh|o nwMH$maH$agm§ËdZm XoVo h¢& _m± Am¡a ~oQ>o Ho$ Eogo ghO g§~§Y H$s H$ënZm H$a gyaXmgOr Zo AnZo Bg nX _| CgH$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡&

H${d n[aM` :gyaXmg (gZ² 1540-1642)

^ŠV H${d gyaXmg {h§Xr gm{hË`mH$me Ho$gy © _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BÝh| ^{ŠVH$mb H$s gJwU^{ŠVYmam H$s H¥$îU^{ŠV-emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ _mZmOmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ éZH$Vm Jm±d_| gZ² 1540 H$mo hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE±h¢- "gya gmJa', "gya gmamdbr' Ed§ "gm{hË`bhar'Ÿ&BZH$s _¥Ë w gZ² 1642 H$mo hþB©Ÿ& BZHo$ H$mì`m| _|dmËgë`, l¥§Jma VWm ^{ŠV H$m {ÌdoUr g§J_hþAm h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :_¡ m-_m±, _moqh-_wPo, XmD$- ¡æ`m (~bam_), {IPmZm-{M‹T>mZm,

_mogm|-_wPgo, _mob-_yë`, Xm_; Vmo{h-VwPo, Ogw_{V-OgmoXm, `emoXm; Om`mo-OÝ_ {X`m, [ag- H«$moY, Ho$ _mao-Ho$ H$maU, Vw_amo-Vwåhmao, VmV-{nVm, H$V- Š`m|,ñ`m_-H$mbm, ½dmb-JmonmbH$, {gI¡-{gImZm, ~b^Ð-~b~ra, ~bam_; arP¡-_mo{hV hmoZm, gwZhþ-gwZmo, H$mÝh-H¥$îU, M~mB©-nrR> nrN>o ~wamB© H$aZodmbm,MwJbImoa; OZ_V hr H$mo-OÝ_ go hr, YyV-Xwï, b{I-XoIH$a, gm¢-H$g_,gm¡J§Y; hm¢-_¢, nyV-nwÌŸ&

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^mdmW© :àñVwV n§pŠV`m| _| ^mB© ~bam_ Ho$ à{V H¥$îU H$s {eH$m`V H$m _mohH$

dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& H¥$îU AnZr _m± èmoXm go {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ {H$ ^mB©_wPo ~hþV {M‹T>mVm h¡& dh _wPgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ Vwåh| èmoXm _m± Zo OÝ_ Zht{X`m h¡ ~pëH$ _mob {b`m h¡& Bgr Jwñgo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ gmW _¢ IobZo ZhtOmVm& dh _wPgo ~ma-~ma nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z h¢? dh`h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ Z§X Am¡a èmoXm Vmo Jmoao h¢, bo{H$Z Vwåhmam eara Š`m|H$mbm h¡? CgH$s Eogr h±gr-_µOmH$ gwZH$a _oao g~ ½dmb {_Ì MwQ>H$s ~Om-~OmH$a h±gVo h¢& CÝh| ~bam_ Zo hr Eogm H$aZm {gIm`m h¡& _m±, Vw_Zo Ho$db_wPo hr _maZm grIm h¡ Am¡a ^mB© na H$^r Jwñgm Zht H$aVr& (AnZo ^mB©Ho$ à{V H«$mo{YV Am¡a gImAm| Ûmam An_m{ZV) H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY`wV _wI H$moXoIH$a Am¡a CgH$s ~mVm| H$mo gwZH$a èmoXm Iwe hmo OmVr h¡& dh H$hVrh¡ - ho H¥$îU! gwZmo & ~bam_ OÝ_ go hr MwJbImoa h¡& _¢ JmoYZ H$s H$g_ImH$a H$hVr hÿ±, _¢ hr Voar _mVm hÿ± Am¡a Vw_ _oao nwÌ hmo&

Bg nX _| gyaXmg Zo ~mbH¥$îU Ho$ ^mobonZ Am¡a èmoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m_m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. gya-í`m_ nX Ho$ aM{`Vm H$m¡Z h¢?2. H¥$îU H$s {eH$m`V {H$gHo$ à{V h¡?3. èmoXm Am¡a Z§X H$m a§J H¡$gm Wm?4. MwQ>H$s Xo-XoH$a h±gZodmbo H$m¡Z Wo?5. èmoXm {H$gH$s H$g_ ImVr h¡?6. ~mbH¥$îU {H$ggo {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ ?7. ~bam_ Ho$ AZwgma {H$go _mob {b`m J`m h¡ ?8. ~mbH¥$îU H$m a§J H¡$gm Wm ?

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1. H¥$îU ~bam_ Ho$ gmW IobZo Š`m| Zht OmZm MmhVm?

2. ~bam_ H¥$îU Ho$ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hVm h¡?

3. H¥$îU AnZr _mVm `emoXm Ho$ à{V Š`m| ZmamµO h¡?

4. ~mbH¥$îU AnZr _mVm go Š`m-Š`m {eH$m`V| H$aVm h¡?

5. `emoXm H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY H$mo H¡$go em§V H$aVr h¡?


1. nX H$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE &

IV. nÚ^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :

1. Jmoao Z§X gara &

~b~ra &&

2. gwZhþ H$mÝh &

Vy nyV &&

V. AZwê$nVm :

1. ~b^Ð : ~bam_ :: H$mÝh :

2. OgmoXm : _mVm :: Z§X :

3. arPZm : _mo{hV hmoZm :: {IOmZm :

4. ~b~ra : ~bam_ :: OgmoXm :

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VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A ~

1. gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ H¥$îU ^{ŠV emIm

2. gJwU ^{ŠVYmam H$s gZ² 1540 H$mo hþAm

3. CÎma àXoe H$m éZH$Vm gZ² 1642 H$mo hþB©

4. gyaXmg Or H$s _¥Ë w gya H$m OÝ_ñWmZ

VII.ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE:

(MwJbImoa, Jmoar, í`m_, MwQ>H$s, ~mb-brbm)

1. OgmoXm

2. H¥$îU

3. ½dmb {_Ì

4. ~bam_

5. H¥$îU H$s

VIII. AmYw{ZH$ ê$n {b{IE:

O¡go : _¡ m - _mVm

1. _mo{h§

2. _mogm|

3. [ag

4. gara

5. {gI¡

6. Ogw_{V

7. YyV

8. H$mÝh

9. nyV

10. OZ_V

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nX go AmJo -• ^ŠV H$d{`Ìr _ram~mB© H$m n[aM` nmBE Am¡a H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE&• H$ÝZS> Ho$ H${d nwa§XaXmg Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE&• {MÌ XoIH$a EH$ H$hmZr a{ME Am¡a CgHo$ {bE EH$ C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&

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15. H$Zm©Q>H$-g§nXm- g§H${bV

àñVwV {Z~§Y X²dmam N>mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AVrV d¡ d, dV©_mZ àm¡Úmo{JH$s-{dH$mgVWm àH¥${V-g§nXm Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg amÁ` Ho$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| H$s gmYZm H$mn[aM` àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` ^maV Xoe H$m àJ{Verb amÁ` h¡Ÿ& `hm± H$s Am~mXrbJ^J N>… H$amo‹S> go D$na h¡& àH¥${V_mVm Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$mo AnZo hmWm|go g±dmaH$a gw§Xa Am¡a g_¥X²Y ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m Z`Z_Zmoha h¡Ÿ& npíM_ _| {demb Aa~r g_wÐ bhamVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àm§V _| X{jUgo CÎma Ho$ N>moa VH$ \¡$br b§~r nd©V_mbmAm| H$mo npíM_r KmQ> H$hVo h¢Ÿ&BÝht KmQ>m| H$m Hw$N> ^mJ gh² m{Ð H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& X{jU _| Zrb{J[a H$snd©Vmd{b`m± emo m`_mZ h¢Ÿ&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ÞS> ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡Ÿ Am¡a BgH$s amOYmZr ~|Jbyé h¡Ÿ&`hm± Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ AmH$a ~g J o h¢Ÿ& ~|Jbyé {ejm H$m hr Zht, ~{ëH$~‹S>o-~‹S>o CX² moJ-Y§Ym| H$m ^r H|$Ð h¡Ÿ& `hm± à{gÕ ^maVr` {dkmZ g§ñWmZ,EM.E.Eb, EM.E_.Q>r, AmB.Q>r.AmB, ~r.EM.B©.Eb, ~r.B©.Eb O¡gr ~¥hV²g§ñWmE± h¢Ÿ& Bgo "{g{bH$m°Z {gQ>r' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

ga.gr.dr.am_Z,ga.E_.{dídoídaæ`m,S>m°Ÿ.gr.EZ.Ama.amd, S>m°.eHw§$Vbm XodrO¡go {X½JOm| Zo d¡km{ZH$ VWm àm¡X² mo{JH$s Ho$ joÌ _| Zmam`U _y{V© Zo AnZr_hÎma CnbpãY`m| go H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo {díd nQ>b na A§{H$V {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gZ² 2013_| S>m°. gr.EZ.Ama. amd H$mo gdm}ÀM nwañH$ma "^maV aËZ' àmßV hþAm h¡ &

`hm± gmoZm, Vm±~m, bmohm Am{X H$B© àH$ma H$s Cn`moJr YmVwE± {_bVrh¢Ÿ& ^ÐmdVr _| H$mJµO, bmoho Am¡a BñnmV Ho$ ~‹S>o H$maImZo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ AbmdmH$Zm©Q>H$ _| MrZr, {g_|Q>, aoe_ Am¡a H$mJµO CËnmXZ Ho$ AZoH$ H$maImZo h¢Ÿ&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ _| M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> {dnwb _mÌm _| h¢& Bg{bE H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo "M§XZ H$mAmJma' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `hm± M§XZ H$m Vob, gm~wZ VWm H$bmH¥${V`m± ^r ~Zm`rOmVr h¢Ÿ&

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$mdoar, H¥$îUm, Vw§J-^Ðm Am{X AZoH$ Z{X`m± ~hVr h¢Ÿ& BZZ{X`m| na ~m±Y ~Zm o J o h¢Ÿ& BZgohµOmam| EH$‹S> µO_rZ gtMr OmVr h¡Ÿ&BgHo$ Abmdm BZ Z{X`m| Ho$ Obme`m|H$s ghm`Vm go D$Om©-CËnmXZ H|$Ð ^rñWm{nV {H$ o J o h¢Ÿ& OmoJ, Aã~r,JmoH$mH$, {edZg_wÐ Am{X ObànmV_Z_mohH$ h¢Ÿ&

H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$s {eënH$bm AZmoIr h¡Ÿ& ~mXm_r, Eohmobo, nQ²>Q>XH$ëbw _|Omo _§{Xa h¢, CZH$s {eënH$bm Am¡a dmñVwH$bm AX² wV h¡Ÿ& ~obya, hbo~rSw>,gmo_ZmWnwa Ho$ _§{Xam| _| nËWa H$s Omo _y{V© m± h¢, do gOrd bJVr h¢Ÿ& o gw§Xa_y{V© m± h_| am_m`U, _hm^maV, nwamUm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr h¢Ÿ& ldU~obJmobm_| 57 \w$Q> D±$Mr Jmo_Q>oída H$s EH${ebm à{V_m h¡, Omo Xw{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡aem§{V H$m g§Xoe Xo ahr h¡Ÿ& {dO`nwam Ho$ JmobJw§~µO H$s pìhñn[aJ J¡bar dmñVwH$bmH$m A{ÛVr` Ñï>m§V h¡Ÿ& _¡gyé H$m amO_hb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ d¡ d H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&àmMrZ g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm MM©, OJZ_mohZ amO_hb (AmQ>© J¡bar) H$m nwamVËd dñVwg§J«hmb` AË §V AmH$f©Ur` h¢Ÿ&

_¡gyé H$m amO_hb

JmobJw§~µO

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J§J, H$X§~, amï´>Hy$Q>, MmbwŠ`, hmo ²gb, AmoS>o a Am{X amOd§eOm| Zo VWmH¥$îUXodam`, _XH$[aZm`H$, amZr Aã~ŠH$m Xodr, {H$Îmyé MoÞå_m, Qr>ny gwëVmZ,Am{Xbemh O¡go emgH$m| Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$s lrd¥{Õ _| AnZm _hËdnyU©`moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&

H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo gmao g§gma _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s H$s{V©\¡$bm`r h¡Ÿ& dMZH$ma ~gdÊUm H«$m§{VH$mar g_mO gwYmaH$ WoŸ& AŠH$_hmXodr,Aëb_à w, gd©©k O¡go AZoH$ g§Vm| Zo AnZo AZ_mob "dMZm|' X²dmam ào_, X`mAm¡a Y_© H$s grI Xr h¡Ÿ& nwa§XaXmg, H$ZH$Xmg Am{X ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo ^{ŠV,Zr{V, gXmMma Ho$ JrV Jm o h¢Ÿ& n§nm, aÞm, nmoÞm, Hw$_maì`mg, h[aha,amKdm§H$ Am{X Zo _hmZ² H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$a H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ&

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma Hw$doånw, X.am. ~|Ðo, {edam_ H$ma§V, _mpñVd|H$Q>oe Aæ`§Jma, {d.H¥$. JmoH$mH$, `y.Ama. AZ§V_y{V©, {Jare H$mZm©S> Am¡aM§ÐeoIa H§$~ma kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go Ab§H¥$V h¢Ÿ& `h H$ÞS> ^mfm, g§ñH¥${VVWm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {bE Jm¡ad H$m {df` h¡Ÿ&

*******

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nmR> H$m Ame` :"OZZr OÝ_ y{_íM ñdJm©X{n Jar`{g'& àË oH$ ì`pŠV H$m AnZr

OÝ_ y{_ go AZwamJ Am¡a Cg na A{^_mZ H$aZm ghO h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ h_marOÝ_ y{_ h¡& `hm± H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m, gm{hpË`H$ d¡ d Am¡a kmZ-{dkmZjoÌ H$s àJ{V Anma h¡& Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ `hm± H$s VH$ZrH$s Ho$ {dH$mgH$s _wŠVH§$R> go àe§gm H$aVo h¢& Bg g§X © _| àñVwV nmR> AË §V àmg§{JH$Ed§ gmW©H$ h¡&>

{Q>ßnUr :

pìhñn[a¨J J¡bar`h {dO`nwam Ho$ {díd {d»`mV JmobJw§~µO _| h¡& BgH$s dmñVwH$bm AZmoIrh¡& Bg Jw§~µO Ho$ EH$ N>moa go Yr_r AmdmµO _| ~mV| H$a| Vmo dh {déÕ N>moa_| ñnîQ> gwZmB© XoVr h¡& Bg Jw§~µO H$s EH$ Am¡a {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ `hm±EH$ ~ma AmdmµO {ZH$mbZo go `h gmV ~ma à{VÜd{ZV hmoVr h¡&

eãXmW© :Am~mXr - OZg§»`m, g±dmaZm - gOmZm, gwf_m - AË`{YH$ gw§XaVm,bhamZm - Va§{JV hmoZm, N>moa - {H$Zmam, A§{V_ {gam; KmQ> - Ghats,M‹T>md-CVma H$m nhm‹S>r _mJ©; Amdbr - H$Vma, n§{ŠV; {X½JO - _hmZ²ì`{ŠV, àm¡X² mo{JH$s - VH$ZrH$s, CnbpãY - àm{á, {g{X²Y; nQ>b - naXm,YmVw - I{ZO nXmW©, BñnmV - \$m¡bmX, Steel ; {dnwb - A{YH$, AmJma- Ka, gtMZm - {^JmoZm, nmZr XoZm; D$Om© - e{ŠV, Energy; dmñVwH$bm- B_maV-_H$mZ Am{X ~ZmZo H$s H$bm, à{V_m - _y{V©, A{ÛVr` - {OgHo$g_mZ Xygam Z hmo, Ñï>m§V - CXmhaU, lrd¥{Õ - CÞ{V, àJ{V; `moJXmZ- gh`moJ XoZm, AZ_mob - A_yë`, ~oOmo‹S>&

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{dñV¥V ê$n :EM.E.Eb - {h§XwñVmZ EamoZm°{Q>H$b {b{_Q>oS>EM.E_.Q>r - {h§XwñVmZ _erZ Qy>ëgAmB.Q>r.AmB- B§{S>`Z Q>obr\$moZ B§S>ñQ´>rg~r.B©.Eb - ^maV BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg {b{_Q>oS>~r.EM.B©.Eb - ^maV hodr Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ëg {b{_Q>oS>

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. npíM_r KmQ> {H$go H$hVo h¢?2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go ObànmV h¢?3. ldU~obJmobm H$s Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$s D±$MmB© {H$VZr h¡?4. {H$g ZJa H$mo {g{bH$m°Z {gQ>r H$hm OmVm h¡?5. ^ÐmdVr Ho$ Xmo à_wI H$maImZm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &6. g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm MM© {H$g ZJa _| h¡?7. {dO`nwam ZJa H$m à_wI AmH$f©H$ ñWmZ H$m¡Z-gm h¡?8. Aa~r g_wÐ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s {H$g {Xem _| h¡?9. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s X{jU {Xem _| H$m¡Z-gr nd©V_mbmE± emo m`_mZ h¢?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s à_wI Z{X`m± Am¡a ObànmV H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go h¢?2. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {H$Z gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmßV h¡?3. ~m±Y Am¡a Obme`m| Ho$ Š`m Cn`moJ h¢?4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$N> à_wI amOd§em| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &5. ~|Jbyé _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr ~¥hV² g§ñWmE± h¢ ?

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III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X © H$m dU©Z H$s{OE &

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s {eënH$bm H$m n[aM` Xr{OE &

3. H$ÝZS> ^mfm VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s Š`mXoZ h¡?

IV. H$moîR>H$ _| {XE JE eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ [aE :

(J§J, Ë`mJ, nwamU, d¡ d, H$s{V©, gm~wZ, M§XZ, em§{V)

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo H$m AmJma H$hVo h¢ &

2. Jmo_Q>oída H$s à{V_m Xþ{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a H$m g§XoeXo ahr h¡ &

3. _¡gyé H$m amO_hb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$m àVrH$ h¡&

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo gmao g§gma _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s \¡$bm`r h¡&

V. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ÝZS> ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡ Am¡a BgH$s amOYmZr~|Jbyé h¡&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> {dnwb _mÌm _| h¢&

3. OJZ_mohZ amO_hb H$m nwamVËd dñVw g§J«hmb` AË §VAmH$f©Ur` h¡&

4. dMZH$ma ~gdÊUm H«$m§{VH$mar g_mO gwYmaH$ Wo&

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VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma BZ eãXm| Ho$ n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE :CXm : nd©V A{Ð nhm‹S> {J[a

1. gmJa

2. AmJma

3. Ob

4. AmH$me

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :1. gw§Xa ×

2. {dXoe ×

3. Am{X ×

4. gOrd ×

5. gXmMma ×

6. Am`mV ×

VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ ê$n ~ZmZm gr{IE :CXm : g§{Y - g§{Y`m±

1. _y{V© -

2. CnbpãY -3. H¥${V -

4. Zr{V -

5. g§ñH¥${V -

6. nX²Y{V -

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135

IX. {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

1. {X½JO2. nd©Vmdbr3. g§J«hmb`4. Obme`

5. OJZ_mohZ6. gXmMma7. AË §V

X. {dJ«h H$s{OE Am¡a g_mg H$m Zm_ {b{IE :1. Xoe-{dXoe2. ObànmV3. amOd§e4. amO_hb

XI. n[a`moOZm :• lr H¥$îUXodam`, {dîUwdY©Z, Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er Am{X amOmAm| Ho$

~mao _| {MÌ g{hV {ddaU {b{IE&• H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ~hZodmbr Z{X`m| H$s gyMr V¡ ma H$s{OEŸ& ha EH$ ZXr

Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M-nm±M dmŠ` {b{IE&

XII. ghr {dH$ën H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE :

1. Vw§J-^Ðm ZXr BZ amÁ`m| _| ~hVr h¡-A) H$Zm©Q>H$-V{_bZmSw> Am) H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>B) H$Zm©Q>H$-Am§Y« àXoe B©) H$Zm©Q>H$-Ho$ab

2. ldU~obJmobm H$s Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$m {Z_m©U BÝhm|Zo H$am`m Wm-A) XrdmZ nyU©æ`m Am) {_Om© Bñ_mBbB) lr dra|Ð ho½JS>o B©) Mmdw§S>am`m

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3. kmZnrR> go nwañH¥$V àW_ H$ÝZS> gm{hË`H$ma o h¢ -A) M§ÐeoIa H§$~ma Am) Hw$d|nwB) y. Ama. AZ§V_y{V© B©) {Jare H$mZm©S>

4. H$ÝZS> ^mfm Ho$ àW_ "amîQ´>H${d' H$s Cnm{Y go Ab§H¥$V gm{hË`H$mao h¢ -

A) JmoqdX n¡ Am) Hw$d|nw

B) Or.Eg. {edéÐßnm B©) Vr.Z§.lr

XIII. AW© g_{PE Am¡a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

1. VH$ - WH$

2. Mmoa - N>moa

3. ~mV - ^mV

4. H$mb - Imb

XIV. AZwê$nVm :

1. X{jU go CÎma Ho$ N>moa H$s nd©V_mbm : npíM_r KmQ> :: X{jU H$snd©Vmd{b`m± :

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ : M§XZ H$m AmJma :: ~|oJbyé :

3. gr.dr.am_Z : Zmo~ob nwañH¥$V :: ga.E_. {dídoídaæ`m :

4. ^ÐmdVr : bmoho Am¡a BñnmV :: _¡gyé :

5. H$mdoar : ZXr :: OmoJ :

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6. ~obyé : {eënH$bm :: JmobJw§~µO :

7. g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm : MM© :: OJZ_mohZ amO_hb :

8. H¥$îUXodam` : emgH$ :: amï´>Hy$Q> :

9. ~gdÊUm : dMZH$ma :: H$ZH$Xmg :

10. n§nm : àmMrZ H${d :: H§$~ma :

nmR> go AmJo

I. {XE-JE ghr H$maH$ {Mh²Z [aŠV ñWmZ _| ^[aE Am¡a Bg AZwÀN>oX

Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE :

(Zo, H$mo, go, H$m, H$s, Ho$, Ho$ {bE, _|, na)

{H$Îmya Zm¡ _rb Xÿar pñWV g§Jmo„r Zm_H$ EH$ N>moQ>m-gm

Jm±d h¡& Bgr Jm±d EH$ J‹S>>[a o n[adma am`ÊUm

OÝ_ 15 AJñV gZ² 1793 B©. hþAm Wm& BZHo$ {nVmOr

Zm_ ^a_ÊUm Wm& am`ÊUm _mVm Zm_ M§Mmo~m Wm& am`ÊUm

AnZo ^mB© {gX²XÊUm g§J H$gaV gmW-gmW

eñÌmä`mg ^r {H$`m& n[al_ \$bñdê$n {H$Îmya amZr MoÝZå_m

amÁ` am`ÊUm _w»` goZmn{V nX Amê$‹T>

hþE& CÝhm|Zo A§J«oOm| Xoe ^JmH$a ^maV_mVm

ñdV§ÌVm {XbmZm hr AnZm na_ H$V©ì` _mZm Wm&

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II. dJ© nhobr :

1 2 3 45

6 78 9

10 11 12

13 1415

16 17 1819 20

21 22

~mE± go XmE± -1. am`Myé {Obo go {d^ŠV hmoH$a C{XV Z`m {Obm - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)4. gmoZo H$m ImZ `hm± h¡ & (3)5. à{gX²Y ZmQ>H$-A{^ZoVm draÊUm Bg Jm±d Ho$ Wo & (2)6. Bgo H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ amOYmZr H$hm OmVm h¡ & (3)7. ~rXa {Obm Ho$ g_rn H$m {Obm H|$Ð & (3)8. Vw_Hy$é {Obo Ho$ {gX²YJ§Jm Ho$ gmW Bg Jm±d H$m Zm_ Ow‹S>m ahVm h¡& (4)

10. `h Ho$bXr g§ñWmZ H$s amOYmZr h¡ & (3)11. à{gX²Y _m[aH$m§~m-_§{Xa Bg ñWmZ _| h¡ & (3)13. à»`mV VoµO J|X~mO lrZmW Bg Jm±d Ho$ h¢ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (4)14. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s amOYmZr & (4)15. _XH$[a Zm`H$ Zo `hm± emgZ {H$`m Wm & (4)

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16. amZr MoÝZå_m H$m Jm±d & (3)

18. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| AË`{YH$ dfm© hmoZo H$m ñWmZ & `hm± go gy m©ñV H$m Ñí`_Z_mohH$ bJVm h¡ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)

19. amOm, amZr, amoaa, am°Ho$Q> H$mo Bg ObànmV _| XoI gH$Vo h¢ & (2)

21. Jw\$m§Va {eënH$bm H$m AX² wV CXmhaU Bg Jm±d _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡- Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)

22. ho_mdVr ZXr na `hm± ~m±Y ~Zm`m J`m h¡ & (3)

D$na go ZrMo -

2. _yH$m§{~H$m _§{Xa `hm± h¡ & (3)

3. _{S>Ho$ar Ho$ nmg H$m {d»`mV ObànmV & (2)

4. H$moS>dm ^mfm Bg {Obo _| ~mobr OmVr h¡ & (3)

8. {edßnZm`H$ H$s amOYmZr, A~ EH$ {Obm H|$Ð ñWmZ ^r h¡ & (4)

9. à»`mV OmoJ ObànmV Bg Jm±d _| h¡ & (4)

10. gm{‹S>`m| H$mo ~wZZodmbm `h Jm±d ~mJbH$moQ> {Obo _| h¡ & (4)

12. eamdVr ZXr H$mo bm±M X²dmam nma H$a Bg Jm±d H$s Mm¡S>oídar Xodr Ho$Xe©Z H$aZm h¡ & (4)

17. hmgZ {Obo Ho$ Bg Jm±d _| ~‹S>o gwa§J X²dmam ZXr H$m nmZr ~hm`m J`mh¡ - Jm±d H$m Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (3)

18. hbo~rSw> Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m hþAm `h Jm±d {eënH$bm H$m OrVm-OmJVm CXmhaUh¡ & (3)

20. AUw D$Om© CËnmXZ H|$Ð `hm± ñWm{nV h¡ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (2)

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CÎma. ~mE± go XmE± D$na go ZrMo

1. H$moßnbm 2. H$moëbyé

4. H$mobma 3. Apã~

5. Jwpã~ 4. H$moS>Jw

6. _¡gyé 8. {ed_mo½Jm

7. Jwë~Jm© 9. Joégmoßnm

8. {edJ§Jo 10. BbH$b

10. BŠHo$[a 12. qgJXÿé

11. {ga{g 17. ~mJyé

13. OmdJb 18. ~obyé

14. ~|Jbyé 20. H¡$Jm

15. {MÌXþJ©

16. {H$Îmyé

18. AmJw§~o

19. OmoJ

21. ~mXm_r

22. Jmoê$é

©

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141

16. ~mb-e{ŠV- OJVam_ Am ©

~ÀMm| _| AÀN>o Am¡a ~wao XmoZm| JwU hmoVo h¢& AÀN>r AmXVm| Ho$ Ûmam CZH$moJwUr ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg bKw Zm{Q>H$m _| ~ÀMm| H$s g§J{R>V e{ŠV H$moCOmJa {H$`m J`m h¡ Omo ~hþV hr àoaUmXm`H$ h¡&

nmÌ-n[aM`am_y, í`m_y, _mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, _ZmoO - ñHy$b Ho$ N>mÌJwéOr - ñHy$b Ho$ AÜ`mnH$H$boŠQ>a gmh~EH$ ~wµOwJ©

nhbm Ñí`(am_y Am¡a í`m_y H§$Mo IobZo _| ì`ñV h¢)

am_y : (í`m_y go) haodmbo H$mo _ma&(í`m_y _maVm h¡)

í`m_y : bJ J`r Z? bm, A~ gmao H§$Mo _oao hmo J o&am_y : Voao H¡$go hmo J o? {ZemZm Vmo Zrbodmbo H$mo bJm h¡& ham H§$Mm Vmo

AbJ n‹S>m h¡&

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í`m_y : PyR> _V ~mob& Vy gXm Iob _| ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡¡& Xo-Xo H§$Mo& daZm_ma Xÿ±Jm & (am_y H$s H$_rµO H$m H$m°ba nH$‹S>Vm h¡&)

am_y : N>mo‹S>, _oar H$_rµO N>mo‹S>&(Vrgao b‹S>Ho$ _mohZ H$m àdoe)

_mohZ : Aao, Aao! Š`m| PJ‹S> aho hmo?í`m_y : `h _oao H§$Mo Zht XoVm& Iob _| ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡&am_y : `h PyR> ~mob ahm h¡&_mohZ : XoImo, A~ Vmo ñHy$b H$m g_` hmo ahm h¡& K§Q>r ~OZodmbr h¡& `h

\¡$gbm ~mX _| H$a boZm&í`m_y : AÀN>m, A~ Vmo N>mo‹S>Vm h±y, na em_ H$mo Xo XoZm&am_y : Mb Mb, AnZm amñVm nH$‹S>& ~‹S>m Am`m H§$Mo boZodmbm&_mohZ : Aao ^mB©, ñHy$b Zht MbZm h¡ Š`m?am_y : Vw_ OmAmo ñHy$b, _¢ Zht OmD±$Jm& EH$ {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmZo go

Š`m hmoVm h¡?í`m_y : _mohZ ¡ m, `h Vmo H$B© {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmVm& {Og {XZ ^r J¥h-

H$m © Zht H$aVm, Cg {XZ ñHy$b go Nw>Q²>Q>r H$a boVm h¡& AmO J{UVH$m H$m_ {XImZm h¡ Z?

_mohZ : am_y! {XImAmo Vmo J{UV H$s H$m°nr&am_y : dh Vmo _¢ Ka yb Am`m&_mohZ : XoImo am_y, `h R>rH$ Zht& EH$ PyR> H$mo {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE H$B© PyR>

~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢&í`m_y : Mbmo _mohZ ¡ m, Bgo ahZo Xmo& ñHy$b MbZo _| Xoa hmo ahr h¡,

Mbmo& (XmoZm| Mbo OmVo h¢& am_y H§$Mo IobZo bJVm h¡&)

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Xÿgam Ñí`

(ñHy$b _| ^moOZmdH$me H$m dŠV h¡& nm±M ~mbH$ ñHy$b Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| EH$ÌhmoH$a ~mVo§ H$a aho h¢&)

í`m_y : XoImo Z _mohZ ¡ m, AmO am_y Zo Iob _| {\$a go _oao gmW~oB©_mZr H$s&

g§O` : dh Vmo ~mV-~mV _| PyR> ~mobZo bJm h¡&

_ZmoO : _¢Zo gwZm h¡ {H$ ~mah gmb go ZrMo H$s C_« Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo Vmo H$moB©nmn Zht bJVm& Mmho dh PyR> ~mobZm hr Š`m| Z hmo&

í`m_y : Aao _yI©, `hr Vmo C_« h¡ AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZo H$s, A~ Omo AmXVn‹S> OmEJr, dh gXm gmW ahoJr - hm±&

{H$emoa : JwéOr ^r `hr H$hm H$aVo h¢&

_mohZ : hm±, h_| A^r go AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZr Mm{hE& BgHo$ {bE h_o§{_bH$a Hw$N> H$aZm hmoJm&

{H$emoa, g§O` : Š`m H$aZm hmoJm?

í`m_y : h_| EH$ Q>mobr ~ZmZr n‹S>oJr&

_mohZ : Bg Q>mobr _| h_ am_y H$mo ^r em{_b H$a|Jo Am¡a CgH$s J§Xr AmXV|Nw>‹S>dmE±Jo&

(Q>Z-Q>Z H$aHo$ ñHy$b H$s K§Q>r ~OVr h¡&)

_mohZ : Mbmo, A~ H$jmAm| _| Mb|& em_ H$mo g~ `ht {_bZm& hm±, am_yH$mo H$m¡Z bmEJm?

g§O` : Cgo _¢ ~wbm bmD±$Jm& dh _oar ~mV _mZVm h¡&

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Vrgam Ñí`

(_mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, í`m_y, _ZmoO Am¡a am_y ~¡R>o ~mV| H$a aho h¢&)_mohZ : AmO go h_ EH$ N>moQ>r-gr Q>mobr Ama§ H$a aho h¢& Cg Q>mobr H$m

Zm_ hmoJm "~mb-e{ŠV'&am_y : `h Q>mobr Š`m H$aoJr?g§O` : g~go nhbo Vmo h_ AnZo CZ gm{W`m| na Ü`mZ X|Jo Omo {Z`{_V

ê$n go ñHy$b Zht OmVo VWm n‹T>mB© go Or MwamVo h¢&{H$emoa : R>rH$ H$hm& Xÿgam H$m_ hmoJm ñHy$b Ho$ n[aga H$mo ñdÀN> aIZm&

Vrgam H$m © hmoJm Jm±d H$s J§XJr H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& h_ amoµO EH$ K§Q>mJm±°d H$s g\$mB© _| bJmE±Jo&

_ZmoO : Jm±d _| H$B© JS²>‹T>o h¢, CZH$mo {_Q²>Q>r go Tm±nZm hmoJm&í`m_y : Jm±d H$m Hy$‹S>m S>mbZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {ZpíMV OJh ~ZmE±Jo VWm Jm±d

Ho$ g^r ^mB`m| go H$h|Jo {H$ Hy$‹S>m Cgr OJh _| S>mb|&_mohZ : Q>mobr H$m AJbm H$m_ hmoJm Jm±d H$mo ham-^am aIZm& h_ Jm±d

H$o$ Mmam| Va\$ no‹S>-nm¡Yo bJmE±Jo VWm AnZo Kam| _| ^r \$bXma no‹S>bJmE±Jo&

am_y : `h Vmo ~‹S>m ZoH$ H$m_ h¡& h_| H$b go hr H$m_ ewwê$ H$aZm Mm{hE&

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g§O` : nhbo Vy `h ~Vm {H$ Vy {Z`{_V ê$n go ñHy$b OmEJm `m Zht&am_y : OmD±$Jm&_ZmoO : h_ g~H$mo Q>mobr Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm hmoJm&g~ ~ÀMo : hm±, H$a|Jo&í`m_y : AnZr Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m Ho$ ê$n _| _¢ _mohZ H$m Zm_ aIVm h±ÿ& AmnH$s

Š`m am` h¡?g~ ~ÀMo: h_| _§Oya h¡&

Mm¡Wm Ñí`

(EH$ gmb ~mX - Jm±d _| {demb g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m h¡&{Obo Ho$ H$boŠQ>a, {dYm`H$ VWm gan§M AmE hþE h¢& Jm±d Ho$ g~ bmoJCnpñWV h¢&)

H$boŠQ>a : Bg Jm±d H$mo gm\$-gwWam XoIH$a _wPo hm{X©H$ àgÞVm hþB© h¡&Jm±d H$mo EH$ Z`m OrdZ àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ ~ÀMm| H$s {OVZr ~‹S>mB©H$s OmE CVZr hr Wmo‹S>r h¡& BZ g~Zo {_bH$a Jm±d H$mo ñdÀN> dmVmdaU{X`m h¡& ~mb-e{ŠV Ho$ H$maU AmnH$m Jm±d EH$ AmXe© Jm±d ~Z J`m h¡&

(CnpñWV bmoJ Vm{b`m± ~OmVo h¢)

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H$boŠQ>a : gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go "~mb-e{ŠV' Q>mobr H$mo nm±M hµOma én o {XEJE h¢& Bg Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m AmH$a `h am{e ñdrH$ma H$ao&(_mohZ OmVm h¡& H$boŠQ>a gmh~ _mohZ H$mo nm±M hµOma én o H$m {bµ\$mµ\$m XoVoh¢&)_mohZ : o én o h_ àmYmZmÜ`mnH$ Or H$mo Xo X|Jo& ñHy$b Ho$ nwñVH$mb` _|Jar~ ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE h_ nwñVH$m| H$m à~§Y H$a|Jo&EH$ ~wµOwJ© : o Jm±d Ho$ gÀMo gnyV h¢&g^r bmoJ ~mobVo h¢ - ~mb-e{ŠV H$s O`!

*******nmR> H$m Ame` :

Bg nmR> _| nm±M-N>… b‹S>Ho$ g§J{R>V hmoH$a AnZr ~mb-e{ŠV H$moàH$Q> H$a aho h¢& Hw$N> b‹S>Ho$ EH$ gmW ahH$a AÀN>r AmXVm| H$mo AnZmZoH$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht g~ ~ÀMo {_bH$a AnZo Jm±d H$mo EH$Z`m OrdZ àXmZ H$aVo h¢& Bg nmR> X²dmam ~mb-e{ŠV H$m _hËd ~Vm`mOm ahm h¡&

boIH$ n[aM` :

OJVam_ Am © (gZ² 1910-gZ² 1993) : OJVam_ Am © Or H$m OÝ_ D$Zm,{h_mMbàXoe _| 16 {Xg§~a gZ² 1910 H$mo hþAm& AmnH$s n‹T>mB© {ZH$Q> Jm±dHo$ S>r.E.dr. ñHy$b _| hþB©& ñHy$b Ho$ d[að> AÜ`mnH$ n§.Vwbgram_ Or H$s XoIaoI_| {ejm nmB©& Amn A_a ehrX ^JVqgh Ho$ gmW H$B© H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>ZmAm| goOw‹S>o aho& Amn ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` ^mB© na_mZ§X Ho$ gmW ^r aho Omo~hþV ~‹S>o Xoe^ŠV Wo Am¡a CZHo$ gmW H$B©-H$B© {XZ AkmVdmg ^r {H$`m& 4AJñV, gZ² 1993 H$mo OJVam_ Am © Or H$m Xohm§V hþAm&

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eãXmW© :H$§Mm - UÉÆÃ°, Glass Marble; {ZemZm - bú`, ~oB©_mZr - Aàm_m{UH$Vm,

YmoIm; \¡$gbm-{ZU© , J¥h-H$m ©- Ka _| H$aZo Ho$ {bE {X`m OmZodmbm Aä`mg,Home Work ; C_«-Am w, AdñWm; AmXV - Aä`mg, ñd^md ; Q>mobr-_§S>br,g_yh, Group; em{_b H$aZm - {_bmZm, J§XJr - _¡bmnZ, JS²>‹T>m - YaVr _|Jham ñWmZ, ºÀ¼Àî, Pit ; T>m±nZm - T>m±H$Zm, {N>nmZm; Hy$‹S>m - Kmg-\y$g Am{X J§XrMrµO|, \$bXma - \$b XoZodmbm, Cn`moJr ; ZoH$ - AÀN>m, Am`moOZ - à~§Y,B§VµOm_ ; {dYm`H$ - ì`dñWm H$aZodmbm, {ZU© H$aZodmbm, {dYmZg^m Ho$ gXñ` ;gan§M - Jm±d H$m _w{I`m, ~‹S>mB© - àe§gm, {bµ\$mµ\$m - nÌ Am{X ^aH$a oOZo H$sW¡br, gnyV - AÀN>m ~oQ>m, AÀN>m b‹S>H$m&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z H§$Mo Iob aho Wo?2. Iob _| H$m¡Z gXm ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡?3. am_y H$mo ñHy$b OmZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z H$hVm h¡?4. am_y Zo {H$g {df` H$m J¥h-H$m © Zht {H$`m Wm?5. h_| {H$g C_« _| AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZr h¡?6. am_y H$mo Q>mobr _| bmZo H$s {Oå_oXmar {H$gZo br?7. Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m H$m¡Z ~Zm?8. ~ÀMm| H$s Vmar\$ {H$gZo H$s?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. am_y _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr ~war AmXV| Wt?2. Jm±d H$s g\$mB© Ho$ {bE ~mbH$ Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢?3. Jm±d H$mo AmXe© Jm±d H¡$go ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡?

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4. H$boŠQ>a gmh~ Zo ~ÀMm| H$s ~‹‹S>mB© _| Š`m H$hm?5. nm±M hµOma én o {_bZo na _mohZ Š`m gmoMVm h¡?

III. {_bmZ H$s{OE :1. ~oB©_mZr H$aZodmbm _mohZ2. Q>mobr H$m Zm_ nm±M hµOma3. BZm_ Ho$ én`o ~wµOwJ©4. Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m am_y5. o Jm±d Ho$ gnyV h¢ ~mb-e{ŠV

IV. Imbr OJh ^[aE :1. am_y Am¡a í`m_y Iob aho Wo&2. H$s H$m°nr Ka na yb Am`m h±ÿ&3. A^r go AÀN>r S>mbZr Mm{hE&4. H$s J§Xr AmXV| Nw>‹S>dmE±Jo&5. amoµO EH$ K§Q>m Jm±d H$s _| bJmE±Jo&6. Hy$‹S>m S>mbZo Ho$ {bE EH$ OJh ~ZmE±Jo&7. AmnH$m Jm±d EH$ Jm±d ~Z J`m h¡&

V. eãX b‹S>r ~ZmBE :

O¡go : H§$Mm Mmé$ én`m `ma a_m (A§{V_ dU© go EH$ Z`m eãX)1. ~mbH$ 2. Jm±d$ 3. Q>mobr$ 4. \$bXma$ 5. BZm_$

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149

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

CXm : AnZm x nam`m

1. amV x 6. hm{Z x

2. Am{X x 7. Vmo‹S> x

3. Am`mV x 8. Wmo‹S>m x

4. Am` x 9. CVma x

5. CëQ>m x

VII."~oB©_mZr' B©_mZr H$m {dbmo_ eãX h¡& "B©_mZr' eãX go nhbo "~o' CngJ©Omo‹S>Zo go `h eãX ~Zm h¡& Bgr Vah An, AZ, Hw$, ~X CngJm] (àË``)H$mo Omo‹S>H$a nm±M-nm±M eãX ~ZmBE&

VIII.

Z

_O

"Z' H$mo A§{V_ Aja Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$a eãX a{ME:

Z_yZm: OZ _Z

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IX. AW©nyU© dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

í`m_y XoVo h¢&

H$boŠQ>a gmh~ BZm_ ~ZVr h¡&

_mohZ Q>mobr IobVo h¢&

~mbH$m| H$s H§$Mm ~ZmVo h¢&

~mbH$ boVm h¡&

IobVm h¡&

O¡go : í`m_y H§$Mm IobVm h¡&

^mfm kmZ

I. ì`{ŠVdmMH$ Am¡a Om{VdmMH$ g§kmAm| H$mo nhMm{ZE:_w{I`m, H$boŠQ>a, Jm±d, ~mb-e{ŠV, í`m_y, am_y, ~mbH$, J{UV,_mohZ, JwéOr, _ZmoO, H$_rµO

ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km Om{VdmMH$ g§km

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II. Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| _ma, N>mo‹S>, nH$‹S>, ~mob, S>mb, Xo, bJm, _mZ O¡goAZoH$ YmVwAm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& ZrMo {X`o J`o eãXm| H$mo C{MVYmVwAm| Ho$ gmW {b{IE:

1. H$_rµO - 5. Jwñgm -2. no‹S> - 6. gM -3. én o - 7. ~mV -4. H§$Mm - 8. Hy$‹S>m -

{deof gyMZm : "{H«$`m' H$m _yb ê$n "YmVw' h¡&

III. Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| "g§`wŠV {H«$`m'Am| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ O¡go-IobZobJm, ~Z J`m BË`m{X& Bg Vah Ho$ {H«$`m-`w½_m| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a gyMr~ZmBE&gyMZm: g§ wŠV {H«$`m/{H«$`m- w½_ = "Xmo {H«$`mAm| H$m EH$ gmW à`moJ&'

nmR> go AmJo -* gmo{ME, AJa AmnH$m H$moB© gmWr am_y O¡go hmoVm Vmo Cgo gwYmaZo

Ho$ {bE Amn Š`m `moOZm ~ZmVo?* AnZm Jm±d, AnZm {Obm, AnZm n[aga - g~ Hw$N> AnZm h¡&

BÝh| gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE AmnZo Š`m {H$`m h¡? Š`m H$aZm MmhVo h¢?AnZo {_Ìm| go MMm© H$s{OE&

* ñHy$b Ho$ dm{f©H$moËgd na Bg Zm{Q>H$m H$m A{^Z` H$s{OE&* Bg Zm{Q>H$m H$m AnZr _mV¥ mfm _| AZwdmX H$a ñHy$b H$s dm{f©H$

n{ÌH$m _| àH$m{eV H$a|&* gmhg àXe©Z `m godm-H$m © Ho$ {bE nwañH$ma àmá ~ÀMm| H$s

H$WmAm| H$m MmQ>© ~ZmH$a àXe©Zr H$m Am`moOZ H$a|&

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17. H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr- gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr

Bg H${dVm _| H${d Zo `h g§Xoe {X`m h¡ {H$ gVV à`ËZerb ì`{ŠVH$s {ZpíMV ê$n go OrV hmoVr h¡& g_ñ`mAm| go _±wh Z _m‹oS>H$a AmJo ~‹T>ZmMm{hE&

bham| go S>aH$a Zm¡H$m nma Zht hmoVr,H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr&

ZÝht MtQ>r O~ XmZm boH$a MbVr h¡,M‹T>Vr Xrdmam| na gm¡ ~ma {\$gbVr h¡&_Z H$m {dídmg aJm| _| gmhg ^aVm h¡,M‹T>H$a {JaZm, {JaH$a M‹T>Zm Z AIaVm h¡&Am{Ia CgH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr,H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr&

Sw>~{H$`m± qgYw _| JmoVmImoa bJmVm h¡,Om OmH$a Imbr hmW bm¡Q>H$a AmVm h¡&{_bVo Zht ghO hr _moVr Jhao nmZr _|,~‹T>Vm XþJZm CËgmh Bgr h¡amZr _|&_wÆ>r CgH$s Imbr ha ~ma Zht hmoVr,H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr&

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Ag\$bVm EH$ MwZm¡Vr h¡, Bgo ñdrH$ma H$amo,Š`m H$_r ah JB©, XoImo Am¡a gwYma H$amo&O~ VH$ Z g\$b hmo, ZtX M¡Z H$mo Ë`mJmo Vw_,g§Kf© H$m _¡XmZ N>mo‹S>H$a _V ^mJmo Vw_&Hw$N> {H$E {~Zm hr O`-O`H$ma Zht hmoVr,H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr&

*******H${dVm H$m Ame` :

Bg H${dVm _| H$mo{ee H$aZo go g\$bVm àmá H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {_bVmh¡& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ H$s à{V`mo{JVm _| Ag\$bVm go {d_wI ZhmoVo hþE AnZr H${_`m| H$mo IwX nhMmZH$a ñdà`ËZ go bJmVma AmJo ~‹T>Zogo hma H$^r Zht hmoVr h¡&

H${d n[aM` :

gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr (gZ² 1906 - gZ² 1988)gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr Or qhXr Ho$ gwà{gX²Y H${d h¢&

AmnH$m OÝ_ 23 \$adar gZ² 1906 H$mo hþAm& AmnZo~Zmag qhXÿ {díd{dX² mb` go E_.E., Eb.Eb.~r. H$s{S>J«r br Am¡a AmOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE O_tXmar VWm ~¢qH$JH$m H$m_ H$aVo aho& gZ² 1938 go gZ² 1942 VH$ Amn amï´>r` nÌ "X¡{ZH$A{YH$ma' Ho$ g§nmXH$ Wo& Hw$N> dfm] VH$ AmnZo Ad¡V{ZH$ ({~Zm doVZ Ho$)~mb n{ÌH$m "~mb-gIm' H$m g§nmXZ ^r {H$`m& Amn _hmË_m Jm§Yr goAË`{YH$ à^m{dV Wo&

ñdV§ÌVm àm{ßV Ho$ {bE Xoe^{ŠV d D$Om© go AmoVàmoV AmnH$s aMZmAm| H$s{deof gamhZm hþB© VWm AmnH$mo "amï>H${d' H$s Cnm{Y go Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m&gZ² 1988 _§o amï>H${d {X²ddoXr Or H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m& AmnH$s à_wI H¥${V`m±h¢- ¡adr, dmgdXÎmm, Hw$Umb, nyOmJrV, {dfnmZ, wJmYma Am¡a O` Jm§Yr&

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~m±gwar, PaZm, {~Jwb, ~ÀMm| Ho$ ~mny, XÿY ~Vmem, ~mb ^maVr, {eew ^maVr,Zohê$ MmMm, gwOmVm, à^mVr Am{X AmnH$m à_wI ~mb-gm{hË` h¡&

eãXmW© :bha-Va§J, ~hmd; Zm¡H$m-Zmd , H$mo{ee-à`mg, à`ËZ ; hma-namO`,

{d\$bVm; ZÝhr§-N>moQ>r, bKw; XmZm-YmÝ`, AZmO, H$U (Grain); Xrdma-{^{Îm(Wall), {dídmg-^amogm, `H$sZ; aJ-Zg, ñZm w, Zm‹S>r (Nerve); gmhg-Y¡ ©, {hå_V, hm¡gbm (Courage); AIaZm-~wam bJZm, _ohZV-n[al_,~oH$ma-ì`W©, {ZaW©H$; qgYw-gmJa, g_wÐ, A§~w{Y; JmoVmImoa-V¡amH$, h¡amZhmoZm-AmíM ©M{H$V hmoZm, MwZm¡Vr-Xmdm, bbH$ma; H$_r-A^md, Ý yZVm; M¡Z-Amam_, gwI; g§Kf©-Q>H$amd&

Aä`mg


1. {H$ggo S>aH$a Zm¡H$m nma Zhr§ hmoVr?

2. {H$ZH$s hma Zht hmoVr h¡?

3. XmZm boH$a H$m¡Z MbVr h¡?

4. Mr>§Q>r H$hm± M‹T>Vr h¡?

5. {H$gH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr?

6. gmJa _| Sw>~{H$`m± H$m¡Z bJmVm h¡?

7. _moVr H$hm± {_bVm h¡?

8. {H$gH$s _wÆ>r Imbr Zht hmoVr?

9. H$hm± go ^mJZm Zht Mm{hE?10. Hw$N> {H$ o {~Zm hr Š`m Zht hmoVr h¡?

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1. MtQ>r Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Š`m H$hVo h¢?

2. JmoVmImoa Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Ho$ {dMma Š`m h¢?

3. Ag\$bVm go g\$bVm H$s Amoa OmZo Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Š`m g§Xoe XoVo h¢?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. bha - Sw>~{H$`m±

2. MtQ>r - MwZm¡Vr

3. JmoVmImoa - gwYma

4. Ag\$bVm - XmZm

5. H$_r - Zm¡H$m

ghO

IV. ^mdmW© {b{IE :

ZÝht MtQ>r O~ XmZm boH$a MbVr h¡,

M‹T>Vr Xrdmam| na gm¡ ~ma {\$gbVr h¡&

_Z H$m {dídmg aJmo§ _| gmhg ^aVm h¡,

M‹T>H$a {JaZm, {JaH$a M‹T>Zm Z AIaVm h¡&

Am{Ia CgH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr,

H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr&

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V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :CXm : nma - hma1. MbVr -2. ^aVm -3. bJmVm -4. ~ma -5. ñdrH$ma -

VI. g\$bVm àmá H$aZo go g§~§{YV eãXm| na Jmobm bJmBE :gmW©H$ n[al_, AmË_{dídmg, Amam_ go gmoZm, gVV Aä`mg, h¡amZ

hmoZm, ~oH$ma H$m H$m_ H$aZm, namO` H$m ñdrH$ma, gmW©H$ H$m_ H$aZm,Hw$N> H$aHo$ XoIZm, {ejm àm{á, ^Q>H$Zm, ^mJ OmZm, ^bm H$aZm&

VII {XE JE g§Ho$V q~XþAm| Ho$ AmYma na "n[al_' na bKw boI V¡`maH$s{OE:

H$mo{ee_ohZVCËgmhgmhg

{JaZm-M‹T>ZmghOVm

Imbr hmWMwZm¡Vrg§Kf©

ZtX-M¡Z

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VIII. H${dVm H$s A§[V_ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$aHo$ {b{IE:

Ag\$bVm

hma Zhr§ hmoVr&

IX. AZwê$nVm :

1. _ohZV : n[al_ :: H$mo{ee : 2. M‹T>Zm : CVaZm :: hmaZm : 3. ñdrH$ma : BÝH$ma :: M¡Z : 4. qgYw : g_wÐ :: hmW :

H${dVm go AmJo -

* àñVwV H${dVm H$s {ZåZ{b{IV H${dVm H$s n§{ŠV`m| go VwbZm H$s{OE :

nd©V H$s MmoQ>r Ny>Zo H$mond©V na M‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&gmJa go _moVr bmZo H$moJmoVm bJmZm hr n‹S>Vm h¡&&

CÚ_ {H$E {~Zm Vmo MtQ>r^r AnZm Ka ~Zm Z nmVr&CÚ_ {H$E {~Zm Vmo qgh H$mo^r AnZm {eH$ma {_b Z nmVm&&

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* Iob, H$bm, {gZo_m, {M{H$Ëgm, {dkmZ BË`m{X H$m ©joÌ _| g\$bVmàmá {H$E hþE ì`{ŠV`m| H$s gyMr V¡ ma H$s{OE:

H«$.g§. H$m`©joÌ g\$bVm àmá ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_

O¡go- 1. {H«$Ho$Q> g{MZ V|Sy>bH$a

* g\$bVm, AÀN>o H$m_, CËgmh ~‹T>mZodmbr àoaH$ gy{ŠV`m| H$m g§J«hH$aHo$ {b{IE:O¡go : h_mar g~go ~‹S>r emZ H$^r {JaZo _| Zhr§ h¡, A{nVw O~ h_

{Jao, ha ~ma CR>Zo _| h¡& - H$Zâ y{e`g

* {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go AnZo ghnm{R>`m| go, AÜ`mnH$m§ogo MMm© H$aHo$ H${dVm aMZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE:Zm_, Ym_, _mZ, emZ, amJ, Ë`mJ, `moJ, emoH$, amoH$, gmhg,à`mg, Xÿa, H$gya, ~w{Õ, {g{Õ, Ü`mZ, gå_mZ

* `y Q²>`y~ _| 10 go ^r A{YH$ Bg H${dVm go g§~§{YV {MÌ g{hVCXmhaU {_b|Jo& CZH$m g§J«h H$s{OE Am¡a H$jm _| Bg {df` naMMm© H$s{OE&

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n[a{eï>(A) nyaH$ dmMZ

(1) e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h(2) gË` H$s _{h_m(3) ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`

(Am) {Z~§Y-boIZ(1) {Z~§Y H$m Z_yZm

• OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m• Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo

(2) {Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm

(B) nÌ-boIZ(1) ì`{º$JV/Kaoby nÌ(2) ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ

(B©) ì`mH$aU1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m2. g§{Y3. g_mg4. AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX5. _whmdao6. H$hmdV|

7. {dam_ {Mh²Z8. H$mb9. qbJ10. H$maH$11. "{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ12. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX

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nyaH$ dmMZ1. e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h

- JwUmH$a _wb o

gm¡a-_§S>b Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o J«h ~¥hñn{V Ho$ ~mX e{Z J«h H$s H$jm h¡Ÿ&e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m Xygam ~‹S>m J«h h¡Ÿ& `h h_mar n¥Ïdr go H$ar~ 750 JwZm~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ Jmobo H$m ì`mg 116 hµOma {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡ ; AWm©V², n¥ÏdrHo$ ì`mg go H$ar~ Zm¡ JwZm A{YH$Ÿ& h_mar n¥Ïdr gy © go H$ar~Ÿ 15 H$amo‹S>{H$bmo_rQ>a H$s Xÿar na h¡Ÿ& VwbZm _| e{Z J«h Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡Ÿ& BgoXya~rZ Ho$ {~Zm H$moar Am±Im| go ^r AmH$me _| nhMmZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

h_mar nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ AZwgma e{Z _hmamO gy © Ho$ nwÌ h¢Ÿ&e{Z H$mo "eZ¡íMa' ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AmH$me Ho$ Jmob na `h J«h ~hþV

Yr_r J{V go MbVm {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Bgr{bE àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bgo"eZ¡…Ma' Zm_ {X`m WmŸ& "eZ¡…Ma' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ - Yr_r J{V goMbZodmbmŸ&

bo{H$Z ~mX Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bg eZ¡íMa H$mo "gZrMa' ~Zm S>mbm ! gZrMaH$m Zm_ boVo hr A§Y{dídm{g`m| H$s ê$h H$m±nZo bJVr h¡ ! EH$ ~ma `{X`h J«h {H$gr H$s am{e _| nhþ±M Om o, Vmo {\$a gm‹T>o gmV gmb VH$ CgH$sI¡a Zht!

e{Z H$mo `{X Xya~rZ go XoIm Om o, Vmo Bg J«h Ho$ Mhþ± Amoa db` (Jmob){XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Zo Bg J«h Ho$ Jbo _| Iy~gyaV hma S>mb {X o h¢Ÿ&

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e{Z Ho$ BZ db`m| `m H§$H$Um| Zo Bg J«h H$mo gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~gogw§Xa Ed§ _Zmoha J«h ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& dñVwV… e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ gw§XaJ«h h¡Ÿ&

Vm‹>Or OmZH$mar Ho$ AZwgma ~¥hñn{V, waoZg Am¡a ZonÀ yZ Ho$ BX©-{JX©^r db` h¢, na§Vw e{Z Ho$ db` Á`mXm {dñV¥V Am¡a ñnï> h¢Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ AX² wVdb`m| Am¡a BgH$s AÝ` AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar h_|AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| hr {_br h¡Ÿ&

e{Z J«h AË §V _§X J{V go H$ar~ Vrg dfm] _| gy © H$m EH$ MŠH$abJmVm h¡ & Bg{bE gmb-â Ho$ A§Va Ho$ ~mX ^r AmH$me _| e{Z H$s pñW{V_| H$moB© {deof n[adV©Z Zht {XImB© XoVmŸ& `h EH$ am{e _| H$ar~ T>mB© gmbVH$ ahVm h¡Ÿ&

e{Z J«h gy © go n¥Ïdr H$s Anojm H$ar~ Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡, Bg{bE~hþV H$_ gy ©Vmn Cg J«h VH$ nhþ±MVm h¡ - n¥Ïdr H$m _mÌ gm¡dm± {hñgmŸ&Bg{bE e{Z Ho$ dm w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ eyÝ` Ho$ ZrMo 1500 g|Q>rJ«oS> Ho$ AmgnmgahVm h¡Ÿ& e{Z EH$ AË`ÝV R>§S>m J«h h¡Ÿ&

~¥hñn{V H$s Vah e{Z H$m dm w_§S>b ^r hmBS´>moOZ, hr{b`_, _rWoZVWm E_mo{Z`m J¡gm| go ~Zm h¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh Ho$ ~mao _| h_| H$moB© OmZH$marZht h¡Ÿ& h_ Ho$db BgHo$ M_H$sbo ~mhar dm w_§S>b H$mo hr XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&e{Z Ho$ Ho$§Ð^mJ _| R>mog JwR>br hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z M§Ð_m, _§Jb `m ewH«$H$s Vah e{Z H$s gVh na CVa nmZm AmX_r Ho$ {bE g§ d Zht hmoJmŸ&

A^r Xmo XeH$ nhbo VH$ e{Z Ho$ Xg CnJ«h ImoOo Wo& bo{H$Z A~e{Z Ho$ CnJ«hm| H$s g§»`m 17 na nhþ±M JB© h¡Ÿ& YaVr go oOo J o ñdMm{bVA§V[aj`mZ nm`mo{Zà VWm dmÒa e{Z Ho$ ZµOXrH$ nhþ±Mo Am¡a BÝhtHo$ µO[aEBg J«h Ho$ gmV ZE CnJ«h ImoOo J oŸ& e{Z Ho$ Am¡a ^r Hw$N> M§Ð hmogH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

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e{Z H$m g~go ~‹S>m M§Ð Q>mBQ>Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© Am¡a{XbMñn CnJ«h h¡Ÿ& Q>mBQ>Z h_mao M§Ð go ^r H$m\$s ~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ì`mg5150 {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡Ÿ& A^r Hw$N> gmb nhbo VH$ Q>mBQ>Z H$mo hr gm¡a-_§S>bH$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h g_Pm OmVm Wm, na§Vw dm`Oa `mZ H$s ImoO~rZ gonVm Mbm h¡ {H$ ~¥hñn{V H$m J¡Zr_rS> CnJ«h gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«hh¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmaZm Vmo g§ d Zht h¡, na§Vw Q>mBQ>ZH$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmam Om gH$Vm h¡&

e{Z h_mao gm¡a-_§S>b H$m EH$ AX²> wV Am¡a gw§Xa J«h h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r J«hH$mo ew `m Aew g_PZo H$m H$moB© ^m¡{VH$ H$maU Zht h¡Ÿ& e{Z Vmo h_maogm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go Iy~gyaV J«h h¡Ÿ&

*******CÎma {b{IE :

1. gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m J«h H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?2. gm¡a-_§S>b _| e{Z J«h H$m ñWmZ Š`m h¡ ?3. n¥Ïdr Am¡a gy © _| {H$VZm \$mgbm h¡ ?4. e{Z {H$gH$m nwÌ h¡ ?5. "eZ¡…Ma' H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?6. gy © H$m EH$ MŠH$a bJmZo _| e{Z H$mo {H$VZm g_` bJVm h¡ ?7. e{Z EH$ am{e _| {H$VZo gmbm| VH$ ahVm h¡ ?8. ~hþV H$_ gy ©Vmn {H$g J«h na hmoVm h¡ ?9. e{Z H$m {Z_m©U {H$g àH$ma hþAm h¡ ?

10. gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?

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2. gË` H$s _{h_m- g§H${bV

gË` ! ~hþV ^mobm-^mbm, ~hþV hr grYm-gmXm ! Omo Hw$N> ^r AnZrAm±Im| go XoIm, {~Zm Z_H$-{_M© bJmE ~mob {X`m - `hr Vmo gË` h¡Ÿ&{H$VZm gab ! gË` Ñ{ï> H$m à{Vq~~ h¡, kmZ H$s à{V{b{n h¡, AmË_mH$s dmUr h¡Ÿ&

gË`dm{XVm Ho$ {bE gm\$-gwWam _Z Mm{hEŸ& EH$ PyR> gm{~V H$aZo Ho${bE hµOmam| PyR> ~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& Am¡a, H$ht nmob Iwbr, Vmo _w±h H$mbm H$aZmn‹S>Vm h¡, An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo naoemZ H$aZo, XwIr H$aZo Ho$CX²Xoí` go gË` ~mobZm Zht Mm{hEŸ& H$mZo H$mo "H$mZm' H$hH$a nwH$maZm `mb§J‹S>o H$mo Cg O¡gr ZH$b H$a {XImZm gM ~mobZm Zht hmoVmŸ& `h Vmo {g\©$N>o‹S>Zm hþAmŸ& Bg ~mV H$mo emñÌ _| `m| g_Pm`m J`m h¡ -

"gË § ~«y mV², {à § ~«y mV², Z ~«y mV² gË`_{à`_²' AWm©V², "gM ~mobmoOmo Xygam| H$mo {à` bJo, A{à` gË` _V ~mobmoŸ&'

g§gma _| {OVZo _hmZ² ì`{ŠV hþE, g~Zo gË` H$m ghmam {b`m h¡Ÿ& gË`H$m nmbZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& amOm h[aíM§Ð H$s gË`{Zð>m {díd{d»`mV h¡Ÿ& CÝh| gË`Ho$ _mJ© na MbVo AZoH$ H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m, bo{H$Z CZH$sH$s{V© AmO ^r gyaO H$s amoeZr go H$_ àH$me_mZ ZhtŸ h¡& amOm XeaWZo gË` dMZ {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE AnZo àmU Ë`mJ {XEŸ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo gË`H$s e{ŠV go hr {dXoer emgZ H$mo PH$Pmoa {X`mŸ&

CZH$m H$WZ h¡ - ""gË` EH$ {demb d¥j h¡Ÿ& CgH$m {OVZm AmXa{H$`m OmVm h¡, CVZo hr \$b Cg_| bJVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m A§V Zht hmoVmŸ&'' gË`~mobZo H$s AmXV ~MnZ go hr S>mbZr Mm{hEŸ& H$^r-H$^r PyR> ~mob XoZogo Hw$N> j{UH$ bm^ Adí` hmoVm h¡, na Cggo A{YH$ hm{Z hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&j{UH$ bm^ {dH$mg Ho$ _mJ© Ho$ {bE ~mYm ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`{ŠVËd Hw§${R>V

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hmoVm h¡Ÿ& PyR> ~mobZodmbm| go bmoJm| H$m {dídmg CR> OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s CÞ{VHo$ X²dma ~§X hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&

gË` H$s _{h_m Anma h¡Ÿ& gË` _hmZ² Am¡a na_ e{ŠVembr h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$VH$s gy{ŠV h¡ - "gË`_od O`Vo, ZmZ¥V_²>' AWm©V², "gË` H$s hr {dO` hmoVrh¡, AgË` H$s Zht'& Om°Z _oÝg\$sëS> H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ gË` H$s Zmd go hrh_ ^dgmJa H$m g§VaU H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& gË` dh {MZJmar h¡ {Oggo AgË`nb ^a _| ^ñ_ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV… h_| ha pñW{V _| gË` ~mobZo Am¡a nmbZH$aZo H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

*******

{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :1. "gË`' Š`m hmoVm h¡ ? CgH$m ê$n H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ?2. PyR> H$m ghmam boVo h¢ Vmo Š`m-Š`m ghZm n‹S>Vm h¡ ?3. emñÌ _| gË` ~mobZo H$m VarH$m H¡$go g_Pm`m J`m h¡ ?4. ""g§gma Ho$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| Zo gË` H$m ghmam {b`m h¡Ÿ''

- gmoXmhaU g_PmBEŸ&5. _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m gË` H$s e{ŠV Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$WZ h¡ ?6. PyR> ~mobZodmbm| H$s hmbV H¡$gr hmoVr h¡ ?7. ha pñW{V _| gË` ~mobZo H$m Aä`mg Š`m| H$aZm Mm{hE ?

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3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`J_r© H$s Nw>{Å>`m±& qhXr {e[jH$m _rZm _¡S>_ Zo g_wXm` ^dZ _| 15 {Xdgr`

EH$ H$m ©{e{~a Am`mo{OV {H$`m h¡& H${dVm-dmMZ, H${dVm-aMZm,ZmQ>H$-àXe©Z, g§ mfU-H$m¡eb, Q>oamH$moQ>m Jw{‹S>`m ~ZmZm BË`m{X H$m ©H«$_ `hm±Am`mo{OV h¢&

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_rZm _¡S>_ AmH$a ~moS>© na {bIVr h¢- g§ mfU H$m {df` : "ZmJ[aH$m|Ho$ _yb H$V©ì`'&

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H$aZm Zht Mm{hE& AnZo n`m©daU H$mo ñdÀN> aIZm ^r h_mamXm{`Ëd h¡&

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AI§S>Vm H$mo H$m`_ aIZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡&_rZm : Vwåhmam {dMma {~bHw$b ghr h¡& AÝda, Vw_ Hw$N> H$hZo H$mo CVmdbo

{XI aho hmo&

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AÝda : hm± _¡S>_, _¢ H$hZm MmhVm h±ÿ {H$ g_ñV Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ à{V ^mB©-Mmao H$m ^md aIZm Am¡a Om{V, Y_©, ^mfm, àXoe, dJ© naAmYm[aV g^r oX-^mdm| go Xÿa ahZm Mm{hE&

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*******

{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :1. _rZm _¡S>_ Zo {H$VZo {XZm| Ho$ H$m ©{e{~a H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m Wm?2. g§ mfU H$m {df` Š`m Wm?3. AHw$b Zo _rZm _¡S>_ go Š`m H$hm?4. gb_m Zo Š`m H$hm?5. AÝda Zo _rZm _¡S>_ go Š`m H$hm?6. _rZm _¡S>_ Zo N>mÌm| go A§V _| Š`m H$hm?

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{Z~§Y-1

OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m{df` àdoe - OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m gm_mÝ` ê$n go {díd H$s g_ñ`m h¡Ÿ&à{V VrZ goH$§S> _| Xmo ~mbH$ OÝ_ boVo h¢Ÿ& na§Vw ^maV _| `h g_ñ`m {deofê$n go {dH$Q> ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ& ^maV joÌ\$b H$s Ñ{ï> go {díd H$m gmVdm± Xoeh¡, na§Vw OZg§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go Xygao ñWmZ na h¡Ÿ& `h Ho$db MrZ go nrN>oh¡Ÿ& Bg g_` ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125 H$amo‹S> go A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m d¥{ÕH$s dV©_mZ J{V go AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ gZ² 2020 B©. VH$ ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125H$amo‹S> go H$B© JwZm A{YH$ hmoJr&

OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU -

OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$B© H$maU h¢; `Wm -

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4. OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$Zo _| g~go A{YH$ ~mYH$ VÎd h¡ - A{ejmŸ&A{e{jV bmoJm| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m kmZ Zht h¡ {H$ N>moQ>o n[adma Ho$ Š`m\$m`Xo h¢Ÿ& Xygam H$maU h¡ - AÝY{dídmg VWm ê${‹T>dm{XVmŸ& BgHo$

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A{V[aº$ ^maVr` bmoJ gÝVmZ H$mo B©ídar` XoZ g_PVo h¢ VWm g§VmZH$mo ^m½` Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> XoVo h¢Ÿ&

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n[aUm_ - OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xwîn[aUm_ H$B© ê$nm| _| {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ&OZg§»`m Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU Xoe H$s àJ{V Hw§${R>V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {H$VZo hr_hËdmH$m§jr H$m ©H«$_ ~ZmE OmE±, do Ano{jV n[aUm_ Zht Xo nmVo h¢Ÿ& {nN>br~mah n§Mdfu` `moOZmE± ^r A{YH$ OZg§»`m Ho$ H$maU ~m¡Zr gm{~V hþB© h¢Ÿ&{H$VZr ^r gw{Z`mo{OV Ed§ gw{dMm[aV `moOZm ~ZmB© OmE, dh H$maJa ZhthmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ O~ VH$ `moOZm H$s Ad{Y nyar hmoVr h¡, V~ VH$ OZg§»`mBVZr A{YH$ hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ `moOZm H$m gw\$b C^a H$a Zht Am nmVm h¡Ÿ&

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CnMma - h_ g~H$m `h H$Îm©ì` h¡ {H$ Bg g_ñ`m Ho$ {ZamH$aU _| nyam`moJXmZ X||Ÿ& ì`{ŠVJV ê$n _| n[adma H$mo N>moQ>o go N>moQ>m aIZo H$m à`mg H$a|Ÿ&h_| `h g_P boZm Mm{hE {H$ A{YH$ ~ÀMm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU ~hþV H${R>ZhmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~ÀMm| H$s g§»`m {OVZr H$_ hmoJr, CZH$s XoI^mb A{YH$ AÀN>rVah go H$a gH|$JoŸ&

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""gwI_` OrdZ H$m `h gmaXmo ~ÀMm| H$m hmo n[admaŸ&''

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{Z~§Y-2Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo

{df` àdoe - ^maV _| Zmar H$m ñWmZ nyOZr` h¡& Bg{bE àmMrZH$mb _| `hm± Zmar Ho$ à{V lÕm Ed§ ^pŠV H$s ^mdZm Wr& nwéf Ho$ OrdZ_| dh _mVm Ho$ ê$n _|, ~hZ Ho$ ê$n _| VWm nËZr Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm `moJXmZXoVr h¡& Zmar Ho$ {~Zm nwéf H$m OrdZ AYyam _mZm OmVm h¡& H$hm J`m h¡- ""`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyÁ`§Vo a_§Vo VÌ XodVm…'' AWm©V², ""Ohm± Zmar H$s nyOm hmoVrh¡ dhm± ^JdmZ H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡&'' doX-Cn{ZfX H$mb go Zmar Zo emñÌ,J{UV, IJmob {dkmZ Am{X joÌm| _| AnZr à{V^m Am¡a H$m¡eb H$mo à_m{UV{H$`m h¡&

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^maV H$mo ñdV§ÌVm {_bZo Ho$ ~mX gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> Zo àW_ _{hbmamÁ`nmb ~ZH$a AnZr j_Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m& lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr ZoàYmZ_§Ìr ~ZH$a ^maV Xoe H$mo àJ{V Ho$ nW na AJ«{gV {H$`m&A§V[aj _| àdoe H$aZodmbr àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm H$ënZm Mmdbm Zo g§gmaH$mo `h {gÕ H$a {XIm`m h¡ {H$ ñÌr A§V[aj VH$ nhþ±M gH$Vr h¡& Bgr àH$magw{ZVm {d{b`åg Zo ^r A§V[aj H$s `mÌm H$a AnZo gmhg H$m n[aM` {X`mh¡& nr.Q>r. Cfm, ApídZr ZmMßnm, gm{Z`m {_Om©, gmBZm Zohdmb, _oar H$mo_,Ádmbm JwQ²>Q>m Am{X Zo Iob-Hy$X Ho$ joÌ _| g§gma ^a _| ^maV H$m Zm_amoeZ {H$`m h¡&

AZoH$ _{hbmE± _w»`_§Ìr, {ObmÜ`j Am¡a CÀM A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ ê$n _|àemgZ H$m H$m © g§ mb ahr h¢&

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{Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm1. n ©Q>Z H$m _hËd

1. {df` àdoe - n ©Q>Z H$m AW© 2. n ©Q>Z-EH$ CX² moJ 3. {dH$mg H$mgyÌYma 4. n ©Q>Z go bm^ 5. n ©Q>Z-EH$ em¡H$ 6. Cng§hmaŸ&

2. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`1. {df` àdoe - "ZmJ[aH$' Ho$ {d{^Þ AW©, "ZmJ[aH$' H$m ê$‹T> AWdmì`mdhm[aH$ AW© 2. ZmJ[aH$ - g_mO Am¡a amï´> 3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`AWdm ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ bjU 4. ZmJ[aH$ H$s nhMmZ 5. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$A{YH$ma 6. ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a gaH$ma 7. Cng§hmaŸ&

3. ~oamo>‹ ‹OJmar1. {df` àdoe - ~oamoµOJmar H$m VmËn © 2. ~oamo‹‹OJmar Ho$ àH$ma - (H$)nyU© (I) Am§{eH$ (J) {e{jV (K) A{e{jV dJ© 3. ~oamo‹OJmar Ho$Xwîn[aUm_-AnamYm| H$s d¥{Õ, Xoe H$s à{V^m H$s AZwn`mo{JVm, amï´>r`gmYZm| H$m Anì`` 4. ~oamo‹‹>OJmar Ho$ H$maU - (i) OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ(ii) XmofnyU© {ejm-nÕ{V (iii) CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$m A^md 5. ~oamo‹‹OJmarXya H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` 6. Cng§hma &

4. _h±JmB©1. {df` àdoe - _h±JmB©-EH$ ì`mnH$ g_ñ`mŸ 2. OrdZ H$s _ybAmdí`H$VmE±-amoQ>r, H$n‹S>m, _H$mZ H$s ny{V© _| H${R>ZmB© 3. _h±JmB© Ho$H$maU 4. _h±JmB© go CËnÞ AnamY-Mmoar, S>H¡$Vr, «ï>mMma Am{X5. _h±JmB© H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` 6. Cng§hma &

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5. dZ _hmoËgd1. {df` àdoe - dZ àH¥${V Ho$ Amdí`H$ A§J VWm _Zwî` Ho$ ghMa2. d¥jm| H$m Cn`moJ 3. d¥jm| H$s Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$m| H$m_V 4. dZm| go àmá hmoZo dmbr {d{^Þ dñVwE±, amï´>r` Am` Ho$ gmYZ5. dZm| H$m Zme 6. d¥jmamonU AWdm dZ _hmoËgd H$s na§nam H$m gZ²1950 _| à{gÕ ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma H$Ýh¡ mbmb _m{UH$bmb_w§er X²dmam Ama§ , VXwnam§V {MßH$mo Am§XmobZ 7. Cng§hma&

******

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1. ì`pŠVJV nÌ

{nVm H$mo nÌ{X : 12-11-2017

nyÁ` {nVmOr,gmXa àUm_Ÿ&

_¢ `hm± AmnHo$ Amerdm©X go Hw$eb hÿ±Ÿ& AmnH$m nÌ {_bm, n‹T>H$a AË §VIwer hþB©Ÿ& _oar n‹T>mB© R>rH$ Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s AmkmZwgma _Z bJmH$a {XZ-amV n‹T>mB© _| ì`ñV ahVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Iob-Hy$X `m Jnen _| Á`mXm g_` Jdm± Zhtahm hÿ§°Ÿ&

h_mao ñHy$b H$s Amoa go AJbo _hrZo 10 go 13 VmarI VH$ e¡{jH$-`mÌm H$m Am`moOZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Cg_| _oao gmao {_Ì Om aho h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW _¢^r OmZm MmhVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Bg{bE _wPo é. 2000 oOZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&

_mVmOr H$mo _oam àUm_, N>moQ>r ~hZ {à`m H$mo T>oa gmam ß`maŸ&

AmnH$m AmkmH$mar ~oQ>m,hf©

godm _|,lr à^mH$a ~r. E_.,Ka Z§. 521, ^aV {Zdmg,H$Zm©Q>H$ ñHy$b Ho$ g_rn,amOoídar ZJa, ~rXa {Obm

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175

2. ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ

n«_mU nÌ Ho$ {bE nÌ{XZm§H$ : 07-05-2017

àofH$,

g{MZ,Zm¡dt H$jm, "~r' {d^mJ,gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbyé-560 010.

godm _|,

àmMm`m©,gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbyé-560 010.

{df` : à_mU nÌ hoVw

_hmoX`m,

Amngo {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ _oao {nVmOr H$m V~mXbm _¡gyé _| hmo J`mh¡Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW _wPo ^r OmZm hmoJmŸ&

AV… AZwamoY H$aVm hÿ§° {H$ _wPo Zm¡dt H$jm CÎmrU© hmoZo H$m à_mU nÌ,ñHy$b N>mo‹S>Zo H$m à_mU nÌ VWm M[aÌ à_mU nÌ XoZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&

gYÝ`dmX,

AmnH$m AmkmH$mar N>mÌ,g{MZ

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176

nÌ-boIZ Ho$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

nX g§~moYZ A{^dmXZ g_mnZ

~‹S>o VWm Jwé- lX²Yoo , _mZZr`, MaU ñne©, MaU AmnH$m AmkmH$mar,OZ Ho$ {bE _mÝ`da, AmXaUr`, d§XZ, X§S>dV² àUm_, ñZoh-^mOZ,

nyÁ`, nyOZr`, H¥$nmH$m§jr, MaU godH$,{dZrVnyÁ`nmX, nyÁ` MaU gmXa Z_ñH$ma

~am~admbm| {à`da, {à` ^mB©, gào_ Z_ñVo/ Vwåhmam {_Ì/Ho$ {bE {à` {_Ì, ~§Ywda Z_ñH$ma ñZohr, Vwåhmam hr,

Vwåhmam gX¡d

N>moQ>m| Ho$ {à`, {Ma§Ord {Ma§Ord ahmo, Vwåhmam {hV¡fr,{bE Amerdm©X, àgÞ ew {M§VH$,

ahmo, ew merf ew oÀNw>

n[a{MVm| Ho$ {à` ~§Yw/~§Ywda, Z_ñVo, Z_ñH$ma ^dXr`, ^dXr`m,{bE lr/{à` AmnH$m, AmnH$s

An[a{MVm| _hmoX`, lr_mZ², Z_ñVo, O` {h§X ^dXr`, AmnH$m

Ho$ {bE _mÝ`da ^dXr`m, AmnH$s

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ì`mH$aU1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m

{H«$`m H$m dh ê$n {Oggo H$Vm© ñd § H$m © Z H$a, {H$gr Xygao H$moH$m © H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVm h¡, Cgo àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :1. _mohZ ImVm h¡Ÿ& ({H«$`m)2 . _mohZ {IbmVm h¡Ÿ& (àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m)

àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ê$n {_bVo h¢Ÿ:1. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n2. {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n

CXmhaU :1. AmX_r CVamŸ& ({H«$`m)

2. H§$S>ŠQ>a Zo AmX_r H$mo CVmamŸ& (àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n)

3. bmoJm| Zo H§$S>ŠQ>a go AmX_r H$mo CVadm`mŸ& ({ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n)

àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU:

{H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$nh§°gZm h§°gmZm h§°gdmZmC‹S>Zm C‹S>mZm C‹S>dmZmn‹T>Zm n‹T>mZm n‹T>dmZmCR>Zm CR>mZm CR>dmZmH$aZm H$amZm H$admZm

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àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ~ZmZo Ho$ Hw$N> {Z`_ :

1. _yb {H«$`m Ho$ A§V _| "AmZm' bJmH$a àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n VWm "dmZm'bJmH$a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n ~Zm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :

YmVw {H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n

CR> CR>Zm CR>mZm CR>dmZm

Mb MbZm MbmZm MbdmZm

{bI {bIZm {bImZm {bIdmZm

Xm¡‹S> Xm¡‹S>Zm Xm¡‹S>mZm Xm¡‹S>dmZm

Amo‹T> Amo‹T>>Zm Amo‹T>>mZm Amo‹T>dmZm

2. YmVw Ho$ Ama§ _| XrK© ñda hmo Vmo Cgo õñd _| ~XbH$a àoaUmW©H$ ê$n~Zm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :

YmVw {H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n

OmJ OmJZm OJmZm OJdmZm

OrV OrVZm {OVmZm {OVdmZm

Iob IobZm {IbmZm {IbdmZm

~¡R> ~¡R>Zm {~R>mZm {~R>dmZm

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2. g§{Y

* g§{Y eãX H$m AW© h¡ - _obŸ&* Xmo dUm] `m Ajam| Ho$ _ob go hmoZodmbo {dH$ma H$mo g§{Y H$hVo h¡§Ÿ&* O~ Xmo dU© Amng _| Ow‹S>>Vo h¢ Vmo EH$ Z`m ê$n J«hU H$aVo h¢,

dU©-_ob H$s Bg à{H«$`m H$mo g§{Y H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

CXmhaU :Y_© + A{YH$mar = Y_m©{YH$mar (A + A = Am){ed + Amb` = {edmb` (A + Am = Am)

* g§{Y Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ oX h¢ :1) ñda g§{Y2) ì §OZ g§{Y3) {dgJ© g§{Y

1) ñda g§{Y : O~ Xmo ñda Amng _| {_bH$a EH$ Z`m ê$n YmaU H$aVoh¢, V~ Cgo ñda g§{Y H$hVo h¢Ÿ&ñda g§{Y Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV nm§°M oX h¢Ÿ:

* XrK© g§{Y* JwU g§{Y* d¥{Õ g§{Y* `U² g§{Y* A`m{X g§{Y

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* XrK© g§{Y : Xmo gdU§© ñda {_bH$a XrK© hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& `{X A, Am,

B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX do hr õñd `m XrK© ñda Am |, Vmo XmoZm|

{_bH$a H«$_e… Am, B©, D$ Am¡a F$ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :

H$) A + A = Am g_mZ + A{YH$ma = g_mZm{YH$ma

A + Am = Am Y_© + AmË_m = Y_m©Ë_m

Am + A = Am {dX² m + AWu = {dX² mWu

Am + Am = Am {dX² m + Amb` = {dX² mb`

I) B + B = B© H${d + B§Ð = H$dtÐ

B + B© = B© {J[a + B©e = {Jare

B© + B = B© _hr + B§Ð = _hr§Ð

B© + B© = B© aOZr + B©e = aOZre

(J) C + C = D$ bKww + CÎma = bKyÎma

C + D$ = D$ qgYw + D$Om© = qgYyOm©

D$ + C = D$ dYy + CËgd = dYyËgd

D$ + D$ = D$ ^y + D$Om© = ^yOm©

(K) F$ + F$ = F$ {nV¥ + F$U = {nV¥U

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* JwU g§{Y : `{X A `m Am Ho$ ~mX B `m B©, C `m D$ Am¡a F$Am o Vmo XmoZm| {_bH$a H«$_e… E, Amo Am¡a Aa hmo OmVo h¢&

CXmhaU :(H$) A + B = E JO + B§Ð = JO|Ð

A + B© = E na_ + B©ída = na_oídaAm + B = E _hm + B§Ð = _h|ÐAm + B© = E a_m + B©e = a_oe

(I) A + C = Amo dm{f©H$ + CËgd = dm{f©H$moËgdA + D$ = Amo Ob + D${_© = Obmo{_©Am + C = Amo _hm + CËgd = _hmoËgdAm + D$ = Amo _hm + D${_© = _hmo{_©

(J) A + F$ = Aa gá + F${f = gá{f©Am + F$ = Aa _hm + F${f = _h{f©

* d¥{Õ g§{Y : `{X A `m Am Ho$ ~mX E `m Eo Am o Vmo XmoZm| Ho$ ñWmZ_| Eo VWm A `m Am Ho$ ~mX Amo `m Am¡ Am o Vmo XmoZm| Ho$ ñWmZ _| Am¡hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

CXmhaU :H$) A + E = Eo EH$ + EH$ = EH¡$H$

A + Eo = Eo _V + EoŠ` = _V¡Š`Am + E = Eo gXm + Ed = gX¡dAm + Eo = Eo _hm + Eoíd © = _h¡íd ©

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I) A + Amo = Am¡ na_ + AmoO = na_m¡OA + Am¡ = Am¡ dZ + Am¡fY = dZm¡fYAm + Amo = Am¡ _hm + AmoOñdr = _hm¡OñdrAm + Am¡ = Am¡ _hm + Am¡f{Y = _hm¡f{Y

* `U²> g§{Y : `{X B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda Am oVmo B-B© H$m ², C-D$ H$m d² Am¡a F$ H$m a hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

CXmhaU :B + A = ` A{V + A{YH$ = AË`{YH$B + Am= `m B{V + Am{X = BË`m{XB + C = w à{V + CnH$ma = àË wnH$maC + A = d _Zw + A§Va = _Ýd§VaC + Am = d gw + AmJV = ñdmJVF$ + A = a {nV¥ + AZw_{V = {nÌZw_{VF$ + Am= a {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkmF$ + C = a {nV¥ + CnXoe = {nÌwnXoe

* A`m{X g§{Y : `{X E, Eo Am¡a Amo, Am¡ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda AmEVmo E H$m A ², Eo H$m Am >, Amo H$m Ad² Am¡a Am¡ H$m Amd hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

CXmhaU : H$) E + A = A` Mo + AZ = M`ZE + A = A` Zo + AZ = Z`Z

I) Eo + A = Am` J¡ + AH$ = Jm`H$Eo + B = Am` Z¡ + BH$m = Zm{`H$m

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J) Amo + A = Ad ^mo + AZ = ^dZAm¡ + A = Amd nm¡ + AZ$ = nmdZ

K) Am¡ + B = Amd Zm¡ + BH$ = Zm{dH$

(2) ì §OZ g§p§Y : ì §OZ go ñda AWdm ì §OZ Ho$ _ob go CËnÞ {dH$maH$mo ì §OZ g§{Y H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :1) {XH²$ + JO = {X½JO 4) fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS>²Xe©Z2) gV² + dmUr = gX²>dmUr 5) dmH²$ + Omb = dm½Omb3) AM² + A§V = AO§V 6) VV² + ê$n = VÐÿn

(3) {dgJ© g§{Y : ñdam| AWdm ì §OZm| Ho$ gmW {dgJ© (:) Ho$ _ob go{dgJ© _| Omo n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡, Cgo {dgJ© g§{Y H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU :{Z: + M` = {ZíM`{Z: + H$nQ> = {ZîH$nQ>{Z: + ag = ZragXþ… + J§Y = XþJªY_Z: + aW = _ZmoaWnwa: + {hV = nwamo{hV

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184

3. g_mgg_mg _| Xmo ñdV§Ì eãXm| H$m `moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ eãXm| Ho$

à`moJ go A{YH$ go A{YH$ AW© ~VmZo H$s g§{já {d{Y H$mo g_mg H$hVoh¢Ÿ& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| Ho$ _ob go ~ZZodmbm eãX g_ñV nX H$hbmVmh¡ & g_mg Ho$ {d{^Þ nXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g_mg-{dJ«h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&g_mg N>… àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ…

1. Aì``r^md g_mg2. H$_©Yma` g_mg3. VËnwéf g_mg4. {ÛJw g_mg5. X²d§X²d g_mg6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg

1. Aì``r^md g_mg :Aì``r^md H$m empãXH$ AW© h¡ - Aì`` hmo OmZmŸ& {Og g_mg

_| nhbm nX Aì`` hmo VWm CgHo$ g_ñVnX ^r Aì``r ~Z Om o,Cgo Aì``r^md g_mg H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Aì``r^md g_mg _| nhbm nX àYmZhmoVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go :

{dJ«h gm_m{gH$ eãX nhbm nX Aì``

OÝ_ go boH$a AmOÝ_ Am

IQ>Ho$ Ho$ {~Zm ~oIQ>Ho$ ~o

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185

noQ> â ânoQ> â

O¡gm g§ d hmo `Wmg§ d `Wm

{~Zm OmZo AZOmZo AZ

2. H$_©Yma` g_mg :Bg g_mg _| ~mX H$m eãX (CÎma nX) àYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| {deofU-

{deoî` (EH$ eãX {deofU, Xygam {deoî`) `m Cn_o -Cn_mZ H$m g§~§Y hmoVmh¡Ÿ& AWm©V², XmoZm| _| go EH$ eãX H$s Cn_m Xygao go Xr OmVr h¡ `m VwbZmH$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&O¡go :

H$) nhbm nX {deofU VWm Xygam nX {deoî`CXmhaU :nhbm nX Xygam nX g_ñV nX {dJ«h

gV Y_© gX²>Y_© gV h¡ Omo Y_©nrV A§~a nrVm§~a nrV (nrbm) h¡ Omo A§~aZrb H§$R> ZrbH§$R> Zrb h¡ Omo H§$R>

I) nhbm nX Cn_mZ VWm Xygam nX Cn_o CXmhaU :H$ZH$ bVm H$ZH$bVm H$ZH$ Ho$ g_mZ bVmM§Ð _wI M§Ð_wI M§Ð Ho$ g_mZ _wI

J)nhbm nX Cn_o VWm Xygam nX Cn_mZ CXmhaU :

_wI M§Ð _wIM§Ð M§Ð_m ê$nr _wIH$a H$_b H$aH$_b H$_b ê$nr H$a

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3. VËnwéf g_mg :

{Og g_mg _| CÎma nX (Xygam nX) àYmZ hmo, dh VËnwéfg_mg Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg g_mg _| XmoZm| eãXm| Ho$ ~rM AmZodmbonagJm] (H$mo, Ho$ X²>dmam, Ho$ {bE, go, H$m, H$s, Ho$, _|, na) H$m bmon hmoOmVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go :

OÝ_ H$s eVr-OÝ_eVr, `hm§° nagJ© "H$s' H$m bmon hmo J`m h¡ Am¡ag_ñVnX ~Zm h¡-OÝ_eVrŸ&

H$maH$m| H$s {d^{º$`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ AZwgma VËnwéf g_mg Ho$ N>… oX{H$ o J o h¢ :

H$) H$_© VËnwéf-H$_© H$maH$ H$s {d^{ŠV "H$mo' H$m bmon

O¡go :

ñdJ© H$mo àmá - ñdJ©àmá

J«§W H$mo {bIZodmbm - J§«WH$ma

JJZ H$mo My_Zodmbm - JJZMw§~r

{M{‹S>`m H$mo _maZodmbm- {M{‹S>`m_ma

nabmoH$ H$mo J_Z - nabmoH$J_Z

I) H$aU VËnwéf - H$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "go', "Ho$ Ûmam' H$m bmonŸ

O¡go:

AH$mb go nr{‹S>>V - AH$mbnr{‹S>>V

gya Ho$ X²>dmam H¥$V - gyaH¥$V

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e{º$ go g§nÞ - e{º$g§nÞ

aoIm Ho$ X²>dmam A§{H$V- aoIm§{H$V

Alw go nyU© - AlwnyU©

J) g§àXmZ VËnwéf - g§àXmZ H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "Ho$ {bE' H$m bmon

O¡go :

gV Ho$ {bE AmJ«h - gË`mJ«h

amh Ho$ {bE IM© - amhIM©

g^m Ho$ {bE ^dZ - g^m^dZ

Xoe Ho$ {bE ^{º$ - Xoe^{º$

Xoe Ho$ {bE ào_ - Xoen«o_

Jwé Ho$ {bE X{jUm - JwéX{jUm

K) AnmXmZ VËnwéf - AnmXmZ H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "go' H$m bmonŸ

O¡go :

YZ go hrZ - YZhrZ

OÝ_ go A§Ym - OÝ_m§Y

nW go «ï> - nW «ï>

Xoe go {ZH$mbm - Xoe{ZH$mbm

~§YZ go _wŠV - ~§YZ_wŠV

Y_© go {d_wI - Y_©{d_wI

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M) g§~§Y VËnwéf - g§~§Y H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "H$m, H$s, Ho$' H$m bmonŸ

O¡go :ào_ H$m gmJa - ào_gmJay H$m XmZ - yXmZ

Xoe H$m dmgr - XoedmgramOm H$s g^m - amOg^mOb H$s Ymam - ObYmamamOm Ho$ nwÌ - amOnwÌ

N>) A{YH$aU VËnwéf - A{YH$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "_|', "na' H$m bmonŸ

O¡go :

Amn na ~rVr - Amn~rVr

H$m © _| Hw$eb - H$m ©Hw$eb

XmZ _| dra - XmZdra

eaU _| AmJV - eaUmJV

Za _| loð> - Zaloð>

4. {X²>dJw g_mg :Bg g_mg _| nhbm nX g§»`mdmMr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h g_ñV eãX g_yhdmMr

^r hmoVm h¡&O¡go :

gmV gm¡ (Xmohm|) H$m g_yh gVgB©VrZ YmamE§° {ÌYmam

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nm§°M dQ>m| H$m g_yh n§MdQ>r

VrZ do{U`m°§ {ÌdoUr

gm¡ df© eVmãXr

Mma amh| Mm¡amhm

~mah _mgm| H$m g_yh ~mah_mgm

5. X²>d§X²d g_mg :

{Og g_mg _| XmoZmo§ nX àYmZ hmoVo h¢, H$moB© Jm¡U nX Zht hmoVm, CgoX²d§X²>d g_mg H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg_| Xmo eãXm| H$mo {_bmZodmbo g_wÀM`~moYH$m|(Am¡a, VWm, `m, AWdm, Ed§) H$m bmon hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go :

{dJ«h g_ñVnX

grVm Am¡a am_ grVm-am_

nmn AWdm nwÊ` nmn-nwÊ`

gw~h Am¡a em_ gw~h-em_

gwI `m XwI gwI-XwI

Xmb Am¡a amoQ>r Xmb-amoQ>r

BYa Am¡a CYa BYa-CYa

Xmo Am¡a Mma Xmo-Mma

^bm `m ~wam ^bm-~wam

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6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg :

{Og g_mg _| g_ñVnX _| H$moB© ^r nX àYmZ Z hmoH$a AÝ` H$moB©nX àYmZ hmo, Cgo ~hþd«r{h g_mg Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~hþd«r{h g_mg_| {dJ«h H$aZo na A§V _| {OgH$m, {OgHo$, {OgH$s `m dmbm, dmbo, dmbrAmVo h¢&

O¡go :

KZ Ho$ g_mZ í`m_ h¡ Omo (H¥$îU) - KZí`m_

ídoV A§~a (dñÌm|) dmbr (gañdVr) - ídoVm§~ar

b§~m h¡ CXa {OgH$m (JUoe) - b§~moXa

MH«$ h¡ nm{U (hmW) _| {OgHo$ ({dîUw) - MH«$nm{U

VrZ h¢ ZoÌ {OgHo$ ({ed) - {ÌZoÌ

Xg h¢ AmZZ (_w§°h) {OgHo$ (amdU) - XemZZ

Zrb h¡ H§$R> {OgH$m ({ed) - ZrbH§$R>

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4. EH$b eãX - AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãXEH$ dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e Ho$ ñWmZ na EH$ Cn wŠV eãX aIm Om gH$Vm

h¡& o g§{jßV eãX g§nyU© dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>o ahVo h¢&CXmhaU:

Omo Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm hmo - namonH$mardmŠ` _| à`moJ :

1. àgmX h_oem Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&AWm©V²,

2. àgmX namonH$mar h¡Ÿ&Cn w©º$ Xygao dmŠ` _| EH$b eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

Hw$N AÝ` CXmhaU :1. Omo ha g_` h§°gVm ahVm hmo - h±g_wI2. Omo g~go àgÞVmnyd©H$ {_bVm-OwbVm hmo -{_bZgma3. Omo B©ída _| {dídmg H$aVm hmo - AmpñVH$4. Omo g~ Hw$N> OmZVm hmo- gd©k5. Omo JrV JmVm hmo - Jm`H$6. {OgH$s H$ënZm H$s Om gHo$ - H$mën{ZH$

Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :An[a{MV, {_V^mfr, H${d, H$d{`Ìr, Aeº$, nyOZr`, _m§gmhmar,

emH$mhmar, {ZX© r, H¥$nmbw, {ZamH$ma, gd©ì`mnr, {ZaW©H$, gXmMmar, ghnmR>r

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5. _whmdam

{Og dmŠ`m§e go àH$Q> AW© go {^Þ AW© nm`m OmVm h¡, Cgo _whmdamH$hVo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU :

A§JyR>m {XImZm - XoZo go ñnï> BÝH$ma H$aZmŸ&

Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :

A§Jmao CJbZm - H«$moY _| H$R>moa dMZ ~mobZmŸ&

AnZm Cëbÿ grYm H$aZm - H$m_ {ZH$mbZmŸ/ñdmW© nyam H$aZm&

AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - AË §V H«$mo{YV hmoZmŸ&

Amg_mZ {ga na CR>mZm - emoa H$aZm&

H$_a H$gZm - V¡ ma hmoZmŸ&

IyZ ngrZm EH$ H$aZm - ~hþV _ohZV H$aZmŸ&

N>ŠHo$ Nw>‹S>mZm - ~war Vah hamZmŸ&

Xmb Z JbZm - g\$b Z hmoZmŸ&

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6. H$hmdV

g§jon _| H$hr J`r AZw dOÝ` M_ËH$manyU© ~mV H$mo H$hmdV `mbmoH$mo{ŠV H$hVo h¢& Eogr C{ŠV`m± gwZZodmbo na Jham à^md S>mb gH$Vr h¢&

CXmhaU :

Omo JaOVo h¢ do ~agVo Zht - A{YH$ emoa _MmZo dmbo H$m_ H$_ H$aVoh¢Ÿ&

Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :

AYOb JJar N>bH$V Om` - H$_ JwUm|dmbm ì`{º$ A{YH$ {XImdmH$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Am_ Ho$ Am_ JwR>{b`m| Ho$ Xm_ - XwJwZm bm^Ÿ&

ImoXm nhm‹S> {ZH$br Mw{h`m - ~hþV à`ËZ H$aZo na ^r H$_ bm^ nmZm&

{MamJ Vbo A§°Yoam - AnZr ~wamB`m± Z {XImB© XoZmŸ&

Mmoa H$s Xm‹T>r _| {VZH$m - AnamYr ñd § ^`^rV ahVm h¡Ÿ&

Sy>~Vo H$mo {VZHo$ H$m ghmam - _wgr~V Ho$ g_` Wmo‹S>r ^r ghm`Vm~hþV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a - gm_Zo Hw$N> Am¡a,nrN>o Hw$N> Am¡a&

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194

7. {dam_ {Mh²ZqhXr _| à wº$ {dam_ {Mh²Z {ZåZ{b{IV h¢& Omo {Mh²Z ~mobVo `m n‹T>Vo

g_` éH$Zo H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢, CÝh| {dam_ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢& [dam_ H$m AW©h¡ - éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&

1. Aën {dam_ ........................ (,)2. AY© {dam_ ........................ (;)3. nyU© {dam_ ........................ (&)4. àíZ {Mh²Z ........................ (?)5. ^mdgyMH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z ........ (!)6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z........................ (-)7. CÕaU {Mh²Z....................... (‘‘ ’’ ) (‘’)8. H$moð>H$ {Mh²Z....................... ( )9. {ddaU {Mh²Z ........................ (:-) (:)

1. Aën {dam_ (,)

BgH$m AW© h¡ - Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE éH$Zm `m R>haZm&

O¡go- (1) gVre, {ddoH Am¡a {d{hV IobZo Ho$ ~mX Ka Mbo J oŸ&

2. AY© {dam_ (;)

Ohm± Aën {dam_ go A{YH$ Am¡a nyU© {dam_ go H$_ éH$Zm hmo, dhm±AY© {dam_ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ &

O¡go - (1) Iy~ _Z bJmH$a n‹T> ; narjm {ZH$Q> Am JB© h¡Ÿ&

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3. nyU© {dam_ (&)

BgH$m AW© h¡ - nyar Vah éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&

O¡go -

(1) _mohZ EH$ AÀN>m b‹S>H$m h¡Ÿ&

(2) `h Jm` h¡&

4. àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z (?)

{Og {Mh²Z go àíZ nyN>Zo H$m Am^mg hmoVm h¡, Cgo àíZdmMH$ {Mh²ZH$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

(2) Š`m Amn _¡gyé Om aho h¢ ?

5. ^mdgyMH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z (!)

{Og {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ hf©, {dñ_`, AmíM ©, H$éUm, ^` Am{X ^mdàH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡, Cgo {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go - dmh !, {H$VZm AÀN>m !, hm` !, hm` hm` !,em~me !

6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z (-)

{Og {Mh²Z go Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$mo Omo‹S>m OmVm h¡, Cgo `moOH${Mh²Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go - \$b-\y$b, {XZ-amVŸ&

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7. CX²YaU {Mh²Z ("" '') (" ')

{Og {Mh²Z Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr Ho$ H$WZ H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ~Vm`m OmVmh¡, Cgo CX²YaU {M• H$hVo h¢&

O¡go -

(1) am_ Zo í`m_ go H$hm, ""_¢ Vwåhmar _XX H$ê±$JmŸ&''

8. H$moîR>>H$ {Mh²Z ( )

{H$gr eãX `m dmŠ`m§e H$m AW© ñnï> H$aZo `m CgH$s ì`m»`m H$aZoHo$ {bE Cgo H$moîR>H$ Ho$ ^rVa aIm OmVm h¡Ÿ &

O¡go -

(1) am_ Ho$ AZÝ` ^º$ (hZw_mZ) Zo MwZm¡Vr ñdrH$ma H$sŸ&

9. {ddaU {Mh²Z (:-) (:)

{H$gr ~mV H$m CÎma, {ddaU `m CXmhaU AJbr n§{º$ _| XoZm hmo,Vmo {ddaU {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) g§km Ho$ oX : ì`{º$dmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, ^mddmMH$ Am{X &

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8. H$mb

{H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ hmoZo Ho$ g_` H$m nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ, Cgo H$mbH$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go -(1) _m± Zo AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo CnXoe {X`m WmŸ&(2) aOV ñHy$b OmVm h¡&(3) _mohZ JmZm JmEJmŸ&

H$mb Ho$ oXH$mb Ho$ VrZ oX h¢ -

1) yVH$mb2) dV©_mZH$mb3) ^{dî`V²H$mb

1. yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h OmZm OmE {H$ H$m_ ~rVog_` _| hmo MwH$m Wm `m hmo ahm Wm, Cgo yVH$mb H$hVo h¢&

yVH$mb Ho$ N>… oX _mZo J o h¢Ÿ:

(A) gm_mÝ` yVH$mb(Am)AmgÝZ yVH$mb(B) nyU© yVH$mb(B©) AnyU© yVH$mb(C) g§{X½Y yVH$mb(D$) hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb

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(A) gm_mÝ` yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m © H$m yVH$mb _| gm_mÝ`ê$n _| hmoZo H$m g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡, AWm©V² {H$gr {deof g_` H$m {ZíM`Zht hmoVm, >Cgo gm_mÝ` yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) gmoZy Am¡a _moZy Zo {_R>mB© Im`rŸ&

(2) am_y Zo {H$Vm~ n‹T>rŸ&

(Am) AmgÞ yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m_ Ho$ A^r-A^r `m{ZH$Q> _| g_má hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo AmgÞ yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&AmgÞ H$m AW© h¡ {ZH$Q>Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) _mVmOr A^r ~mµOma JB© h¢Ÿ&

(2) hbdmB© Zo Obo~r ~Zm`r h¡Ÿ&

(B) nyU© ^yVH$mb - yVH$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MV hmoVm h¡ {H$H$moB© H$m_ yVH$mb _| ~hþV nhbo g_má hmo MwH$m Wm, dh nyU© yVH$mbH$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&O¡go -

(1) {H$aU ImZm Im MwH$m WmŸ&(2) S´>mBda Jm‹S>r boH$a Om MwH$m WmŸ&

(B©) AnyU© yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h {d{XV hmo {H$ H$m ©yVH$mb _| àma§ hmo MwH$m Wm, qH$Vw A^r nyU© Zht hþAm, Cgo AnyU©

^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

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O¡go -

(1) amhþb Iob ahm WmŸ&

(2) amo{hV JrV Jm ahm WmŸ&

(C) g§{X½Y yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m © H$m yVH$mb _| H$aZoAWdm nyam hmoZo na g§Xoh àVrV hmo, dh g§{X½Y yVH$mb H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) gwerbm ImZm ~Zm MwH$s hmoJrŸ&

(2) àem§V Iob MwH$m hmoJmŸ&

(D$) hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb - Ohm± {H«$`m go `h OmZm Om gHo$ {H$ H$m ©yVH$mb _| hmo gH$Vm Wm, na§Vw {H$gr AÝ` H$m © Ho$ Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$

H$maU Zht hmo gH$m, dhm§° hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go -

(1) H${nb n‹T>Vm Vmo nmg hmo OmVmŸ&

(2) ~fm© hmoVr Vmo AÀN>r \$gb hmo OmVrŸ&

2. dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m dV©_mZ (Mb aho)g_` _| hmoZo H$m nVm MbVm h¡, Cgo dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢&

O¡go -

(1) {nVmOr AI~ma n‹T> aho h¢Ÿ&

(2) {M{‹S>`m§° C‹S> ahr h¢Ÿ&

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dV©_mZH$mb Ho$ VrZ oX _mZo JE h¡§-H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mbI) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mbJ) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb Ÿ

H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb - {Og {H«$`m go dV©_mZH$mb _| H$m © H$m hmoZm`m H$aZm gm_mÝ` ê$n _| nm`m OmVm h¡, naÝVw {H«$`m H$m H$moB© R>rH$g_` {ZpíMV Z hmo, Cgo gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&O¡go -

(1) dh Ka OmVm h¡Ÿ&(2) Jm | Kmg MaVr h¢Ÿ&

I) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m ©dV©_mZH$mb _| ewê$ hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a A^r Omar h¡, Cgo AnyU©dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&O¡go -

(1) H${nb {Ibm¡Zo go Iob ahm h¡Ÿ&(2) AmMm © Z¥Ë` {gIm aho h¢Ÿ&

J) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n Ûmam H$m_ Ho$ dV©_mZH$mb_| hmoZo `m H$aZo _| g§Xoh H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mbH$hVo h¢&O¡go -

(1) AÜ`mnH$ _hmoX` AmVo hm|JoŸ&(2) Vwåhmao {nVmOr Ka nhþ§°MVo hm|JoŸ&

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3. ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m © A^rhmoZm ~mH$s h¡, AWm©V²> AmJo AmZodmbo g_` _| hmoJm, Cgo ^{dî`V²H$mbH$hVo h¢Ÿ&O¡go -

‹ (1) _¢ ^r H$b go {dX² mb` OmD§°$JmŸ&(2) 25 {Xg§~a H$mo {dX² mb` ~§X ahoJmŸ&

^{dî`V²H$mb Ho$ Ho$db Xmo oX _mZo J o h¢ -M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mbN>) g§ mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb

M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb - ^{dî`V²H$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MVhmo {H$ gm_mÝ` ar{V go {H«$`m ^{dî` _| hmoJr, na§Vw {H«$`m Ho$ ^{dî`_| hmoZo H$m {ZpíMV g_` gy{MV Z hmo,> Cgo gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mbH$hVo h¢&O¡go -

(1) gwaoe Am_ ImEJm &(2) _mbr nm¡Ym| H$mo nmZr XoJmŸ&

N>) g§ mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go ^{dî`V²H$mb _|H$m © Ho$ hmoZo _| g§Xoh AWdm g§ mdZm nmB© OmE, dh g§ mì` ^{dî`V²H$mbH$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&O¡go -

(1) em`X ~m[ae hmo OmEŸ&(2) em`X A{_V H$b Am OmEŸ&

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9. qbJg§km Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ nwéf `m ñÌr Om{V Ho$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm

h¡, Cgo qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

{h§Xr _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ qbJ h¢-

1. nwqëbJ2. ñÌrqbJ

1. nwqëbJ - nwéf Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &O¡go- AmX_r, ~oQ>m, Hw$Îmm Am{XŸ&

2. ñÌrqbJ - ñÌr Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢ &O¡go - b‹S>H$s, Am¡aV, _m§° Am{XŸ&

nwqëbJ AàmUrdmMH$ eãXm| Ho$ qbJ H$s nhMmZ Ho$ Hw$N gyÌ Bg àH$ma h¢-1. àm`… ~‹S>r, ^mar Am¡a _moQ>r dñVwAm| Ho$ eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &

O¡go- W¡bm, {S>ã~m, Wmb Am{XŸ&2. nd©V, Xoe, g_wÐ, no‹S>, AZmO, dma, _mg, J«h-ZjÌ, g_`, YmVw,

Ðd, aËZ Ho$ Zm_ nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&3. AH$, AZ, Ama, Eam, Ëd, Zm, Amnm, Amd, nZ Am{X àË`` go

~ZZodmbo eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&O¡go - V¡amH$, ndZ, gwZma, bwQ>oam, _Zwî`Ëd, amoZm, _moQ>mnm, ~Mmd,b‹S>H$nZ Am{X&

4. àm`: àmUrdmMH$ eãXm| _| ñÌr Om{V H$mo ~VmZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJhmoVo h¢Ÿ&O¡go - ~hZ, nËZr, ~oQ>r Am{XŸ&

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5. ZXr, Prb, ^mfm, ~mobr, {b{n, Hw$N> ZjÌ, {V{W, VmarI; eara Ho$`o A§J - Am§°I, ZmH$, H$_a, N>mVr, Or^, nbH$, H$mohZr, H$bmB©;ImZo H$s MrµO| - amoQ>r, H$Mm¡‹S>r, nyar, Xmb, gãOr; g§ñH¥$V Ho$AmH$mam§V, CH$mam§V Am¡a BH$mam§V eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢&

6. AmdQ>, AmhQ>, AmB©, Amg, B_m, Zr Am{X àË`` go ~ZZodmbo eãXñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go - ~ZmdQ>, _wñH$amhQ>, n‹T>mB©, H$nmg, _Yw[a_m, H$aZr Am{X &

BZ gyÌm| H$s ghm`Vm go ñÌrqbJ Am¡a nwqëbJ eãXm| H$mo nhMmZm OmgH$Vm h¡ VWm {d{^Þ àË``m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a qbJ ê$n ~Zm gH$Vo h¢&nwqëbJ go ñÌrqbJ ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z`_ :1. A H$mo Am H$aHo$

nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJN>mÌ N>mÌmAmMm © AmMm`m©

2. A, Am H$mo B© H$aHo$nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJZa ZmarZmZm ZmZr

3. Am H$mo B`m H$aHo$nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJHw$Îmm Hw${V`m~oQ>m ~oQ>r

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4. eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| A, B© Ho$ ñWmZ na BZ Omo‹S>>H$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJgwZma gwZm[aZZmB© ZmBZ

5. eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| A, Am, B©, C, E Ho$ ñWmZ na AmBZ Omo‹S>H$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJR>mHw$a R>Hw$amBZhbdmB© hbdmBZ

6. AH$ H$mo BH$m ~ZmH$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ~mbH$ ~m{bH$mgodH$ go{dH$m

7. eãX Ho$ A§V _| AmZr Omo‹S>H$a

nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ

goR> goR>mZr

Zm¡H$a Zm¡H$amZr

8. AH$mam§V eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| Zr Omo‹S>H$a

nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ

eoa eoaZr

_moa _moaZr

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9. AmZ H$m AVr Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbH$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ_hmZ _hVrlr_mZ lr_Vr^m½`dmZ ^m½`dVr

10. B© Ho$ ñWmZ na BZr bJmH$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJñdm_r ñd{_ZrEH$mH$s EH$m{H$Zr

11. Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na Ìr bJmH$anwqëbJ ñÌrqbJXmVm XmÌr{dYmVm {dYmÌr

12. Hw$N> {deof eãX {OZH$m ñÌrqbJ _| {^Þ ê$n hmo OmVm h¡-nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ^mB© ~hZZa _mXm

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206

10. H$maH$g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m g§~§Y dmŠ` _| AÝ`

eãXm| Ho$ gmW OmZm OmVm h¡, Cgo H$maH$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&CXmhaU :

* _mohZ Zo gVre H$mo EH$ {H$Vm~ XrŸ&* ahr_ Zo _y{V© Ho$ {bE EH$ {MÌ ItMmŸ&

H$maH$ Ho$ {ZåZm§{H$V AmR> oX h¢Ÿ:1. H$Vm© H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m (H$m_) H$aZodmbo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m

H$maH$ {Mh²Z h¡ "Zo' &CXmhaU :

* a_oe Zo gwaoe H$s ghm`Vm H$s&* ~m‹‹OrJa Zo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma {XIm o&

2. H$_© H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ \$b ^moJZodmbo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m{Mh²Z h¡ "H$mo' &

CXmhaU :* _m{bH$ Zo Zm¡H$am| H$mo doVZ {X`mŸ&* bmoJm| Zo Mmoa H$mo nH$‹S>mŸ&

3. H$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo _| ghm`Vm XoZodmbo gmYZ H$m ~moYhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ - "go' &

CXmhaU :* {H$gmZ hb go IoV OmoV ahm h¡Ÿ&* a_oe H$b_ go nÌ {bIVm h¡Ÿ&

4. g§àXmZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m H$aZo Ho$ CX²>Xoí` `m à`moOZ H$m ~moYhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - Ho$ {bE, Ho$ X²dmam, Ho$ dmñVo

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CXmhaU :* _mVm Zo ~oQ>r Ho$ {bE EH$ A§JyR>r IarXrŸ&* Zohm emo m Ho$ {bE nwñVH$ bm`rŸ&

5. AnmXmZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H$gr {H«$`m Ho$ EH$ ñWmZ go hQ>Zo `m XÿahmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ - "go' &

CXmhaU :* J§Jm {h_mb` go {ZH$bVr h¡Ÿ&* no‹S>> go \$b {JamŸ&

6. g§~§Y H$maH$ - Bggo g§kmAm| Ho$ ~rM {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ g§~§Y H$m~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "H$m', "Ho$', "H$s' &

CXmhaU :* gamoda H$m nmZr ñdÀN> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&* gmohZ Ho$ XmXm {Zaja WoŸ&* e{e H$s _mVm Iwe WrŸ&

7. A{YH$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo Ho$ ñWmZ `m g_` H$m ~moYhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "_|' Am¡a "na' &

CXmhaU :* a_oe Ho$ {nVm _w§~B© _| ahVo h¡§§Ÿ&* no‹S>> na AZoH$ n§N>r ~¡R>Vo h¢Ÿ&

8. g§~moYZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H$gr g§km H$mo nwH$maZo H$m ^md àH$Q> hmoVmh¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "Aao', "ho', "Amo', "hmo',"dmh' &CXmhaU :

* Aao ! `h Š`m hmo J`m ?* dmh ! {H$VZm AÀN>m h¡ !

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11. "{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ* "{H$' H$maU ~moYH$ Aì`` h¡& H$m © H$maU dmMH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _|

Cn dmŠ`m| Ho$ Ama§ _| à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

O¡go -

1. am_ Zo H$hm {H$ CgHo$ {nVmOr H$m Zm_ XeaW h¡Ÿ&

2. nw{bg Zo Mmoa H$mo BVZm nrQ>m {H$ dh ~ohmoe hmo J`mŸ&

3. ~g éH$s ^r Zht Wr {H$ bmoJ CgH$s Amoa Xm¡‹S> n‹S>oŸ&

4. {nVmOr _wPo n¡go XoZodmbo hr Wo {H$ MmMmOr Zo H$hm ""Cgo n¡gm_V Xmo&''

5. _¢ ~mha OmZodmbm hr Wm {H$ ~m[ae hmoZo bJr&

* "{H$' Aì`` Ho$ à`moJ go dmŠ`mW© _| {dH$ën H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ &

O¡go -

1. Vw_ Mm` {nAmoJo {H$ H$m\$s?

2. am_ Am`m {H$ H¥$îU?

"H$s' H$m à`moJ :

H$) ñÌrqbJ EH$dMZ VWm ~hþdMZ gyMH$ g§km eãXm| Ho$ g§~§Y ~VmZo Ho${bE "H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go -

^maV H$s amOYmZr

eha H$s b‹S>>{H$`m§°

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~oQ>o H$s b‹S>H$s_mohZ H$s {H$Vm~|{nVmOr H$s {H$Vm~Ka H$s amo{Q>`m§°Amn H$s ~mV|Ÿ

I) {H«$`m Ho$ ê$n _| ^r "H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go -am_ Zo narjm nmg H$s Ÿ&_¢ Zo {Xëbr H$s `mÌm H$sŸ&CgZo H$moB© JbVr Zht H$sŸ&

J) g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _| {ZåZ{b{IV CXmhaUm| _| "H$s' H$m à`moJXoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go -am_ H$s AmoaCgH$s Va\$no‹S> H$s ^m§°{V

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12. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX

Hw$N> eãX Eogo hmoVo h¢Ÿ, Omo EH$ Xygao Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV AW© àH$Q> H$aVoh¢Ÿ& BÝh| {dnarVmW©H$ ({dbmo_) eãX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s aMZm àË`` (hrZAm{X) VWm CngJ© (Hw$, gw, Xw, {Z, A, AZ² Am{X) H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVrh¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r ñdV§Ì eãX ^r {dbmo_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

Hw$N> àM{bV {dnarVmW©H$ eãXm| H$s gyMr :1. A§YH$ma × àH$me 2. Am` × ì``3. AmJo × nrN>o 4. A_¥V × {df/_¥V

J) CngJ© Omo‹S>H$a VWm CngJ© _| n[adV©Z Ho$ X²dmmam {Z{_©V{dnarVmW©H$ eãX :

1. AmYma × {ZamYma 2. naV§Ì × ñdV§Ì3. O` × namO` 4. g\$b × {d\$b/Ag\$b

K) A VWm AZ Ho$ à`moJ Ûmam {Z{_©V {dnarVmW©H$ eãX :1. AmXa × AZmXa 2. Mb × AMb3. {b{IV × A{b{IV 4. Amdí`H$× AZmdí`H$

({deof : {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo {bIVo g_` `h Ü`mZ _| aIZm Mm{hE {H$VËg_ eãX H$m {dbmo_ VËg_ hmo, VX²>^d H$m VX²>^d, {dXoer H$m {dXoerAm¡a XoeO H$m XoeO {dnarVmW©H$ eãX hr hmoŸ&)

* ì`mH$aU g§~§Yr A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE " y Q²> y~' XoI|&

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third language hindi 10 to be xgdt h$jm - karnatakaktbs.kar.nic.in/new/website...

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