Thrust II - PV System MonitoringDeliverables Promised vs. Accomplishments

Proposed Accomplished Target DateUse TEP solar test yard a lab. 12 students installed 150 sensors on 22

PV systems & archive & stream data online for research use.

May 2012: 70% done. now upgrading

Address TEP large-system research questions

Fluctuation analysis; Forecasting; Smart Grid Studies; Regional studies.

May 2012:50% done

TUV Outdoor monitoring New monitoring service now available May 2012:100% done

Report Energy Yields,Degradation Rates,Forecasting Technologies

2 publications in 2010 5 publications in 201110 Publications in 2012

May 2012: 80% done

Evaluate new PV technologies Working with 8 corporate affiliates.Helping with 4 other test yards.

May 2012: 50% done

Updated 4/9/2012By Alex Cronin

System Monitoring consists of:• Utility grade power meter reports Watt-hour increments of ac-energy yield• New AC-power monitoring circuit boards installed.• New DC power monitoring by improved shunt resistors• Module temperatures are monitored• Measurements every 1-second are logged by • New LabJack hardware & LabView code.• New Irradiance sensors GHI, POA, DNI

Twenty four copies of hardware designed, assembled, programmed, and installed.

Data sent every 5 minutes to an SQL database at the UofA. reports Vdc Idc Vac Iac phase angle, environmental conditions Data are distributed on-line at www.UAPV.org ine

New Projects:• IV-curves for studying degradation & forecasting • Forecasting Camera – and cloud tracking algorithm• Distributed generation data• New PV test yards: Rosemont, UASTP, Biosphere2, All of Tucson

PV System Monitoring

Updated 4/9/2012

9 new slides show these 4 new projects

8 Sanyo Modules HIP-G751BA2Pmax = 148 W in the field Nameplate PSTC = 167 W

9 Sharp modules NEQ5E2UPmax = 96 to 147 W in fieldNameplate PSTC = 165 W

Nameplate PSTC = 45 W Shading

FromOverhead cables

Shade Effects16 CIGS modules

Pmax =15 to 32 W in field

IV Curves from 6-yr old modules New Project 2012

Fast Transient Studies Project started 2011

AC power has 80% dropouts in 5 seconds.DC current (not V) fluctuates.

10/24/2011, Cronin gave a seminar at the ACC on “How much Energy Storage will we need?” using data on fluctuations.

Motivates better forecasting.

30 hour in advance WRF forecastsare impressive over large scales.

But validation with PV data showsa need for better cloud forecasts

GHI forecast (-30 hrs) DNI forecast (-30 hrs) Satellite image (0 hrs)

Forecasting Cloud Events New Project 2012

Cloud camera frameand video analysis toestimate cloud velocities.

Cloud arrival time can bepredicted 10 minutes in advance.

This provides an early warning for power plant outages.

Forecasting Cloud Events New Project 2012

PV data from 150 rooftops

Petra modules @ azimuths

Distributed Generation Data New Project 2012

Forecasts based on DG New Project 2012

Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E

Rosemont Copper Solar Proving Ground started in 2011

Site A: Parsons Electric 40 Energy Innovations Sunflower

modules 2-axis tracking, high concentrating PV

system 10.8kW rated dc power- Inverter purposely undersizedSite B: EmpireCAT 84 Kyocera KD235GX-LFB modules 1-axis tracking, crystalline PV system 19.7kW rated dc powerSite C: Solar Gain 336 QS Solar modules Fixed tilt, amorphous-Si PV

20.7kw rated dc powerSite D: Solar Gain 70 GSE Power Flex BIPV modules Fixed geomembrane, Copper Indium

Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) PV 17.3kw rated dc power- Some PV not well adhered to membraneSite E: Solon 72 Solon Black 280/09 modules Fixed tilt, crystalline silicon PV 19.4kw rated dc power- Inverter purposely undersized- Early evening shading noticed- System oriented West of South

5 December 2011 May contain confidential information

Rosemont Copper Solar Proving Ground started in 2011

More Solar Test YardsNew slide 2012

UA tech park

UA Biosphere2

TEP PV test yard, Tucson AZ22 grid-tied PV systems studied

Tours for over 2000 people

Slide from 2011

New Technologies we are Field-TestingNovel Thin Film BIPV deployments

High Concentration (1000x) PVHolographic PV concentrators

Slide from 2011

AC Output every minute shown for 2 days:

Data on-line at: www.UAPV.org

Example Data Slide from 2011

Daily output from a 1.5 kW PV system

Average Yield = 5.3 h/day = 1935 kwh/kw/yr

Example Historical Data Slide from 2011

Principal Investigators: Alex Cronin, Ray Kostuk

Students: Adria Brooks, Tucker Bundgard, Alex Hickey, Daniel Cormode, Deanna Lewis, Nick Davidson, James Greenberg, Sarah Jones, Ryan Price, Vincent Lonij, Sean Osbourne, Steve Pulver, Michael St. Germaine, Anna Woschuitz, Niket Thakkar, Jose Castro, Derek Zhang, Emily Kopp, Patty Hidalgo-Gonzalez (20 total)

Collaborators: Tucson Electric Power (TEP), AZRISE, Biosphere 2, SOLON Corporation, NREL, University of Arizona Graduate College, Science Foundation Arizona, NASA Space Grant Consortium, Global Solar, Prism Solar Technologies, Rosemont Copper, Semprius Inc., Rehnu inc., Green Volts, Freeport MacMoRan, Skyline Inc., SunPower, GreenVolts Inc, Amonix, Fotowatio (FRV), Technicians for Sustainability (TFS)

(21 total)

Thrust II – Participants at UA Updated 4/9/2012

V.T. Jayadevan, J. Rodriguez, V.P.A.Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “Forecasting solar power intermittency using ground-based cloud imaging,” 7-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) V.P.A. Lonij, A.E. Brooks, J. Greenberg, S. Orsburn, A.D. Cronin, and G. Torres, “Field performance measurements of new and traditional PV technologies” 8-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) A.E. Brooks, V.P.A. Lonij, A.D. Cronin, R.K.Kostuk, J.M. Russo, D.Zhang, S.Vorndran, “One year of field studies of holographic planar concentrators at the Tucson Electric Power solar test yard” 8-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of American Solar Energy Society (ASES) meeting (2012) A.E. Brooks, N. Allen, V.P Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “Evaluation of four geomembrane mounted PV systems for land reclamation in southern Arizona,” manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) V.P. Lonij, V.T. Jayadevan, A.E. Brooks, K. Koch, M. Leuthold, and A.D. Cronin, “Improving forecasts of PV power output using real-time measurements of PV output of 100 residential PV installs,” 3-pg. manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) E.S. Kopp, P.L. Hidalgo-Gonzalez, A.E. Brooks, V.P.Lonij, and A.D. Cronin, “I-V curves from 300 modules deployed over 5-years in Tucson,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference(PVSC) (2012) V.P.Lonij, A.E.Brooks, K. Koch, and A.D. Cronin, “Analysis of 100 rooftop PV systems in the Tucson, AZ area,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) J.Russo, D. Zhang, M. Gordon, S. Vorndran, J. Castillo, A. Brooks, V. Lonij, A. Cronin, and R.Kostuk, “Characterization of diffuse anisotropic illumination effects to the output of bifacial and holographic planar concentrating photovoltaic panel configurations,” 3-pg manuscript submitted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012) P.L. Hidalgo-Gonzalez, A.E. Brooks, E.S.Kopp, V.P.Lonij, and A.D.Cronin, “String-level (Kw-scale) IV curves from different types of PV modules under partial shade,” 3-pg manuscript accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC) (2012)

Plus: 4 Progress reports to affiliates, 2 new NSF proposals, 6 new WEES (UA TRIF) Proposals  

Thrust II New publications in 2012 Updated 4/9/2012

N.Thakkar, A. Cronin, D. Cormode, V. Lonij, “A Simple Nonlinear Model for the Effect of Partial Shade”, 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI 2010.

S. Pulver, D. Cormode, A. Cronin, D. Jordan, S. Kurtz, R. Smith, “Measuring Degradation Rates Without Irradiance Data”, 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, HI (2010).

D. Zhang, J. Castro, and R. K. Kostuk, ``One-Axis Tracking Holographic Planar Concentrator Systems,’’ submitted to Applied Optics November 2010.

J. M. Castro, D. Zhang, B. Myer, and R. K. Kostuk, “Energy collection efficiency of holographic planar concentrators,” Appl. Opt., vol. 49, pp. 858- 870, Feb. 2010.

R. K. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Zhang, ``Energy collection efficiency of low concentration holographic planar concentrators,’’ SPIE Optics + Photonics, paper7769-01, San Diego, CA. Aug. 1-5, 2010 (Keynote Presentation).

J. M. Castro, D. Zhang, and R. K. Kostuk, ``Planar holographic solar concentrators for low and medium ratio concentration systems,’’ OSA Optics and Photonics Conference, Optics for Solar Energy, paper STuB3, 7-9 June 2010.

D. Zhang, J. M. Castro, and R. K. Kostuk, ``Commercial CIGS solar cells for concentrator applications,’’ OSA Optics and Photonics Conference, Optics for Solar Energy, paper SWD2, 7-9 June 2010.

J. E. Castillo, J. M. Russo, R. K. Kostuk. G. A. Rosenberg, “Thermal effects of the extended holographic regions for holographic planar concentrator”, Journal of Photonics for Energy, accepted (2011)

A. Cronin, “Memo to TEP: RE: New derating chart for non-tracking PV systems” internal document 2011 Cronin,

V.Lonij, and A.Brooks “Performance Reviews From The Tucson Electric Power Solar Test Yard” Submitted to the IEEE PVSC 2011

A. Cronin, J. E. Castillo, P. Hauser, G. Rosenberg, R. Kumar, R.K. Kostuk, D. Zhang, J. M. Russo, S. Vorndran, V. Lonij, A. Brooks, “Holographic CPV Field Tests At The Tucson Electric Power Solar Test Yard” submitted to the IEEE PVSC 2011

K. Ghosal, S. Burroughs, D. Lilly J. Gabriel, A. Cronin, A. Brooks, V. Lonji, P. Krause, M. Fiedler, C. Lindsey And S. Metzger “ On sun Performance Of A Novel Microcell Based Hcpv System Based In Tuscon: Comparison With Conventional Systems” submitted to IEEE PVSC 2011

Thrust II publications in 2010-2011 Slide from 2011

PEPER Thrust II is helping Arizona - We work with companies to create products and jobs

Company No. of Student-semesters Jobs Created

Global Solar (Tucson based CIGS mfgr) 6Prism Solar (Tucson based CPV mgfr) 20 5Semprius Inc (Demonstration CPV unit at TEP) 6 1Technicians for Sustainability (Tucson PV installer) 3NREL 5 1Tucson Electric Power 32Rosemont Copper 4 1Biosphere 2 16 1SunPower 4

Totals: 96 9

{Number of student-semesters directly supported by PEPER: 5}

Funding also comes from companies above and: NSF, UofA, AZRISE, NASA

Thrust II Benefits to Arizona Updated 4/9/2012