1

Revision for Greek GCSE Mock 2019 Language Paper Nov 2019

Look carefully at the following constructions:

Time Clauses

Accusative: how long

For five days for seven years

Genitive: during

During the night during the day

Dative: point of time

On the third day in the first year

Time words followed by main verb

- since the time when

- when

- while

Genitive Absolute Use when you have two different clauses and the subjects are different:

With the men fleeing, the women stayed in order to fight.

ˊAlthough it was night, I was able to see everything.

In the mark schemes, the examiners say they will allow the following translations of the genitive absolute:

With the slaves having fled When/since/as/because/after the slaves had fled The slaves fled and.....

2

Indirect Statements

1/ Verbs of saying: + tense of original speaker.

Say announce reply

I said that the enemy would soon be present. (My actual words, “the enemy will soon be present, hence future

tense)

I announced that the general had died. (My actual words, “the general died”, hence aorist tense)

If the main verb is in the past, the indirect statement may be in the present or aorist optative.

I announced that the general was dying (present optative)

I announced that the general had died (strong aorist optative)

2/ Verbs of thinking and (say) Nominative / Accusative and infinitive

think in sense ‘believe that…’)

would release

He said that the slave was releasing the horse

had released

When the indirect statement is about the speaker, then the nominative is used; often it is omitted.

or simply He said that he himself was releasing the slave. Very tricky are strong aorist infinitives which borrow present endings but have strong aorist stems:

He said that the enemy were capturing the city.

He said that the enemy had captured the city.

Present Infinitive

Aorist Infinitive

Future Infinitive

3

Purpose Clauses

or + subjunctive/optative Negative =

We went into the city in order to sacrifice to the god.

I injured the soldier so that he would not kill the children. Subjunctive is very easy: Present Aorist Present Passive/Middle Aorist Middle Aorist Passive Pres to be

Don’t stress over the optative.

Know the present and aorist endings and the verb to be:

present endings

aorist endings The strong aorist uses present ending.

to be Note the they form ending in -

+ future participle another way of doing purpose clauses

The enemy sailed away in order to escape.

I went onto the ship in order to find money.

to indicate passive. Note how the endings are active!

No augment – use sigma of aorist tense (or equivalent substitute letter

Simply lengthen the vowel of the present indicative

4

Multiple meanings of

Just concentrate on this one meaning (purpose):

a) With future participle in order to....... (purpose)

That man came to our city in order to do very great deeds.

Result Clauses

Clue Word: that

so so great/many to such an extent of such a kind

1/ nominative or accusative + infinitive for general or likely result. Negative with infinitive = .

2/ indicative to stress what actually happened. Negative with indicative = .

So terrible was the storm that we all were very afraid.

So many arrived that it was not possible to leave the harbour.

ˊI was angry to such an extent that I was not able to speak.

Such a kind was the general that everyone loved him (he was the kind of general that everyone loved).

5

Relative Clauses ὅς, ἥ, ὅ - who, which (look for the accent)

ὅςThe man who came into the city is very wise.

ἥThe woman whom I saw is very brave.

οὕThe old man of whom (whose) the wife died is there.

ᾥ The leader to whom I gave a gift will surely help me.

Article and Participle The article and participle often serves the function of a relative expression.

– those who are fighting in the city.

I attack those guarding the city.

we killed the soldiers who were fighting for the enemy.

Note that the person is first defined – then the article repeated () with the participle.

Indirect Commands Unlike Latin, just use the infinitive

They ordered me to stay. I begged the soldiers to fight.

6

Adjectives and Articles without nouns

- the ones in the city, the men in the city

- the ones there, people there

- I honour the ones here, people here

- the evil ones will be punished When a sentence has been talking about someone in the accusative, it is very common to make them the subject of the next sentence in the following way:

- and he........

- and she........

- and they........

and are used to contrast two nouns

The women stayed while the men fled. However, without a noun and just the article, translate them some...............others

Some stayed, others fled.

To some we gave food, to others water.

- no one, nothing

Can be used as an adjective - no, not any

- we have no food

7

Neuter Plurals Neuter plural nouns and adjectives are very versatile in Greek (and Latin). You can usually add the word ‘things’ to them, but can also embellish your translation.

-the things of the city, the affairs of the city,

-the things of the gods, the affairs of the gods, matters concerning the gods

-the things happening, events

-the things having happened, events, what happened

-I suffered bad things, I suffered evils, I suffered tortures

-I said many things, much

- because of these things, because of this

Verbs beginning with and Present Imperfect Aorist

augment

augment

8

Conditional Clauses The 2 types at GCSE:

Future open:

+ subjunctive ............. future indicative

If we find money we will be happy.

Look for the

Past closed:

+ aorist indicative ............. aorist indicative +

I had done these things I would have become very rich.

Look for ........................

Make sure you use the correct tenses in English:

looking to the future “If I go to Athens, I will see the Acropolis”

unfulfilled in the past “If I had sold my house then, I would have made a fortune.”

9

Motion Prepositions

Accusative often shows motion towards Genitive often shows separation Dative often shows stationary position

+ accusative – into + genitive – out of + dative – in, on, at

+ accusative –towards + genitive – from

+ accusative – against, to + genitive – from

+ accusative – up + genitive – through These prepositions are often put on motion verbs as prefixes

Prepositions with different cases

Make sure you distinguish: + Accusative + Genitive + accusative – after + genitive – with (can be ’ before a vowel)

+ accusative – on account of + genitive – through

+ accusative – round + genitive – concerning

+ accusative – contrary to + genitive – from

+ accusative – according to, down, by, along + genitive – down You often see:

– by land and sea

– according to the laws

– contrary to the laws

If is followed by a rough breathing, you may see it as ’ - ’ = with themselves

Impersonal verbs and phrases

both followed by dative + infinitive

It is possible, will be.., was... It is better, will be.. was..

Do not confuse with he gave, we gave)

It seemed good to me to go i.e. I decided to go

It is necessary for me to go

10

and Reflexive Pronoun

If not in the nominative and not attached to a noun, etc. means him, them, it etc.

– I saw them – I punished him – I did it If attached to a noun, before or after, it means –self

The general himself I saw the king himself I honoured the goddess herself

The gods themselves

If sandwiched in the middle, it means ‘same’ (think ‘samewich’)

The same general I saw the same king I honoured the same goddess

means ‘the same thing’ (our word tautology comes from this) τα αὐτα – ‘the same things’

Reflexive Pronoun

himself herself themselves

of himself (his own) of herself (her own)

11

Time Words

Every translation has plenty of these:

- first

- then ,next ὑστερον - later

- finally, at last

- when

- already, by now

- now

- then

- when?

-often

- still

- never

- for a long time

- soon

- when (with main indicative verb)

- until

Connecting words

- therefore (don’t confuse with – not)

- for

- because

- but, and μεντοι - however

- indeed

- at any rate, even

– but

- both …………… and

- either ……or

- neither ……nor

12

This and That

This

MASC FEM NEUTER

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

MASC FEM NEUTER

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

.

That

MASC FEM NEUTER

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

The word order is always:

This man this woman that tree

– can be ‘he’. can be ‘these men’

13

Strong Aorists These are aorist tenses which look like imperfects. (imperfect) – I was releasing (normal aorist) – I released (strong aorist) – I threw

There is no normal aorist (something like )

Definitive List from the syllabus Present Strong Aorist

I led

I died

I threw

I had

I found

I captured

I left

I learned

I suffered

I obeyed

I carriedyou also see the form

I ran

I drank

I ate

I said

I saw Strong aorist Partiticiple:

I captured

I came

I noticed

I arrived

I followed

I found out

I promised

Remember for the infinitives, imperatives and participles, use the present forms

So for example

Infinitive to come Compare

Imperative come! Compare

Participle having come Compare

14

To Give

The verb to give is very irregular. The syllabus only requires the aorist tense and the infinitives:

Present Infinitive - Aorist Infinitive- (to give)

Verbs taking dative and other oddities

Some verbs take the dative rather than the accusative which you might expect

- trust, believe

- help

- obey

- attack

- use

takes the genitive when hearing a person and the accusative when hearing a thing

- I hear the man

- I hear the voice

can take 2 accusatives

- I ask the master for food.

– literally I die by = I am killed by....

15

Contracted Verbs(I love)types (I honour) types

ACTIVE Present Imperfect Present Imperfect

present infinitives:

PASSIVE Present Imperfect Present Imperfect

present infinitives:

Present Participle

apart from , every form has – in it every form has – in it

Contracted Verbs vocab

take, capture shout

ask for, beg laugh

retreat ask

help conquer, win

call see

hate honour

live

sail

make, do

love

arrive obtain

promise try

fear use

The majority of and verbs follow this pattern in the principal parts:

16

Comparison Adjectives

wise wiser/more wise wisest/most wise, very wise

I am wiser than the king – use the genitive

We have a wiser king than the barbarians (have). – use

There are a number of irregular comparative and superlative adjectives: Comparative Superlative

good, better, best

big, bigger, biggest

fine, finer, finest

bad, worse, worst

few, fewer, fewest/least

much, more, most/very many

fast, faster, fastest

hostile, more hostile, most hostile

easy, easier, easiest ends in – ends in -

The Adjectives and Big, great

NOM Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like

ACC Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like

GEN Adjective now goes like

Much, many

NOM Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like

ACC Masc and Neuter irregular, fem like

GEN Adjective now goes like

17

– I throw has a couple of special meanings with a prefix added:

– I invade (+ + accusative)

– I attack (+ dative)

Don’t confuse them with – go in and , –go towards

Often in unseens where they have one of these forms, they will also put in a normal form of

with a prefix, e.g. , – throw out.

- I do, fare, manage Note these meanings:

- I fare well

- I fare badly

18

GREEK PARTICIPLES ACTIVE Present ‘releasing’ Future ‘being about to release’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT Plural

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

Aorist ‘having released’ Strong Aorist ‘having thrown’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT

Singular Look for tell-tale -

NOM

ACC Put present participle endings on strong aorist stem

GEN

DAT Plural

NOM

ACC

GEN

DAT

MIDDLE Present ‘ceasing’ Future ‘being about to cease’

MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular

NOM

ACC

etc. Like like like Aorist ‘having ceased’ Strong Aorist ‘having found out’ MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular

NOM

etc. Look for tell-tale - Put present participle endings on strong aorist stem PASSIVE Present ‘being released’ Future ‘being about to be released’

MASC FEM NEUT MASC FEM NEUT Singular

NOM

etc. Look for tell-tale - Aorist ‘having been released’

MASC FEM NEUT Singular Plural

NOM

Look for tell-tale think of ‘pathos’ – suffering, having the action done to you rather than doing it.