to discuss element origin, lets divide the elements into · -made in the center of stars. 2....
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![Page 1: To discuss element origin, lets divide the elements into · -made in the center of stars. 2. Synthetic -made in the lab by people . Chemists have identified 93 such elements, three](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051918/600a1037f5769947bc6f8ed3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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To discuss element
origin, lets divide
the elements into
two categories.
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1. Naturally Occurring
-made in the center
of stars.
2. Synthetic
-made in the lab
by people
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Chemists have identified
93
such elements, three
of which are not
found on Earth.
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Tc, Pm, Np are found in the
spectra of stars.
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According to
the Big BangTheory,
the universe began with
the explosion of
a single primeval atom.
!
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Temperatures were in
the millions of Kelvins.
Matter does not exist at
such temperatures. All
was energy. (E=mc2)
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It is believed that the
universe cooled as it
expanded.
Some of the energy was
converted to matter.
(p+, n, e-)
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Continued cooling
allowed these subatomic
particles to come
together forming
HYDROGEN.
H
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Hydrogen atoms grouped
together and fused in
the heat, forming
helium.
He-4
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These reactions
provide E which
serves as fuel for
the sun. This is
how high temps.
are maintained.
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HOT!
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The higher temp. allows
He to fuse, creating
heavier elements like
C, N, O, Fe and Ni.
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When a star uses
up the H and He
it collapses,
becoming a...
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Atoms are torn apart
during formation of the
red giant.
p+ n
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These stray particles are
taken up by other nuclei,
forming elements heavier
than Fe and Ni.
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The star will eventually
explode as a...
spreading
matter across
millions of
kilometers.
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This is how we believe
the Earth was “seeded”
with elements.
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Natural elements were
formed by nuclear
reactions that occurred
in the sun.
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…a change in the
composition of the
nucleus of an atom
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Synthetics-White Letters
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Synthetic elements are
made from a
transmutation.
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…the process of changing
one nucleus into another
by radioactive disintegration
or bombardment with
other particles.
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Early in the century,
scientists were studying
the tracks made by alpha
particles through
water vapor in
cloud chambers
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Harkins
& Blackett
Photos…
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Page 146
Figure 4-33
Alpha +
Nitrogen
collision
H
O
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4
2 He + 14
7 N
17
8 O + 1
1 H
Oxygen formation
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Transmutation reactions
soon began to be studied
in cyclotrons, or particle
accelerators.
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2 “D”
Shaped
Magnets
With a
Gap.
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In a cyclotron, ions are
accelerated and collide with
a target nuclei to create an
element with a much higher
atomic number.
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Problem: Heavier elements
accelerate more slowly.
A synchroton can get particles
to hit head-on creating more
energy. This allows creation
of the “superheavies.”
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--cheaper than
a cyclotron
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Particles are given “a push” now
and then as they go around this
facility.
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Have an atomic number
greater than 106.
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Many of these elements
only last for a few
thousands of a second.
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. …because we can
…to learn about
nuclear structure
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Some elements are given
a 3 letter abbrev. until
a name is decided.
Do you recognize any
of the names?