today’s situation of mongolian terminology · pdf filegeology and mining terminological...
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Munkhtsetseg Namsrai, PhD
Institute of Language and Literature,
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
European Parliament
Schuman Chamber, Luxembourg
03.Dec.2015
Today’s situation of Mongolian terminology standardization
Directorate-General for Translation Terminology Coordination Unit
Content
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1
2
5
Conclusion
Introduction
3
4
Short history of State Commission of
Terminology
Discussion
Today’s situation of Mongolian terminology
work and standardization
Introduction
Only the use of systematic terminology permits an
unambiguous, non-contradictory understanding of the
requirements and recommendations specified by the
standardization process.
Terminology standardization is the base of systematic
development of a country.
For this reason, terminology standardization is one of the most
important issues to solve urgently for Mongolia, in order to
develop science and technology and knowledge-based economy.
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Terminology studies in Mongolia
The tradition of Mongolian terminology studies has ancient
origins because Mongolia has had multilateral relations with not
only neighboring countries but also third countries in political,
economical, cultural, literary and religious aspects since ancient
time.
As a result of the wide range of foreign relations in all fields,
Mongolian language has enriched with new terms denoting new
concepts, phenomena and things.
Thus, Mongolian scholars and translators of all generations
have studied terminology and published many dictionaries
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Modern Mongolian terminology studies
1924-1961
Establishment of Terminology organization
1961-1991
Development of Terminology organization
Since 1991
New tendency of Terminology studies
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Resource: Historical outline of Mongolian terminology, UB.2014
Period 1924-1960
The State Commission for Terminology was founded in 1924.
Cooperation with Academy of Sciences of Soviet Union (USSR)
Started to translate and form terms of textbooks of secondary schools and
created Russian-Mongolian dictionaries of subject field terms (political,
medical, botanical and chemical terms)
In 1942 the SCT which consisted of 24 members including linguists and
subject field specialists was under the control of Council of Ministers in
Mongolian People’s Republic (until 1990)
From 1950s the SCT started to publish seasonal series “The report of State
Commission for Terminology” that included newly approved terms.
Basically, work of SCT focused on formulating social and national
economical terms.
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Period 1961-1990
In 1961 Mongolian Academy of Sciences was established. As the result of it,
terminology work was expanded.
In 1664 the regulation of SCT was approved under the resolution by the
Council of Ministers of Mongolian People’s Republic. According to this
regulation, SCT was the terminology authority that has right and responsibility
regarding to terminology.
During this period, SCT had published more than 20 terminology dictionaries,
10 series of terminology books and 147 periodicals “The report of State
Commission for Terminology” including various subject field terms.
Terms were standardized only after approval by the SCT and whole country
used those approved and standardized terms in daily and subject field
communication.
This period was the most active time for terminology work in Mongolia.
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Let’s see some documents that shows how the SCT works
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Official request from Ministry of Geology and
Mining Industry to SCT for approval of
Geology and mining terminological dictionary
SCT’s document that approved Russian and Mongolian
dictionary of Erdenet mining terminology
Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Terminology (MASM)
State Commission
for Terminology
Subject field
translators or
specialists
Linguists and terminologists
Terminology work system until 1990s
Well-filtered terms
were standardized
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Since 1990 till now
One of the organizations that had stopped their activities after the democratic
revolution was the SCT.
Since Mongolia started to adhere the open foreign policy, Mongolian language
has enriched with large amount of foreign words and terms in all social and
scientific fields (from English, Japanese, Korean and so on).
In 1997, SCT was reorganized and subdivided into 3 sections: Commission for
social science terminology, Commission for technical science terminology and
Commission for natural science terminology. Also 2001, members of three
sections of the SCT were reappointed.
Commission for social science terminology has 12 members
Commission for natural science terminology has 9 members
Commission for technical science terminology has 12 members
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Since 1990 till now
But the SCT hasn’t worked and coordinated terminology until
today. Due to this, terminology work of all subject fields has
been a mess until today.
Consequences: Terminology problems
In all fields, there are many dictionaries including non-
standardized various terms which refer the same concepts
Various companies and sections use different terms for the same
concept
Increase the number of linguistically incorrect terms
Ambiguity in social communication
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Since 1990 till now
Mongolian Agency for
Standardization and Metrology
Private companies
State organizations
Individuals
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Non-filtered terms have been
standardized
Reasons
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Before 1990s
• Centrally-planned economy
• Usually from Russian
• Easy to control usage of new terms because of SCT’s regular work
Since 1990s
• Market economy
• Different languages such as English
• More difficult to control usage of new terms in all fields due to non-systematic work of different entities.
Situation of terminology standardization
Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology (MASM)
The national standard code is MNS.
Technical sub-committee for terminology of MASM has
48members including various subject specialists, linguists,
translators and terminologists. But this committee is also not
active.
According to the information by Mongolian Agency for
Standardization and Metrology 3% or more than 90 standards of
total national standards is the terminological standard.
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Situation of terminology standardization
The most of them are terms of electricity, energy, technique,
environment and agriculture and industry.
According to the standardization program, international
terminology standards of environment, food, information
technology, health and mechanics have been formulated to
national standards.
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Situation of terminology standardization
Due to no coordination, different terms for one concept
by different entities are standardized
Some terms are standardized at the same time when
products and services are standardized without any
supervision of SCT.
Terminology is standardized without being based on
standardized principles and methods.
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Institute of Language and Literature
According to the law of Mongolian language, the National Board for
Language Policy is responsible for adopting terminology standard and
providing professional advisory in concern with terminology.
The Sector of Applied Linguistics in the Institute of Language and
Literature of Mongolian Academy of Sciences is implementing the main
role in terminology studies under the National Board for Language
Policy.
Our sector (the Sector of Applied Linguistics) has been in charge of
creating, translating, appropriating, dissemination of new terminology
and providing governmental and non-governmental organizations with
professional advise in concern with terminology.
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Problems
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No cooperation between
MASM and Terminology
organizations
No terminology
planning, policy Linguistically
incorrect terms
Not enough
experience
ambiguous communication
No tradition and Innovation No terminology
technology
No specialized
terminologists
Correct and consistent
terminology
To manage
terminology
To prepare
proffesional
terminologists
To
reorganize
SCT
To improve the
quality of
terminology
standardization
To make systematic
terminological policy
How to solve the problems?
To cooperate
with
international
organizations
I put forward the claim that
in order to solve those
terminology problems in
Mongolia, we urgently need
to organize sequential works
to develop terminology
science. What should we do
for it? I think first of all we
have to do the following
things:
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To make systematized and unified terminological policy
STRUCTURE AND
SYSTEM OF
TERMINOLOGY FIELD
MONITORING TERM
APPLICATION
HUMAN
RESOURCE
TERM
STANDARDIZATION
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To reorganize SCT
To reestablish the SCT upgrading its structure and activities in
accordance with current social needs under the Parliament.
This Committee must be the central organization of terminology
work and responsible for term coordination.
To assist policy makers to develop and implement terminology
policy
To facilitate terminology research and terminology
management.
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To learn how to use translation software for collecting, processing, and presenting terminology
terminology technology
To make national terminology database
To harmonize it to the international database
TermWiki
To manage terminology
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To cooperate with international organizations
Membership of international terminology
organizations
Preparation of terminology specialists
Joint project International
conferences and workshops
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To prepare proffesional terminologists
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•To include subject of terminology
studies in curriculum of
universities
•To prepare terminologists in
domestic universities
•To send terminologists to master’s
and doctorate degree training in
universities of terminology
developed countries
To improve the quality of terminology standardization
As developing country, a priori terminology standardization is rather needed in
the form of terminology planning. Such approach, when it is based on
successful linguistic planning can provide the preconditions for an accelerated
transfer of knowledge, information and technology.
Remember that since the terms are not documented in a systematic format (e.g.
database), they cannot be standardised
In recent years, the focus of ISO/TC 37's activities has shifted towards applied
methods, especially computer-assisted ones, and to their application within
standardization and similar activities.
To have national terminology standard based on international
terminology standard
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Conclusion
Mongolian government has been paying a special attention to the
terminological issue within the framework of language policy.
To sum up, correct and consistent terms can help Mongolian development
in all spheres. For this reason, terminology standardization can be viewed
from a number of perspectives, which not only demonstrate dependencies
with each other, but also with standardization in general.
In order to standardize correct and consistent terms we need to take
appropriate measures in complex. In other words, we need to pay
attention on whole process of terminology work from creating to
standardizing.
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