tools for gis - orene · distance measurement start: 0.00 s end: 0.06 s information from these four...
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Tools for GIS
Global Positioning Systems
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GPS is a satellite navigation system designed to provide instantaneous position, velocity and time information
Developed by the United States Department of Defense for military purposes
Can be used worldwide by any civilian (free of charge) with compliant hardware
What is GPS?
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Global Navigation Satellite System
• USA – Global Positioning System
• Russia – GLONASS
• China – BeiDou Navigations Satellite System
• EU - Galileo
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What is GPS?
• The entire system is comprised of three segments:
– Control
– Space
– User
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Control Segment
• The “Brain” of the system
• Controlled by the U.S. Government
• Monitors the satellite’s navigation messages and sends adjustments if necessary
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Control Segment
1 control station and 4 monitor stations
Each satellite passes over a monitoring station daily
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Space Segment
• Comprised of 30 operating satellites
• Requires a minimum of 24 satellites for the system to be fully operational
NAVSTAR
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Space Segment
6 orbital planes
each plane has 4 satellites
20,200 km orbit
1 revolution every 12 hours
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User Segment
• Civilian
• Military
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Aviation
GPS Navigation
Land
Marine
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• Antenna (internal/external)
• Body (screen, buttons, electronics)
• Battery
GPS Receiver
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How does it work?
• Needs at least 4 satellites to determine location
– Latitude (Y)
– Longitude (X)
– Elevation (Z)
– Time (T)
• Therefore, you need information from four satellites!
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Distance measurement
start: 0.00 s
end: 0.06 s
Information from these four satellites are used to solve: Distance = Velocity x Time
Velocity = speed of light
If you have 3 satellites, the receiver will guess at your elevation and give you latitude and longitude
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1 satellite
Trilateration
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2 satellites
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3 satellites
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Sources of error
• Selective availability
• Atmospheric delay
• Multipath error
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Selective Availability (S/A)
• To discourage enemy forces from using GPS
• US government induced artificial errors to reduce GPS position accuracy
• S/A was sometimes ON; sometimes OFF
• No longer used since May 1, 2000
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Atmospheric Delay
• GPS signals are slightly delayed while they pass through the atmosphere
• Less accurate on a cloudy/stormy day
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Multipath Error
• Occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off an object before it reaches the GPS receiver
• Caused by tall and wide obstructions such as walls, mountains, buildings, etc.
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GIS data capture
Vehicle tracking and navigation
Surveying
Aviation
Agriculture
Recreation (trekking, biking, running)
Mapping points of interest
Advertising
Social media
Drone/model aircraft navigation
Aerial photography/videography
ApplicationsApplications
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GIS Data Capture
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Exporting GPS data for GIS use
GPS Receiver
GPS Software
.txt or .dbf files
ArcView, ArcGIS, MapWindow, QGIS, HealthMapper, etc.
GPS to .shpConversion
Software
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• Data management
• MapSource® -- Garmin
• GPS TrackMaker -- freeware
• EasyGPS – freeware
• Conversion
• DNR Garmin -- ArcView extension
(http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mis/gis/tools/arcview/index.html)
GPS Software
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Exporting GPS data to Google Earth
• Connect GPS receiver to computer
• Run program MapSource® or EasyGPS®
• Read data from the GPS receiver
• Save file (file type = *.gpx)
• Run Google Earth
• Open *.gpx file
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EVOLUTION OF MAN & TECHNOLOGY
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Role of technology
• Surveillance (real-time, forecasting)
• Location data
• Internet
• GIS tools
• Computers (simulations, statistical analysis, etc.)
• Smart phones
• Mobile phone applications
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App-based Data Collection Tools
• EpiCollect 5
• Open Data Kit
– Kobo Collect
– Ona
– formhub