Training of Trainers for Teachers of International Law:

International Criminal Law

Morgan PillayM.A.; LLB.

19 May 2011

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Scope

• Exercise

• Introduction

• Sources of ICL

• International Criminal Tribunals– For the Former Yugoslavia

– For Rwanda

• Hybrid Courts

• International Criminal Court

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IntroductionThe first international criminal prosecution dates back

to 1474.World War I, even whilst faced with the reality of

almost 22 million resultant deaths, the Allied powers did not establish an international criminal tribunal/court for war crimes and, instead, allowed Germany and Turkey to conduct war crimes prosecutions in their national courts: only 12 military officers were prosecuted in Germany; courts in both countries also handed down exceptionally lenient punishments.

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• ¡¾­©¿À­ó­£½©ó¡È¼¸¡ñ®º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦¾¡ö­­Ä©ÉÀ¡ó©¢›­­­ñ®ÁªÈ¯ó­1474

• ¦ö¤£¾´Âì¡£˜¤êó­2­À§…¤´ó¯½§¾§ö­À¦¨§ó¸ò©À¡õº®­22­ìɾ­£ö­.­±È¾¨²ñ­ê½´ò©­®Òĩɦɾ¤ª˜¤¦¾­²òÀ¦©À²ˆº²ò­¥¾ì½­¾£½©óº¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´,­Á콭ĩɺ½­÷¨¾©Ã¹É­Àµ¨ì½´ñ­­Áì½­ªñ¸¡¡ó­©¿À­ó­¡¾­»Éº¤³Éº¤º¾§½¨¾­¡¿¦ö¤£¾´­Â©¨¦¾­²¾¨Ã­¢º¤ÁªÈ콯½Àê©.­¦¿ìñ®­Àµ¨ì½´ñ­­´óÀ¥í¾Îû¾ê†ê½¹¾­­12­£ö­­«õ¡©¿À­ó­£½©ó.­¦¾­µøÈêñ¤¦º¤¯½Àê©­š­Á´È­̧¾¤Âê©ê†´óìñ¡¦½­½­À®ö¾®¾¤.

• World War II saw the advent of international law with regard to war crimes in the Tokyo and Nuremburg Trials - individual criminal responsibility for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity was a consequence of these trials: only enemy-accused prosecuted by Allied victors.

• ¦ö¤£¾´Âì¡£˜¤êó­2­Ä©ÉÀ»ñ©Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ­¡ö©Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­ê†²ö¸­²ñ­À«ò¤º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´­µøȦ¾­²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©óµøȭª¡¼¸­Áì½­­øÁë´À®ó¡.£¸¾´»ñ®°ò©§º®ê¾¤º¾¨¾­¢º¤®÷¡£ö­­ªÒº¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­¦ñ­ªò²¾®,­º¾§½¨¾¡¿­¦ö¤£¾´­Áì½­º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­́ ¸­́½­÷©­Á´È­°ö­¥¾¡­¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©óê†Ä©É¡È¾¸´¾­š:­´ó²¼¤ÁªÈ°øÉꆫõ¡­¡È¾¸¹¾¸È¾À¯ñ­¦ñ©ªø­«õ¡©¿À­ó­£½©ó©¨±È¾¨²ñ­ê½´ò©­ê†§½­½¦ö¤£¾´

• Opportunity missed in 1915 – could have prevented incidents such as the Adolf Eichmann trial in 1961.

• Only with ICTY and ICTR did international criminal law become truly international => later the ICC.

• ¡¾ì½Âº¡¾©ê†Ä©É¦ø­À¦¨Ä¯­Ã­̄ ó­1915­Œ­º¾©¦¾´¾©­¯Éº¤¡ñ­À¹©¡¾­­À§ñú­:­¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©ó­Adolf­Eichmann­Ã­̄ ó­1961

• ­´ó²¼¤ÁªÈ¦¾­¦¾¡ö­À²ˆº²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©óµø¡¦½ì¾¸ó­­­­(­ICTY­)­Áì½­¦¾­¦¾¡ö­À²ˆº²ò¥¾ì½­¾£½©ó뾸ñ­©¾­(ICTR­)­ê†À»ñ©Ã¹É¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­­¡¾¨À¯ñ­¡ö©­Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­ÁêÉ.­ªÒ´¾­¥‡¤Á´È­¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­­(ICC).

Sources of ICL

• Main sources from IHL:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907: banned certain

types of modern warfare;Geneva Protocol to Hague Convention 1928: banned

all forms of chemical and biological warfare;Geneva Convention I to IV of 1949 and 2 Additional

Protocols; Various treaties relating to specific weapons, e.g.

Ottawa Convention on the Banning of Antipersonnel Mines;

Á¹ùú¤ê†´¾¢º¤¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­

• Á¹ùú¤ê†´¾ê†¦¿£ñ­¢º¤¡ö©Ï¾¨º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­: ¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾À»ñ¡­¯ó­1899­Áì½­1907:­¹É¾´¯½À²©¦½À²¾½­¢º¤¡¾­À»ñ©¦ö¤£¾´Ã­¦½ÄÏÃÏú

º¾­÷¦ñ­̈¾À²†´Àªó´­À§óÁ­̧ ­1928­À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡È¦ö­êò¦ñ­­¨¾ì¾Ä»:­¹É¾´ê÷¡»ø®Á®®¢º¤¡¾­À»ñ©¦ö¤£¾´À£´ó­Áì½­§ó¸½²¾®

¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾À§óÁ­̧ ¦½®ñ®êó­I­À«ò¤­IV­¯ó­1949­Áì½­º½­÷¦ñ­­¨¾À²†´Àªó´¦º¤¦½®ñ®

¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾¦½®ñ®ªÈ¾¤Å­ê†²ö¸²ñ­À«ò¤º¾¸÷©¦½À²¾½­À§„­:­¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾ºö©ª¾¸¾­¸È¾©É¸¨­¡¾­À¡õº©¹É¾´ì½À®ó©±„¤©ò­­ªÉ¾­®÷¡£ö­

Statutes of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.Internationally recognised customs of war.

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ê¿´½­ø­Â봸Ⱦ©É¸¨¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­¯½À²­ó¯½ªò®ñ©ê†«õ¡»ñ®»øÉí¦¾¡ö­¡È¼¸¡ñ®¦ö¤£¾´

International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda

• Established by UN Security Council Resolutions 827 of 1993 and 955 of 1994, respectively) under Chapter VII of UN Charter.

• The ICTY has jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide occurring within the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia since 1991; the ICTR has jurisdiction over the same offences occurring in Rwanda and its neighbouring states between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

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Á콭뾸ñ­©¾• Ä©É»ñ®¡¾­¦É¾¤ª˜¤¢›­Â©¨¨ñ©ªò­827­¯ó­1993­Áì½­­Áì½­955­¯ó­1994­-¢º¤¦½²¾£¸¾´Ï˜­£ö¤­¦¯§­ª¾´ì¿©ñ®­²¾¨ÃªÉ²¾¡êó­VII­¢º¤¡ö©®ñ©­¦¯§

• ¦¾­­ICTY­´ó¢º®À¢©º¿­¾©¦¾­ªÒº¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤­£¾´,­º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­́ ¸­́½­÷©­Áì½­¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤­À°‰¾²ñ­­ê†À¡ó©¢›­µøȺ½©ó©¦½¹½²ñ­¦¾ê¾ì½­½ìñ©­¦ñ¤£ö´­ò¨ö´­µø¡¦½ì¾¸ó­­ñ®ÁªÈ¯ó­1991;­¦¾­­ICTR­´ó¢º®À¢©¦ò©º¿­¾©ªÒ¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò©ºñ­©¼¸¡ñ­­µøȯ½Àê©ë½¸ñ­©¾­Áì½­¯½Àê©À²ˆº­®É¾­­ì½¹¸È¾¤­¸ñ­êó­1­´ñ¤¡º­­À«ò¤­31­êñ­̧¾­1994

• Grave breaches of the GC – willful killing; torture or inhumane treatment; extensive destruction of civilian property not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly;

• Violation of the laws or customs of war – use of poisonous weapons or other weapons used to cause unnecessary suffering;

• Genocide – acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of the group, imposing measures on them to prevent births within the group etc.

• Crimes against humanity – murder; torture; enslavement etc.

• ¡¾­ì½À´ó©ªÒ¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾À§óÁ­̧ ­Œ­¡¾­¢É¾ê†´óÀ¥©ª½­¾,­¡¾­êðì½´¾­­¹ùõ­¡¾­̄½ªò®ñ©ê†Ä»É´½­÷©¦½ê¿;-­¡¾­ê¿­ì¾¨§ñ®¦ò­ê†´ó콩ñ®»÷­Á»¤¢º¤²ö­ì½À»õº­­À§…¤®Òĩɴ󭣸¾´¥¿À¯ñ­ê¾¤©É¾­¡¾­ê½¹¾­­Áì½­©¿À­ó­Â©¨°ò©­¡ö©Ï¾¨­Áì½­®Ò´ó£¸¾´¥¿À¯ñ­

• ¡¾­ì½À´ó©¡ö©Ï¾¨¹ùõ­¯½À²­ó¢º¤¦ö¤£¾´­Œ­¡¾­­¿­Ã§Éº¾¸÷©µ¾²ò©­¹ùõ­º¾¸÷©ºˆ­Åꆭ¿Ã§ÉÀ²ˆº¡Ò£¸¾´êö­­ê÷¡êðì½´¾­Â©¨®Ò¥¿À¯ñ­

• ¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤À°‰¾²ñ­­Œ­¡¾­¡½ê¿ê†¡Ò¢›­­Â©¨´óÀ¥©ª½­¾­À²ˆºê¿ì¾¨­êñ¤Ïö©­¹ùõ­®¾¤¦È¸­,­¡÷ú´²ö­ì½À´õº¤,­§ö­À°úö¾,­À§œº§¾©­¹ùõ­¦¾¦½Î¾,­Â©¨¡¾­À¢„­¢É¾¦½´¾§ò¡¢º¤¡÷È´,­¸¾¤´¾©ª½¡¾­ªÒÀ¢ö¾À¥í¾­À²ˆº¯Éº¤¡ñ­¡¾­À¡ó©ìø¡­²¾¨Ã­­¡÷È´­Áì½­ºˆ­Å

• º¾§½¨¾¡¿ªÉ¾­́ ¸­́½­÷©­Œ­¡¾­£¾©ª½¡¿,­¡¾­êðì½­´¾­,­¡¾­À»ñ©Ã¹ÉÀ¯ñ­¢É¾ê¾©­Áì½­ºˆ­Å

• Made up of Chamber of judges (16 permanent in total = 9 ad litem ; 3 perm judges per trial chamber; 5 judges on each appeal); Prosecutor; Registry.

• Completion Strategy Reports: ICTY hopes to complete cases pending before it (up to appeal stage) by 2014; the ICTR by mid-2010.

• Gaccaca courts in Rwanda.

• Effective deterrent? Srebrenica 1995

• Successful? Prosecutor v Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T provided progressive direction for evolving norms of criminal justice, which will permeate also national judiciaries.

• ¯½¡º®©É¸¨£½­½°øɲò²¾¡¦¾­(°øɲò²¾¡¦¾«¾¸º­êñ¤Ïö©­16­êȾ­;­°øɲò²¾¡¦¾­3­êȾ­­ªÒ£½­½¦¾­ÄªÈ¦¸­;­°øɲò²¾¡¦¾­5­êȾ­­ªÒÁªÈ콡¾­º÷꺭;­Äº¨½¡¾­;­­¾¨ê½®¼­¦¾­

• ¡¾­¦¿Àìñ©®ö©ì¾¨¤¾­̈÷©ê½¦¾©:­¦¾­­ICTY­¹¸ñ¤¸È¾¥½­Ã¹É¦¿Àìñ©£½©óꆨñ¤£É¾¤µøȡȺ­Îû¾®ö©ì¾¨¤¾­­(¢›­¡ñ®¢˜­ªº­­¡¾­º÷꺭)­²¾¨Ã­̄ ó­2014;­¦¾­­ICTR­²¾¨Ã­¡¾¤¯ó­2010

• ¦¾­­Gaccaca­µøȭ뾸ñ­©¾• À¯ñ­¡¾­̄ ɺ¤¡ñ­ê†´ó¯½¦ò©êò²¾®®Ò­?­Srebrenica­1995• ¯½¦ö®°ö­¦¿Àìñ©®Ò­?­Äº¨½¡¾­­Áì½­£½©ó­Akayesu­ICTRŒ96Œ­4ŒT­¦½Îº¤êò©­¿ê†¡É¾¸Îû¾Ã­¡¾­­¿Ã§É´¾©ª½­«¾­£¸¾´¨÷ªòê¿ê¾¤º¾¨¾,­À§…¤¥½À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡Èºö¤¡¾­ª÷ì¾­¡¾­²¾¨Ã­À§„­©¼¸¡ñ­

• The Akayesu ruling was later applied in other decisions and further developed international law, resulting in Prosecutor v Kunarac IT-96-23-PT and Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi ICTR-2001-64-T . The definition of rape in international law as per these judgments is “the sexual penetration, however slight: (a) of the vagina or anus of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator or any other object used by the perpetrator; or (b) of the mouth of the victim by the penis of the perpetrator; where such sexual penetration occurs without the consent of the victim”.

• ¡¾­ªñ©¦ò­£½©ó­Akayesu­Ä©É«õ¡­¿Ã§ÉµøÈí¡¾­ªñ©­¦ò­ºˆ­Å­Áì½­¡¾­²ñ©ê½­¾¡ö©Ï¾¨¦¾¡ö­,­À§…¤´ó°ö­­Ã­£½©óì½¹¸È¾¤Äº¨½¡¾­­Áì½­­Kunarac­ITŒ-96Œ23Œ­PT­Áì½­£½©óì½¹¸È¾¤Äº¨½¡¾­­Áì½­Gacumbitsi­ICTR­Œ2001Œ64ŒT.­£¿­ò¨¾´¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­­Ã­¡ö©Ï¾¨­¦¾¡ö­­µøÈí¡¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾©„¤¡È¾¸­š­Á´È­­“¡¾­ì½À´ó©­ê¾¤À²©ªÒ­(¡)­º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©¨ò¤­¹ùõ­»ø꽸¾­¢º¤°øÉ­À£¾½»É¾¨­©É¸¨º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©§¾¨¢º¤°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò©;­¹ùõ­(¢)­¯¾¡¢º¤°øÉ«õ¡À£¾½»É¾¨­Â©¨º½Ä¸¨½¸½À²©§¾¨­¢º¤°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò©;­À§…¤¡¾­ì½À´ó©ê¾¤À²©©„¤¡È¾¸­̃ ­­®ÒÄ©É»ñ®¡¾­̈ ò­¨º´¥¾¡°øÉÀ£¾½»É¾¨­”

Hybrid Courts

• Not UN international courts.

• Support of UN in form of funding and personnel.

• National judiciaries have authority in determining who to prosecute and for what crimes.

• Crimes largely the same as those in the international criminal tribunals.

• Cambodia; Sierra Leone; East Timore

¦¾­¦½À²¾½­­­­­­(Hybrid­Courts)

• ®ÒÁ´È­¦¾­¦¾¡ö­¢º¤ºö¤¡¾­­¦¯§• Ä©É»ñ®¡¾­¦½Îñ®¦½Îø­¥¾¡ºö¤¡¾­­¦¯§­Ã­»ø®Á®®­¡¾­Ã¹Éêô­­Áì½­®÷¡£½ì¾¡º­

• ºö¤¡¾­ª÷쾡¾­²¾¨Ã­̄½Àê©­´óº¿­¾©Ã­¡¾­¡¿­ö©­¸È¾¥½»Éº¤³Éº¤©¿À­ó­£½©óªÒ°øÉé­Áì½­º¾§½¨¾¡¿ºñ­­Ã©

• º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦È¸­Ã¹¨È£õ¡ñ­¡ñ®¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò©ê†¡¿­ö©µøȭí®ñ­©¾¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­

• ¡¿¯øÀ¥¨;­À§¨ë¾­ëóº­;­ªó´ð­ª¾À¸ñ­ºº¡

The International Criminal Court

• Only permanent international criminal court; is treaty-based = Rome Statute; came into force in July 2002; 111 members.

• Rules of Procedure and Evidence; Elements of Crimes

• 18 Judges in Trial Chambers (conducts trials), Pre-trial Chambers (decide whether charges warranted and if court has jurisdiction) and Appellate Division (hears appeal); Prosecutor; and Registry.

• Jurisdiction: Genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; crime of aggression

¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­• À¯ñ­¦¾­º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­«¾¸º­²¼¤¦¾­©¼¸;­«õ¡¦É¾¤ª˜¤­¢›­ª¾´¦ö­êò¦ñ­̈¾­=­ê¿´½­ø­Âë´;­´ó°ö­®ñ¤£ñ®Ã§Éí­À©õº­¡ð콡ö©­¯ó­2002;­´óìñ©²¾£ó­111­¯½Àê©

• ´ó¡ö©ì½®¼®¡¾­©¿À­ó­¤¾­­Áì½­¹ùñ¡«¾­;­ºö¤¯½¡º®­¢º¤º¾§½¨¾¡¿

• °øɲò²¾¡¦¾­18­êȾ­­µøÈí£½­½¦¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾­(©¿À­ó­­¡¾­²ò²¾¡¦¾);­£½­½¦¾­¡½¡¼´¡Èº­¡¾­©¿À­ó­­£½©ó­(²ò¥¾ì½­¾­¢Ó¡È¾¸¹¾­¹ùõ­¦¾­́ 󢺮À¢©¦ò©º¿­­¾©®Ò)­Áì½­£½­½¦¾­º÷꺭­(²ò¥¾ì½­¾¡¾­­º÷꺭);­¹Éº¤¡¾­Äº¨½¡¾­;­Áì½­¹Éº¤¡¾­¥È¾¦¾­

• ¢º®À¢©¦ò©º¿­¾©:­¡¾­¢É¾ìɾ¤À°‰¾²ñ­;­º¾§½¨¾¡¿­ªÉ¾­́ ¸­́½­÷©;­º¾§½¨¾¡¿¦ö¤£¾´;­Áì½­º¾§½¨¾­¡¿»÷¡»¾­

• State Party refers case – Uganda; UN Security Council refers case – Sudan and Libya; Prosecutor opens investigation after receiving information - Kenya.

• ìñ©²¾£ó­¦‰¤£½©óį¨ñ¤¦¾­­Œ­¯½Àꩺø¡¾­©¾;­¦½²¾£¸¾´Ïñû­£ö¤­¦¯§­­¦‰¤£½©óį¨ñ¤¦¾­­Œ­§ø©¾­­Áì½­ìóÀ®¨;­Äº¨½¡¾­­À¯ó©¡¾­¦õ®¦¸­Œ¦º®¦¸­­­¹ùñ¤¥¾¡Ä©É»ñ®¢Ó´ø­­Œ­¯½Àê©À£­µ¾

• Non-States Parties bound by the ICC?

• Principle of Complementarity – complement national judiciaries; prosecute most senior accused;

• Unwilling to prosecute: proceedings that were/are undertaken or a national decision was made to shield the person from criminal responsibility for serious international crimes; an unjustified delay in the proceedings which is tantamount to the State having no intention to bring the person to justice; or, proceedings that were/are not undertaken independently or impartially and is indicative of no intention to bring the person to justice.

• ¯½Àê©ê†®ÒÁ´È­ìñ©²¾£ó­¡Ò´ó°ö­°ø¡´ñ©©É¾­¡ö©Ï¾¨­®Ò?

• ¹ùñ¡¡¾­À²†´Àªó´­Œ­À²†´Àªó´Ã¹ÉÁ¡È¦¾­²¾¨Ã­;­©¿À­ó­­£½©óªÒ°øÉ«õ¡¡È¾¸¹¾ê†À¯ñ­²½­ñ¡¤¾­¢˜­¦ø¤

• £¸¾´®Ò¯¾«½­¾ê†¥½©¿À­ó­£½©ó­Œ­¡¾­©¿À­ó­£½©ó­¹ùõ­¡¾­ªñ©¦ò­²¾¨Ã­̄½Àê©ê†À»ñ©¢›­­À²ˆº¯Éº¤¡ñ­®÷¡£ö­­¥¾¡£¸¾´»ñ®°ò©§º®ê¾¤º¾¨¾¦¿ìñ®¡¾­¡½ê¿°ò©­ê¾¤º¾¨¾¦¾¡ö­ê†»É¾¨Á»¤;­£¸¾´§ñ¡§É¾ê†®Ò¦ö´À¹©­°ö­Ã­¢½®¸­¡¾­©¿À­ó­£½©ó­À§…¤º¾©¦½Á©¤Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ­­¸È¾­ìñ©®Ò´ó£¸¾´¯½¦ö¤Ã­¡¾­­¿Àºö¾®÷¡£ö­­À¢í¾¦øÈì½­®ö®¨÷ªòê¿;­¹ùõ­¡¾­©¿À­ó­£½©óê†À»ñ©¢›­©É¸¨£¸¾´®Ò­À¯ñ­Àº¡½ì¾©­¹ùõ­ì¿º¼¤­Áì½­´óêò©§š­¿Ã­¡¾­®Ò­¿­Àºö¾®÷¡£ö­©„¤¡È¾¸­À¢í¾¦øÈì½®ö®¨÷ªòê¿

• The Court will, when determining the inability of a State to prosecute, consider whether this is as a result of a total or substantial collapse or unavailability of its national judicial system, a State is unable to secure the accused, necessary evidence and testimony/witnesses or for any other reason that the State is unable to undertake the proceedings.

• Rape: the definition followed is gender-neutral; it amounts to a perpetrator invading the body of a person by way of penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anus or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body.

• À´õºÄ©É´ó¡¾­²ò¥¾ì½­¾À«ò¤£¸¾´®Ò¦¾´¾©Ã­¡¾­©¿­À­ó­£½©ó¢º¤ìñ©,­¦¾­¥½²ò¥¾ì½­¾¸È¾­¦¾À¹©Á´È­­¨Éº­£¸¾´ìí´À¹ì¸êñ¤Ïö©­¹ùõ­®¾¤¦È¸­,­£¸¾´®Ò²Éº´­¢º¤Ã­ì½®ö®ª÷쾡¾­¢º¤ìñ©,­ìñ©®Ò¦¾´¾©¯Éº¤¡ñ­°øÉ­«õ¡¹¾,­¹ùñ¡«¾­ê†¥¿À¯ñ­,­£¿Ã¹É¡¾­/²½¨¾­­¹ùõ­À¹©­°ö­ºˆ­Å­À§…¤ìñ©®Ò¦¾´¾©©¿À­ó­¢½®¸­¡¾­©¿À­ó­­£½©ó.

• ¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­­Œ­£¿­ò¨¾´¢É¾¤ì÷È´­Á´È­¡È¼¸¢Éº¤À²©.­¡¾­¢‰´¢õ­­Á´È­°øÉ¡½ê¿°ò©­À§…¤Ä©É®÷¡ì÷¡»È¾¤¡¾¨¢º¤­®÷¡£ö­Ã©Î‡¤­©É¸¨¸òêó¡¾­ì½À´ó©¦È¸­Ã©Î‡¤¢º¤»È¾¤­¡¾¨­¹ùõ­º½Ä¸¨½¸½ê¾¤À²©,»ø꽸¾­­¹ùõ­¡¾­À¯ó©º½­Ä¸¨½¸½À²©¢º¤°øÉ«õ¡À£¾½»É¾¨­©É¸¨º÷¯½¡º­Ã©Î‡¤­¹ùõ­²¾¡¦È¸­ªÈ¾¤Å¢º¤»È¾¤¡¾¨

Successes and failures of the ICC

• Permanent court Security Council – refer & defer

• Jurisdiction Prosecutor’s authority

• Complementarity Non-development of judiciaries

• Internalization of intl law Lack of political support

• Attacks on peacekeepers Terrorism and drug-trafficking

• Rape

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