trajectories of land use & land cover in sirsa district...

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2015

221

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2015 IJSETR

Abstract- Land use and land-cover (LULC) change is

recognized as a fundamental concern of global

environmental change [3]. This paper explores the

temporal composition of the main Land-use/Land-cover

(LULC) categories, examines the spatial configuration of

the categories, and derives the probabilities of transitions

in the Sirsa district, Haryana. The knowledge about the

LULC change generated through the geo-statistical and

geo-informatics techniques is significant for the sustainable

land use planning, management and utilization. The

anthropogenic activities and technological advancements

are considered to be responsible for a changed dynamics in

land use / land cover [2]. The present study aims to

investigate the LU/LC changes using multi-temporal IRS

P6 AWiFS satellite data (2006-07- 2009-10) of Sirsa district

and to identify the hot spots of land use changes pertaining

to various categories. At the same time, land use and land

cover transfer matrixes are used to assess the dynamic

change trends for different land cover types [10] [11].

Agricultural crop class covered 4090.52 sq. km area in

2006-07 & 4021.39 sq. km area in 2009-10. This class covers

95.83 percentage area of Sirsa district in 2006-07 & 94.21

percentage area of Sirsa district in 2009-10.Double crop is

the dominant class in both years i.e. 2006-07 and 2009-10 in

Sirsa district. The major shifting was observed in rabi only

class of 2006-07 whose 229.56 sq. km area was changed into

double crop area during 2009-10. Wastelands class was

observed 110.43 sq. km in 2007 that was 2.60 percentages

of total geographical area of the district and 81.62 sq. km

area was observed in 2009-10 that was 1.91 percentage of

total geographical area of the district.

Key words —Land use- Land cover, IRS P6, AWiFS

satellite data, Spatial & Temporal.

I. INTRODUCTION

The land use pattern of any terrain is a reflection of the

complex physical process acting upon the surface of the Earth

[13]. These processes include impact of climatic, geologic

and topographic conditions on the distribution of natural

resources [14]. Remote sensing has emerged as one of the

frontier technologies in recent times because of itsrepetitive

and synoptic coverage capabilities which are helpful in

assessing land use/land cover changes in a time series domain

[17]. Information on existing land use/land cover (LU/LC),

Manuscript received Oct 15, 2011. Sandeep Kumar, Student M. SC. Geo-informatics, Uttarakhand Open

University, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, Haryana, India, Mobile:09468487861

Anil Kumar, Project Fellow, Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), CCS HAU Campus-Hisar, Haryana.

Dr. B. S. Kundu, Assistant Professor (Geography), Govt. College, Jind,

Haryana.

its spatial distribution and changes is essential prerequisite

for planning. Environmental change detection and

monitoring can be done using multi data image to evaluate

difference in LU/LC [4].

GIS is an effective tool to solve geo-scientific problems

creating geo-database of natural resources and to integrate

various thematic data layers to study inter relationships of

different layers. GIS and remote sensing techniques are being

effectively used in recent times as advanced tools gather

information about the Earth’s resources more accurately,

efficiently and quickly than conventional methods[12].

Land cover refers to the attributes of a part of the Earth’s

land surface, including biota, soil, topography, water, and

human structures [1]. Land use refers to the purposes for which humans exploit the

land cover [1].

In the present study, spatio-temporal analysis of land use /

land cover during 2006-07 & 2009-10) of Sirsa district was

carried out. IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data of two seasons i.e.

kharif & rabi for both years (2006-07 and 2009-10) were used

for interpretation of the land use / land cover categories in the

study area adopting WGS-84 datum and UTM projection

system. The interpretation and analysis of satellite data was

carried out by using on-screen interpretation technique.

Using vector data of both years (2006-07 & 2009-10) a union

layer was generated to calculate change detection matrix and

change map in the district.

II. STUDY AREA

The Sirsa district lies in the extreme west corner of Haryana

State. It is bordered by, the districts of Faridkot and Bhatinda

of Punjab state in the north and north-east, Ganganagar and

Hanumangarh districts of Rajasthan state in the west and

south, and Fatehabad district of Haryana in the east. Thus, it

touches the interstate boundaries on three sides and is

connected with its own state only on the eastern side.The

district is stretched between 29º 14’ to 30ºN latitudes and 74º

29' to 75º 18'E longitudes covering an area of 4268.20 sq.

kms [9]. The terrain of Sirsa district may be broadly classified

from north to south into three major types i.e. Haryana Plain,

Alluvial bed of Ghaggar or Nali and Sand dune tract. The

average rainfall in the district as a whole is 186.3 mm [8].

Over 60% of the annual rainfall is received during the months

of July to September. Temperature begins to rise from March

and May and June are the hottest months. The mean daily

maximum temperature varies from 41ºC to 46ºC and mean

daily minimum temperature is about 27ºC, maximum

temperature may go up to 48ºC. Ghaggar, the most important

seasonal river in Haryana and the only river that flows

Trajectories of Land use & Land cover in

Sirsa District, Haryana: Temporal Composition,

Spatial Configuration and Probability of

Changes in GIS Environment

Sandeep Kumar1, Anil Kumar

2, B. S. Kundu

3, Manjit Singh

4


222


through the district, carries water during the monsoon season

[9]. Location map of study area is displayed in figure-1.

Figure-1

III. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

Satellite Data:

Mainly Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-P6 - AWiFS

satellite data of both rabi and kharif seasons was used for

present study. This satellite data for both seasons & years

(2006-07 & 2009-10) was downloaded from Bhuvan and

used to prepare thematic layers [7]. The specification of

remote sensing satellite data is given in the table-1.

Software Used:

ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3, ARC GIS Desktop 9.3, Microsoft

Office 2007.

Table-1 Specification of satellite data used during

2006-07 and 2009-10

Sr.

No.

Satellite Sensor Date of acquisition

1 IRS-P6 AWiFS October 2006 & March

2007

2 IRS-P6 AWiFS September 2009 & March

2010

Scale: The present change mapping was prepared on 1:50,000 scale

to monitor land use / land cover change during the year

2006-07 to 2009-10.

Land use /land cover classification methodology for study

area is presented in figure-2 & table-2.

Figure-2 Methodology flow chart

Ground truth:

Doubtful areas are checked by field verification.

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Sirsa district covers an area of 4268.2 sq. km. Based

on the interpretation of two season satellite data, the land use/

land cover categories identified in the study area were double

cropped area, rabi only, kharif only, current fallow, strip

plantation, strip plantation, horticultural plantation, degraded

grazing land, land with open scrub, sandy area, waterlogged

seasonal, sat affected area, single/ group building, waterbody

and village settlement. The interpreted satellite maps for the

years 2006-07 and 2009-10 are shown as Figure-3 & 4

respectively. The areal extent of these categories during both

the years alongwith change in their area is given in table-3.

The brief description of various classes is as follows:

Built Up Land: Built-up Land is comprised of areas of

intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. It

is further divided into village, urban built up, single/group

building. Total area of built up class during 2006-07 has

56.88 sq. km. and in 2009-10 this class increased by 45.36 sq.

km.

Built up Rural & Urban – Out of the total built up rural land

or settlement area of Sirsa district was 30.09 sq. km. in

2006-07. During the year 2009-10, it was found that there is

an increment of 228.73 sq. km.

Table-2 Codification of classification system


223


Level-I Level-II Level-III Code

Built up Rural

Village (Rural) 1

Single/Group Building 2

Urban City (Urban) 3

Agriculture

Land

Cropland

Kharif only 4

Rabi only 5

Double cropped 6

Fallow land Current Fallow 8

Plantation

Agriculture

Plantation

Strip Plantation 9

Horticulture Plantation 10

Block

Plantation

Block Plantation 11

Bund plantation 12

Wastelands

Scrub lands

Land with open scrub 13

Land with dense scrub 14

Mining

dump

Brick kiln/stone mining

dump 15

Grazing

Land Degraded Grazing land 16

Waterlogged Seasonal waterlogged 17

Permanent waterlogged 18

Sandy area Sandy area 19

Salt affected Salt affected area 20

Water body Pond/River Pond 21

Agricultural land: Agricultural land may be defined broadly

as land used primarily for production of food grains and

fodder. 4090.52 sq. km. area was covered by this class in

2005-06. During 2009-10 this class has 4019.92 sq. km. area.

This category is further divided into double crop, rabi only,

kharif only and current fallow sub-classes.

Double crop- This sub-class includes an area which is

cultivated during both rabi and kharif seasons in a year [16].

Double crop is the dominant category in Sirsa district. The

area under this class during 2006-07 was 3576.99 sq. km.

whereas it became 3678.16 sq. km. in 2009-10. The

increment of 101.17 sq. km. is also justified by the decrease

of rabi only class in Sirsa district.

Rabi only - The area cultivated only during rabi season and

remains fallow during kharif season is classified as rabi only

[16]. This class covered an area of 261.57 sq. km in 2006-07

and 32.01 sq. km in 2009-10. The decrease of 229.56 sq. km.

in this category due to the shifting of this area in kharif only

& double crop categories.

Kharif only - The area which is cultivated only during kharif

season and remains fallow during rabi season is called kharif

only [16]. It covered an area of 25.28 sq. km in 2006-07 and

187.36 sq. km in 2019-10 i.e. a increase of 162.08 sq. km due

to decreased the class rabi only.

Current Fallow - Land which is kept fallow in both rabi and

kharif seasons due to one or the other reasons falls under this

category [16]. An area of 226.68 sq. km. of this class was

found during 2006-07 whereas this class was decreased to

122.39 sq. km. in 2009-10. This class decreased 104.29 sq.

km during 2007 to 2009-10.

Plantation: Plantation class has 6 sq. km. area in 2006-07.

Like this, in 2009-10 plantation having 41.37 sq. km. area.

This category includes Agricultural plantation, Strip

plantation and Horticultural plantation classes also.

Agricultural plantation- Agricultural plantation is done

around the crop field [18]. Agricultural plantation covered an

area of 6 sq. km in 2006-07 and this class covered 2.37 sq. km

area in 2009-10.

Strip plantation - Strip plantation is mainly done on both

sides of roads/ kachcha ways. Strip plantation covered an

area of 37.53 sq. km. area in 2009-10.

Wastelands: The term wastelands refer to degraded lands

that are currently underutilized and are deteriorating for lack

of appropriate soil & water management or on account of

natural cause [5]. Total wastelands in study area during

2006-07 was 110.43 sq. km whenever in 2009-10 this class

has 81.62 sq. km. area. This class is further divided into

degraded grazing land, scrub land and sandy area,

waterlogged seasonal, salt affected.

Degraded Grazing Land- These lands are the Panchayat

lands, irregular in shape, and are found close to settlement

fringes [5]. These lands have degraded due to lack of proper

soil conservation and drainage measures. The areal extent of

this class during 2006-07 was 67.72 sq. km and it decreased

by 22.56 sq. km. during 2006-07 to 2011-12 due to increment

in settlement area of the villages.

Land with Open scrub- These lands generally occupy

topographically high locations and possess sparse vegetation.

These are subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs

dominating the landscape [6]. This class occupied an area of

28.98 sq. km. in 2006-07 and 6.42 sq. km. in 2009-10 i.e.

decreased of 22.56 sq. km. during this period.

Sandy area- A small area of 4.92 sq. km was found during

2006-07 in the Sirsa district. In 2009-10, 1.55 sq. km area

was covered by this class. Most of the sandy wastelands have

been leveled and put under cultivation.

Seasonally waterlogged- Seasonally waterlogged areas are

those where the water logging condition prevails usually

during the monsoon period [6]. 551 sq. km area of this class

was found during 2006-07 whereas this class covered 21.88

sq. km area in 2009-10. These waterlogged patches were

found near Nathusari Chopta that shown in figure-3 & 4.

Salt affected area- Lands affected by salinity/alkalinity have

excess soluble salts (saline) or high exchangeable sodium.

Salinity is caused due to movement of water, capillary rise

during extreme weather conditions leaving salt encrustation

on the surface [6]. This class was observed 3.3 sq. km in

2006-07. In 2009-10, this class covered 7.59 sq. km area. Salt

affected patches are distributed near village Nathusari that

was shown in figure-3 & figure-4.

Water Body: This class includes ponds and lakes present in

the study area. Ponds were observed in Study area covering

an area of 4.38 sq. km in 2006-07 & 23.06 sq. km in 2009-10.

Table-2 Areal extent and temporal analysis in area of land use/ land cover categories in Sirsa district


224


LU/LC

Categories

Level -I

Area in

Sq. km.

(2006-07)

Area in

Sq. km.

(2009-10)

LU/LC Categories

Level -III

Area in

Sq. km.

(2006-07)

Area in

Sq. km.

(2009-10)

Change

Built Up

Land 56.88 102.24

Rural 30.09 58.82 28.73

Urban 26.79 35.01 8.22

Single Group Building 0.00 8.41 8.41

Agricultural

Crops 4090.52 4019.92

Double Crop 3576.99 3678.16 101.17

Rabi Only 261.57 32.01 -229.56

Kharif Only 25.28 187.36 162.08

Current Fallow 226.68 122.39 -104.2

9

Plantations 6.00 41.37

Horticultural Plantation 0.00 1.47 1.47

Agricultural Plantation 6.00 2.37 -3.63

Strip Plantation 0.00 37.53 37.53

Wastelands 110.42 81.61

Land with Open Scrub 28.98 6.42 -22.56

Degraded grazing & Grass land 67.72 44.18 -23.54

Salt Affected Area 3.30 7.59 4.29

Waterlogged Seasonal 5.51 21.88 16.37

Sand Desertic 4.92 1.55 -3.37

Water body 4.38 23.06 Water body 4.38 23.06 18.68

Total 4268.20 4268.20 Total 4268.20 4268.20 0.00

Figure-3 Figure-4


225


Table-3 Category wise spatio-temporal change analysis of land use/ land cover classes during

2006-07 to 2009-10 in Sirsa District

(Area in sq. km.)

2009-10

2006-07

Agricultural

Plantation

Built

-up

Rural

Built

-up

Urban

Current

Fallow

Degraded

grazing &

Grass

Land

Double

Crop

Horticultural

Plantation

Kharif

Only

Land

With

Open

Scrub

Rabi

Only

Salt

Affected

Sand

Desertic

Single

Group

Building

Strip

Plantation

Waterbody Waterlogged

Seasonal

Grand

Total

Agricultural

Plantation 1.04 0.16 0.00 0.09 0.03 2.85 0.21 1.03 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 6.00

Built-up

Rural 0.00 29.76 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.19 30.09

Built-up

Urban 0.02 5.89 16.52 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.71 0.01 0.06 0.00 26.79

Current

Fallow 0.16 2.34 0.88 78.36 0.00 47.49 0.02 89.66 0.73 4.63 0.00 0.71 1.30 0.18 0.06 0.14 226.68

Degraded

grass &

Grazing Land

0.00 10.28 0.00 0.34 43.38 12.47 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.15 0.27 0.00 67.72

Double Crop 0.98 8.62 15.05 6.16 0.00 3415.87 1.01 39.41

11.36 2.85 0.22 2.12 36.60 17.36 19.40 3576.99

Kharif Only 0.00 0.00 0.05 2.10 0.51 11.48 0.02 10.17 0.12 0.66 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.08 25.28

Land With

Open Scrub 0.04 0.80 1.89 1.57 0.00 14.25 0.20 3.44 4.51 0.15 0.97 0.06 0.87 0.10 0.08 0.04 28.98

Rabi Only 0.07 0.79 0.47 31.52 0.00 169.60 0.02 40.78 0.36 15.05 0.14 0.45 0.37 0.26 1.34 0.35 261.57

Salt Affected 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 2.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 3.30

Sand Desertic 0.00 0.00 0.09 1.75 0.00 0.78 0.00 2.17 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.92

Waterbody 0.00 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.12 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 2.58 0.08 4.38

Waterlogged

Seasonal 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.01 2.64 5.51

Grand Total 2.37 58.82 35.01 122.39 44.18 3678.16 1.47 187.36 6.42 32.01 7.59 1.55 8.41 37.53 21.88 23.06 4268..20


226


Spatio-temporal change analysis:

A common or union layer was generated on the basis of

vector layers of both years 2006-07 & 2009-10. With this

common vector layer, changes between all land use/ land

cover categories during 2006-07 to 2009-10 were calculated

as shown through change matrix in table-4 and the change

map was prepared as shown in figure-5. Red colour used to

denote no change and green colour for changes in existing

class that is shown in table-4.Table -4 rows total presents

area during 2006-07 and column total presents area during

2009-10 of different land use land cover classes. The change

analysis data shows that 3415.87 sq. km. area of double crop

remained unchanged but a reasonable area i.e. 36.60 sq. km.

area of double crop changed into strip plantation category.

8.62 sq. km. area changed into built up rural & 15.05 sq. km

area changed into built up urban from double crop class and

169.60 sq. km. changed in to double crop from rabi only. On

the other hand in 2009-10 year data 39.41 sq. km. area of

double crop was shifted into kharif only.

Figure-5

V. CONCLUSIONS

The present study was conducted to evaluate change

analysis of Sirsa district by using IRS-P6, AWiFS satellite

data of both rabi and kharif seasons for the years 2006-07 &

2009-10. Sirsa district cover an area of 4268.20 sq. km. The

change analysis is based on the changes observed in land use/

land cover in Sirsa district between 2006-07 and 2009-10.

After going through the final land use/land cover data of both

years and the changes occurred during these years, following

conclusions were drawn.

Built-up area, agricultural crops, plantation, wastelands

& waterbody are major LU/LC classes that were

observed in both years 2006-07 & 2009-10.

Agricultural crop class covered 4090.52 sq. km area in

2006-07 & 4021.39 sq. km area in 2009-10. This class

covers 95.83 percentage area of Sirsa district in 2006-07

& 94.21 percentage area of Sirsa district in 2009-10.

Built-up area was observed 56.88 sq. km in 2006-07 that

was 1.33 percentages of total geographical area of the

district and 102.24 sq. km area was observed in 2009-10

that was 2.39 percentage of total geographical area of the

district.

Wastelands class was observed 110.43 sq. km in

2006-07 that was 2.60 percentages of total geographical

area of the district and 81.62 sq. km area was observed in

2009-10 that was 1.91 percentage of total geographical

area of the district.

Double crop is the dominant class in both years i.e.

2006-07 and 2009-10 in Sirsa district. The major shifting

was observed in rabi only class of 2006-07 whose 229.56

sq. km area was changed into double crop area during

2009-10. The data reveals that total agricultural area was

decreased 70.6 sq. km during 2006-07 to 2009-10. This

is due to increase in built up area & strip plantation

classes. Minor changes were also observed in wastelands

categories in the district.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost I would like to thank God. It is a great

privilege for me to take this opportunity to express my

sincere thanks and ineptness for my esteemed guide, learned

teacher and dynamic personality Dr. B. S. Kundu, Assistant

Professor (Geography), Govt. P. G. College, Jind for his

vigilant supervision, active interest, unceasing guidance,

constructive criticism, clarity of concepts, limitless patience

and constant encouragement. With profound veneration of

Sh. Parveen Bhati (Director), Science Centre, Dehradun,

Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital, who had a

complementary faith in me.

I would express thanks to Mr. Hardev Singh (J.R.F.) and

Mr. Anil Kumar (P. F.) for their understanding, cooperation

and encouragement from time to time, as I have learned a

great deal from each of them, all of which I can remember

now, during my project work.

I am greatly indebted to my respectable Mother for their

unconditioned true love, affection, blessings, noble guidance,

sacrifice and support which have paved my path of success. A

special thanks to my elder brother Mahender Singh for their

love & affection. I would like to thank my wife Sonu Rani

for her understanding and love during the past few years.

Finally, and most importantly I would like to dedicate this

work to my lost father Lt. Sh. Khiraj Singh Bidasra, who

left us on 10.07.1996. I hope that this work makes you proud.


227


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Sandeep Kumar received the M.Sc. degree in

Geography from the Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (2008); P. G. Diploma in Geoinfornatics

from Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi

& M. Sc. degree in Geoinformatics from Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani. He is Junior Research

Fellow at Haryana Space Applications Centre

(HARSAC), CCSHAU Campus, Hisar (Haryana). He has four years experience in the field of Remote sensing & GIS .He has

published about 9 papers in national and international journals. He has also

published about 4 technical reports, booklets and atlases.

Anil Kumar received the M.Sc. degree in Geography

from the Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (2010);

M. Tech. degree in Geoinformatics from Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology,

Hisar, Haryana. He is Project Fellow at Haryana Space

Applications Centre (HARSAC), CCSHAU Campus, Hisar (Haryana). He has two years experience in the field

of Remote sensing & GIS .He has published about 3

papers in national and international journals.

Dr. B. S. Kundu, Assistant professor (Geography), Govt.

P. G. College, Jind. He has ten years experience in the field of remote sensing & GIS as senior scientific assistant

(SSA) at Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC.

He is lecturer in Geography since fifteen years at Haryana higher education commission. He published about 14

papers in national and international journals. He has also

published about 28 technical reports, booklets and atlases.

http://bhuvan-noeda.nrsc.gov.in/download/download/download.php

http://bhuvan-noeda.nrsc.gov.in/download/download/download.php

http://esaharyana.gov.in/data/StatisticalAbstract.pdf

http://support.esri.com/en/

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