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Policy Options for Reducing Transport Emissions

Madan B. RegmiTransport DivisionUNESCAP, Bangkok

Regional Capacity Building Workshop on Measurement of Inland Transport CO2 Emissions and Mitigation Policies

26-27 September 2013, Bangkok

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UN Mandates

GlobalRio+20, focus on three pillars of sustainability

EconomicSocialEnvironmental

Millennium Development Goals, 8Sustainable Development Goals (beyond 2015)Kyoto Protocol – new protocol by 2015

Regional Regional Action Programme for Transport Development, 2012-2016 (Ministerial Conference on Transport, 2012)

Sustainable transport development (10 Thematic Areas)

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Rio+20 Outcome (Transport)

Transport and mobility are key to Sustainable DevelopmentEfficient movement of goods and peopleEnergy efficient multimodal transport systemClean fuels and vehiclesIntegrated approach to planningAffordable and sustainable transportSustainable transit transport- need of landlocked and transit countriesCapacity development

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Growth Rate

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

China Iran Japan Kazakhstan ROK Pakistan RussianFederation

Turkey

Rail Lines (1990‐2010) Road (1990 ‐ 2010) Vehicles (1993‐2008)

Growth of railways, road and vehicles

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Growing pattern of urban development

Half of world’s people live in town and cities90% of world’s urban expansion in developing countriesUnsustainable pattern of growth of big and megacitiesCities account for more that 2/3 of energy use and GHG emissionsCar centered developmentsLack of affordable public transportCost of congestion- 2-5% of GDPAir pollution- health cost 2-4% of GDPVicious cycle: more new cars- more new road –more congestion

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State of emissions (recap)

Global CO2 emissionsTransport share CO2- 22% of total emissionsESCAP share- 27% of world

CO2 Emissions- almost doubled in 20 years in Asia

Road transport share of emissions - 83% in Asia

Growth of motorized vehicles- 4-12%

Emission assessment

Different mitigation policies necessary:Passenger transportFreight TransportUrban transport

Non-urban transport

•ASIF ApproachEmission= Σ Activity (pkm or tkm ) X Structure (mode share) X Fuel Intensity (fuel consumption per vkm by vehicle type) X Emission Factor (of fuel used in vehicle type)

Mitigation policies(1)

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Integrated transport planningUrban transport planningImprovement of public transportation

Bus Rapid TransitMetroLight Rail Transit,Bus service- frequency and qualitySocial inclusion- affordability

Promotion of Non-motorized TransportWalkwaysCycle lanes, cycle hire, parking Pedestrian zones

(2 km walking (a very feasible distance) or a two km bicycle trip reduces GHG by 419 grams of CO2 (e) if it replaces a car trip)

Mitigation policies (2)

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Travel demand managementReducing need to travel – compact city planning vs satellite cities

Tele conference, use of ICTManaging vehicle growthParking policies, restrictionRoad pricing- discouraging use of private vehicleCar free zonesPark and ride

TechnologyClean and Green fuelsAlternate clean energyEnergy efficient modesHybrid and electric vehiclesUse of ITS

Maintenance of transport infrastructureDrivers training

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Mitigation policies (3)

Modal shift to energy efficient modesFreight: road to rail, coastal shipping and IWTFreight rail– double stacks of containersIntermodal integrationPassenger: Private car to public transport

High speed railsHSR is a feasible alternative to air travel, 500 miles

Thailand, Malaysia-Singapore, China, ROK, Japan

Seoul and Daegu HSR in 2004, the Korean Train Express (KTX) partly responsible for a 34-75% drop in domestic aviation

Social inclusionExtend reach of transport to vulnerable groupsProvide affordable public transport

Subsidies to social vulnerable groups- Tbilisi city travel, Bangkok (red line bus-free), India railway fare subsidies

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Some policies being implemented in countries (country reports)

Sri Lanka- banning of two stroke three wheelers, fare subsides to school children, increasing use of hybrid vehicles, emission assessmentNepal: Kathmandu mass transit, sustainable urban transport

project, fuel standardsViet Nam- Hanoi- BRT and MRT, MRT-Ho Chi Minh CityTajikistan: fare subsidies in Dushanbe, improvement of infrastructure, NMT in Dushanbe- extending to other 3 citiesGeorgia: Tram link by 2016, test of electric vehicles in Tbilisi, fare subsidiesIndonesia: ERP, BRT, MRT, fare subsidiesThailand: BRT, MRT, free public bus, alternate fuels, fuel standardsBhutan: NMT, improve fuel efficiency, fuel standards, improving public transport- high capacity buses

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Concluding remarks

Need to know the state of the problem and evaluate optionsVarious assessment methodologies/approaches give various outcomeCombination of policies essential to mitigate emissionsMany successful examples from Asia

BRTs- Bangkok, India, Pakistan, ChinaTransit Oriented Development –Hong Kong, Singapore, JapanCompact city planning- Tianjin eco cityElectronic Road Pricing - Singapore Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure – Kanagawa, Goto Islands, Nagasaki, Shanghai, others city in Asia?Alternate fuels- not extensive use and availability yetNMT- focus on walking and cycling –EuropeJapan- natural reduction of VMT

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Workshop programme26 September 2013Session I

Introduction to UNDA ProjectOverview of state of transport emissions in AsiaPolicy options for reducing transport emissionsIntroduction to ForFITS

Session II International experiences on emission measurement and mitigation policies

Session IIICountry experiences on emission measurement and mitigation policies (contd.)

27 September 2013Session III

Country experiences on emission measurement and mitigation policies (contd.)

Session IVForFITS ModelThe way forward

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regmi.unescap@un.org