UNECE – UNESCAPUNECE – UNESCAP44thth Expert Group Meeting on Expert Group Meeting on

Developing Euro-Asian Transport LinkagesDeveloping Euro-Asian Transport Linkages

Thessaloniki, GreeceThessaloniki, Greece21-24 November 200621-24 November 2006

Robert Nowak

Transport Division

UN Economic Commission for Europe

Legal arrangements for the smooth movement of goods Legal arrangements for the smooth movement of goods internationallyinternationally

Agenda Item 8

TRADING ACROSS BORDERSTRADING ACROSS BORDERS

World Bank’s “Doing Business”

www.doingbusiness.org

WB – Doing Business: “Trading Across Borders”

The procedural requirements for exporting and importing a standardized cargo of goods

Every official procedure is counted -- from the contractual agreement between the two parties to the delivery of goods -- along with the time and cost necessary for completion

WB – Doing Business

Number of all documents required to export/import goods

Time necessary to comply with all procedures required to export/import goods

Cost associated with all the procedures required to export/import goods

Region or Economy

Documents for export (number)

Time for export (days)

Cost to export (US$ per container)

Documents for import (number)

Time for import (days)

Cost to import (US$ per container)

OECD 4.8 10.5 811.0 5.9 12.2 882.6

East Asia & Pacific

6.9 23.9 884.8 9.3 25.9 1,037.1

Middle East & North Africa

7.1 27.1 923.9 10.3 35.4 1,182.8

Latin America & Caribbean

7.3 22.2 1,067.5 9.5 27.9 1,225.5

South Asia 8.1 34.4 1,236.0 12.5 41.5 1,494.9

Europe & Central Asia

7.4 29.2 1,450.2 10.0 37.1 1,589.3

Sub-Saharan Africa

8.2 40.0 1,561.1 12.2 51.5 1,946.9

 

Number of documents required to export(Top 10 – bottom 10 UNECE members)

14

14

10

10

9

9

9

9

8

8

8

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Tajikistan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

FYR Macedonia

Georgia

Turkey

Slovenia

Slovakia

Spain

Russia

Italy

Austria

Finland

France

Germany

Norway

Portugal

Romania

Canada

Denmark

Canada

Tajikistan

Number of documents required to import (Top 10 – bottom 10 UNECE members)

18

18

18

18

16

13

12

12

11

11

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Italy

Turkey

Lithuania

Albania

Greece

Georgia

Canada

Germany

Ireland

Netherlands

Norway

Romania

UK

Denmark

Finland

Sweden

SwedenSweden

AzerbaijanAzerbaijan

Number of days required to export (Top 10 – bottom 10 UNECE members)

93

72

69

44

39

34

34

33

33

33

7

7

7

7

7

6

6

6

5

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Kazakhstan

Tajikistan

azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

Russia

Armenia

Albania

Ukraine

Rep. of Moldova

Belarus

Belgium

Canada

Finland

Ireland

Netherlands

Germany

Lithuania

Sweden

Denmark

Estonia

Estonia

Kazakhstan

Number of days required to import(Top 10 – bottom 10 UNECE members

139

127

87

79

46

44

38

37

36

35

9

9

9

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Ukraine

Tajikistan

Russia

Armenia

Belarus

FYR Macedonia

Austria

Belgium

US

Netherlands

Finland

Norway

Germany

Sweden

Denmark

Estonia

Denmark

Uzbekistan

Exports: Exports: Inland transportation Inland transportation (in days)(in days)

7.44

29

15

14

10

8

8

7

5

4

4

3

3

3

3

2

1

NA

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Average:

Kazakhstan

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Iran

Uzbekistan

Tajikistan

Russia

Belarus

Bulgaria

Georgia

Rep. of Moldova

Turkey

Ukraine

China

Romania

Kyrgyzstan

Exports: Exports: Customs Clearance and Technical Control Customs Clearance and Technical Control (in days)(in days)

4.56

23

10

10

8

5

3

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

NA

0 5 10 15 20 25

Average:

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Belarus

Rep. of Moldova

Afghanistan

Iran

Bulgaria

Ukraine

Armenia

Russia

Georgia

Turkey

China

Romania

Kyrgyzstan

Exports: Exports: Number of documents requiredNumber of documents required

7.88

14

14

10

9

8

8

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

6

5

4

NA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Average:

Tajikistan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Turkey

Russia

Georgia

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Rep. of Moldova

Armenia

Bulgaria

Ukraine

China

Iran

Romania

Kyrgyzstan

Exports: Exports: Documents Preparation Documents Preparation (in days)(in days)

23.13

50

44

40

30

30

23

22

22

21

18

15

14

13

12

9

7

NA

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Average:

Tajikistan

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Russia

Ukraine

Belarus

Rep. of Moldova

Armenia

Uzbekistan

Bulgaria

China

Turkey

Iran

Romania

Georgia

Kyrgyzstan

Imports: Imports: Inland Transportation Inland Transportation (in days)(in days)

12.19

41

41

33

25

14

11

7

5

4

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

NA

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Average:

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Belarus

Russia

Iran

Ukraine

Turkey

Georgia

Rep. of Moldova

Bulgaria

China

Romania

Tajikistan

Imports: Imports: Customs Clearance and Technical Control Customs Clearance and Technical Control (in days)(in days)

7.24

25

18

16

9

9

8

7

5

5

4

4

3

2

2

2

2

2

0 5 10 15 20 25

Average:

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

Afghanistan

Tajikistan

Azerbaijan

Rep. of Moldova

Belarus

Ukraine

Bulgaria

China

Iran

Armenia

Russia

Turkey

Georgia

Romania

Imports: Imports: Number of documents requiredNumber of documents required

11.29

18

18

18

18

13

12

11

11

11

10

10

10

8

7

7

6

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Average:

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Turkey

China

Afghanistan

Iran

Georgia

Ukraine

Tajikistan

Bulgaria

Russia

Rep. of Moldova

Belarus

Armenia

Romania

Imports: Imports: Documents Preparation Documents Preparation (in days)(in days)

29.53

69

58

51

49

34

31

30

30

26

21

21

19

18

14

13

9

9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Average:

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Azerbaijan

Afghanistan

Kazakhstan

Ukraine

Russia

Tajikistan

I ran

Belarus

Rep. of Moldova

Armenia

Turkey

China

Bulgaria

Georgia

Romania

Developing transport infrastructure and facilitating Developing transport infrastructure and facilitating international transport in Europe and Asiainternational transport in Europe and Asia

Best practices: some European examplesBest practices: some European examples

Agenda Item 10

Transport facilitation: what is it?Transport facilitation: what is it?

Removal of unnecessary barriers to international transport

Transport facilitation: what for?Transport facilitation: what for?

To reduce transportation time and costs

Transport facilitation: how?Transport facilitation: how?

Reduce the physical costs of transport Improve the efficiency of border crossing operations

How? Reform customs and other border agencies through

modernization, improved staff training, better inter-agency and cross-border cooperation

Provide high quality infrastructure and services for transport, logistics, customs and information technology

The International Convention on the Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods, 21

October 1982

Objectives of the Convention:

The “Harmonization Convention” aims at facilitating border crossing of goods by harmonizing and reducing:

· formalities

· number and duration of border controls

The “Harmonization Convention” establishes procedures for:

customs controls, medico-sanitary, inspections, veterinary inspections, phyto-sanitary inspections, quality controls and controls of compliance with technical standards

These procedures call for:

national cooperation and coordination of various services

international cooperation between the respective border services

The “Harmonization Convention” foresees:

joint controls of goods and documents through the provision of shared facilities

same opening hours and same types of services at the same border

promotion of the one-stop-shop principle for border controls

Table 3.4 Acceptance of the key UNECE transport agreements and conventionsRatified as of 30 September 2006

AGR E-road network 1975

AGC E-rail network 1985

AGTC combined traffic network 1991

Road traffic 1968

European suppl. road traffic 1971

Road signs & signals 1968

European suppl. road signs & signals 1971

Protocol road markings 1973

AETR work of crews int. transport 1970

CMR contract road transport 1956

Temporary import private road vehicles 1954

Temporary import commercial road vehicles 1956

TIR convention 1975

Harmonized frontier control of goods 1982

ADR dangerous goods by road 1957

ATP perishable foodstuffs 1970

SE Europe

Bulgaria x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Romania x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Turkey x x x x x x x x x

EECCA

Armenia x x x x x x

Azerbaijan x x x x x x x x x

Belarus x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Georgia x x x x x x x x x x

Kazakhstan x x x x x x x x x x

Kyrgyzstan x x x x x x

Moldova x x x x x x x x x

Russia x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Tajikistan x x x x

Turkmenistan x x x x x

Ukraine x x x x x x x x x x x x

Uzbekistan x x x x x x x x

Asia

Afghanistan x x

China

Iran x x x x x

Source: UNECE.

Best practicesBest practices

Border crossing information:

national governments

Customs: the government of Poland

Best practices

Industry associations:

International Road Transport Union