transport & environment freight transport magnus blinge vinnova nuas seminar 25 aug 2008
TRANSCRIPT
• 10 billion people with the same living standards as in the industrial countries would demand resources corresponding to 10 globes!
• …or 10 times more efficient systems
Some reasons for the increased demand for transport services
• Capital rationalization
• Globalisation
• Customer service as a marketing incentive
• Misunderstanding of the concept ”just-in-time”
• Transportation is too cheap!
It is not primarily due to increased consumption!
The solutions that are being discussed…
• Intermodality
• Alternative fuels
• Fuel cells and Hydrogen
• Technical development
• More roads
….will not be enough!
”The seaway is the environmental way” (?)
Shipping is rapidly growing to become Europe's dominating source of SO2 and NOx emissions ~ 2020 more than all other sources in all. (IVL,
2006)
This can be solved with low sulphur bunker oil and catalytic converters, if we are prepared to pay for it!
What about the greenhouse gases?
• Road transport is responsible for three quarters of the CO2 emissions from the transport sector, but shipping's relative share is growing
• Speed and load rate are important. A large containership is 5-10 times more energy efficient compared to road transport
Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for different modes of passenger transport
Energy use
Climate change
Scenarios
• It is clear that a biomass based F-T production scenario will heavily affect the transport and logistic systems.
• To exchange 19% of the fuel consumption in Poland must 3 large plants with the size of 1,6 GW be build. Each plant must be served by 450 trucks per day or one truck every 3 minutes, 24 hours/day, 365 days/year.
• This means five times as many trucks as serving the largest paper mills in the Nordic countries today.
Scenarios
• To substitute 15 % of the EU 15 countries fuel consumption would an area of 310 000 km² be cultivated with Salix. This corresponds to an area of the size of Poland.
• It would require 122 FT-plants of 1,6 GW. We can only imagine the problems of finding enough space at the coastline to support 100 % of the European fuel consumption.
Results for a transported trailer
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fartyg Lastbil Flyg
kg NOx
NOx
02 0004 0006 0008 000
10 00012 00014 00016 00018 00020 00022 00024 00026 00028 000
Fartyg Lastbil Flyg
kg CO2
CO2
Service level on deliveries
Choice of transport mode
Load rate, possibility to consolidate
Distance, possibility to route planning
Transport flexibility
Transport speed
Number of warehouses
Localisation of warehouses
Choice of supplier
Del. precision
Del. time
Del. security
Del. flexibility
Customer demands on: Affects: Which affects:
Example on how a strategic logistic decision affects the environment
Technological improvements and intermodal transport solutions are important parts, but….
The key to a transportation system that is environmentally sustainable lies within the process of strategic logistic planning
The total efficiency needs to be improved!
• Fuel efficiency
• Load rate
Volkswagen Lupo 3L TDI 33 km/liter!
Technical improvement possibilities
• Fuel cells
• Electric hybrid vehicles
• Alternative fuels
• Aerodynamics
• Increased loading capacity
• Etc.,,,
Environmental logistics• CONSOLIDATION
- Consolidated activities (forwarders) in Sweden ~ 70 % load rate- Consolidated activities (forwarders) in Europe ~ 55 % load rate- Totally for the hauler industry ~ 30 – 40 %
• RETURN LOAD~ 25 % of lorry vehicle km (vkm) are empty
• ROUT PLANNING / FLEET MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS5 – 15 % lowered vkm
• PACKING- Recycling / Reuse- Design
Environmental logistics• ORDERING SYSTEM
- Logistic strategy- Service level
• LOCALIZING- Suppliers- warehouses
• DRIVING BEHAVOUR - 20 – 30 % reduction of fuel consumption
• CHOICE OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
• REVERSE LOGISTICS
Potential for fuel savings
• Driving behaviour ~ 10-20 %
• Smaller engines ~ 30-50 % ??
• Consolidation ~ 25 - 50 %
• Technology (Aerodynamics/Hybrid vehicles) ~ 30 %
• Packaging ~ 30 %
• Route planning/ Fleet management systems/GPS ~ 5-15 %
• Alternative fuels ~ 10-20 %
Activities in all areas are necessary!
Fuel consumption for diesel powered engines for heavy vehicles has decreased by approximately 0,5 % per year
For logisticians
• The logistic strategy defines the boundaries for the possibilities for reducing the environmental impact
• Cooperation is necessary
• Open the discussion for increased lead time through better planning, and not necessarily by higher stock levels.
• Transport speed is a rough but rather accurate measure of the environmental impact.
Magnus Blinge
Environmental activities today
Environmental dept.
Transport purchasers
Environmenta Management systems/ISO 14 000
Demands on vehicles (Euro class) Intermodality Tyres Lubricants Heavy Ecodriving …
Magnus Blinge
Sustainable Transport
Logistics dept.
Consolidation Service levels Packaging Localisation Stock level Ordering system …
Magnus Blinge
Environmental dept.
If you buy transport services…If you buy transport services…
2
Slower transport, without longer lead times and maintained (or improved) punctuality!Slower transport, without longer lead times and maintained (or improved) punctuality!
With better planning, transport speeds can be reduced, thereby lowering emissions and increasing the options:
• Increasing transport times increases the choice of methods of transport
• With vehicles driving more slowly, emissions can be reduced
• Driving at lower speeds reduces effects of any disturbances and the goods are therefore more likely to arrive punctually
If you buy transport services…If you buy transport services…
2
Delivery frequency, order quantity and stockholdingDelivery frequency, order quantity and stockholding
Larger and less frequent deliveries mean less vehicles, each carrying greater loads, which result in less emissions per unit of goods:
• With forward planning, the delivery volume per shipment can be increased
• With less shipments the sensitivity to disturbance is decreased
• In every vehicle, there are more goods that need transporting between the same locations, which increases the capacity and reduces the haulage distance
If you buy transport services…If you buy transport services…
2
Transport-friendly packagingTransport-friendly packaging
Sensibly packed products take up less space and are easy to handle:
• Vehicles are filled with packaging that contains plenty of air and not enough goods
• Packaging should be designed to withstand knocks and bumps and be easily stackable to reduce damage en route
• Less packaging material means less waste disposal trips for the consignee
If you buy transport services…If you buy transport services…
2
Logistics-friendly goods delivery locationsLogistics-friendly goods delivery locations
Proximity to sea and rail transport facilitates intermodality:
• Strategically located warehouses and production facilities increase transport options
• A wider choice of transport options lowers the sensitivity to disturbance
• More options increase the competition
If you buy transport services…If you buy transport services…
2
Demands on shipping companies' environmental protection workDemands on shipping companies' environmental protection work
Developments are justified by customers' demands:
• Environmental management systems indicate that environmental protection work is being systematically conducted
• Sound environmental choices when it comes to fuel, tyres and other resources mitigate the impact on the environment
• Heavy EcoDriving training for drivers reduces fuel consumption and emissions
• Many more demands can be made… Today, the Network for Transport and Environment (NTM) has tools to support buyers of transport services in their demands.
!
Almost everyone can do their bit…Almost everyone can do their bit…
2
Purchasers make demands
Purchasers make demands
Product developers create durable, smart-packaging products for shipping purposes
Product developers create durable, smart-packaging products for shipping purposes
The sales person persuades the customer/consignee
The sales person persuades the customer/consignee
The business manager sets time frames
The business manager sets time frames
The IT developer extends the range of communication options
The IT developer extends the range of communication options
The business developer guides the long-term strategies for localisation etc.
The business developer guides the long-term strategies for localisation etc.
Choice of transportation Choice of transportation
Examples of emissions of carbon dioxide in kilograms when carrying 1 tonne of goods a distance of 1 kilometre.
!
RailRail transport is generally highly energy-efficient and almost always the best environmental choice for land-based transportation. Electric engines are kinder to the environment than diesel engines. The impact of the electric engine on the environment depends on how the electricity it uses is produced. RoadNew trucks are usually more environmentally-friendly than older ones. Their impact on the environment depends on the fuel they use, they way they are driven (EcoDriving reduces emissions), post-cleaning equipment and type of tyres.
SeaTransport by sea is often an energy-efficient alternative. The amount of emissions depends on the fuel quality and speed and considerable improvements can be made by choosing better quality fuel and ships that travel at slower speeds.
AirAir transport is highly energy consuming, especially at takeoff. Its advantages are obviously its speed. Good planning can make emergency flights for low-value goods unnecessary.
To find out more… To find out more…
CPM www.cpm.chalmers.se
Environmental measures for goods transport
Blinge and Svensson, CPM report, 2006: 5
Network for Transport and Environment www.ntm.a.se
Good examples from the National Road Administration
www.vv.se (click on Transport & Journeys – Commercial traffic – Good examples)
EcoDriving www.ecodriving.se
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
www.naturvardsverket.se
Sweden's environmental objectives www.miljomal.nu