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) )Glossary 33 3

choreiform or abnormal jerky movements of the limbs. This is seen in so metypes of dementia.Chromosome, The par ed g en es f ou nd i n t he n uc le us o f e ve ry c el l, which are concerned.. w it h i nh er ita nc e .Qang a ssociation. A word associated with another because of its s imilar sound.Compulsion. A symptom in some neurotic illnesses whereby the individual f ee lscompelled to act out some ritual p ie ce o [ b eh av io ur.Confabula don. A tendency found in some dernentias to make up for a deficiencyin memory by giving a f al se , imaginary answer to quest ions pos ed.Coovers ion reacdoo. A phenomenon seen in hysteria, where a sud den alt erat iorrin belief o r behaviour pa tte rns ma y occur.Cortex. The outer part of the brain substance, as in cerebral cortex. The whitemarter.Cyclothymic. T he t yp e o f p er so na li ty c ha ra cte rised by swings of mood betweenhappiness ando sadness, for internal rather than envi ro nmen ta J r easons.

Y.5I.jch(}tryf1,:~cte S~mf"e 11H ,T. H~~;I.~Y"Y)He ("h e m 61n n kUn d OY) , )9 8 : 2 vGlossaryAbreacton, The re-experiencing and acting out of repressed emotional material.Acetyl-choline. On e of th e rnono-ami ne che rn ical transrnitters in rhe central nervoussystern whieh is important in nerve conduction, particularly in peripheral nervesand t be p ar as ympatbetic branch of the autonomic nervous supply.Aetiology. The cause of a dise ase .Affect, A continu ing emotion al s ta le.Affective disorder, A psyeh ia tr ic i ll ness whose main feature is a change in emotionals ta t e, par ti cu la rly depress ion or e la ti on .Amentia. Subnormality of intelligence, mental retardation or mental defieiency.Anaclitic depress ion. The mor bid unresponsiveness see n in emotionally deprived youngcbildren.Angiograpby. A me th od of Xvray inv es tigation whereby blood vessels are injectedw ith a radiopaque su bst an ce which will show u p- on an Xvra y sc re en as il ftowst hr ou gh t he v es sel.Anxiolytic. A drug used to relieve sta l es of anxiety.

Aur is rn. An emot ional withdraw a into onese lf seen in sorne ps ychor ic states, asin inf an ti le aut ism.Autochthonous idea. A primary delusion, sudden ly oc curr ing , chierly in schizophrenia,wh ich ari ses de /laYa and has an intense convienen 01' truth.Autonomic. That part of th e nervous system wh ich is concerned wi rh and controlsinternal bodily function and emotional sta te.

Delirium. An acute disorder of memory and orie ntation, ofte n found in high fe vers,toxic st at es, or physical illness of sudden originoDe lirium tremens. The type of delirium which results f rom sudden withdrawal ofsedative drugs, particularly alcohol.Delusion. A f al se belief, c ontrary to rhe individua/' s b ac kg ro und and intellect , and

not arnenabl e t o r ea so ned a rg ur nent.Demen ti a. An il ln ess re sulting from dege nera tion of brain ce ll s within the cortexIrorn a wide variery 01' sourees, aod causing primarily disturbances of memory,orientauon and social awareness .Deme ntia praecox. The old t erm for s ch izophr enia.Depersonalisarion. A condition of alt ered awareness found in sorne psychiatricillnesses, wh ere th e individual 's body seems changed in some way.Dereasaron. A similar condition to de personalisation except it is the externalenv ir onment which s eerns changed or differenl.Disinhibitioo. The 105S af normal inhibitions and loosening of social awareness,w hi ch i s s e en in dernentias. \ .

Dlssoclatoa.' A s ta t e 0 1' altered consciousness s een in hyster i ca l neuroses and anx ie tystates, as in fugues and hysterical amnesia.D iu rn al . Varyi ng dur ing the day, as in d iu rn al mood swing; typical 01' i he depressivephase 01' an atTeetive psychosis, where the mood is more depressed in the morningsthan in the eveninzs.D ru g. Any substance not a food taken inro tbe body whicb will ha ve an eflec ton the body's responses or on organisms t ha t b ave iovaded the body.Benzodiazepnes. A gr oup of drugs effective in controlling an xiety sta te s.Bloenergetcs. A group therapy techn ique .Bipolar affective disorder. A psychot ic i ll ness where both depressive and manic swingsof mood occur in the sa rn e i nd iv id ua l a t d ifferent times .B1 00 d b r ai n barrier. The c on ce pt w h ic h describes the inability 01' certain substanceslo pass out. 0 1' t he b lood stream into rhe cerebrospinal fluid .Bulimia. Compulsive eating.Buryrophenones. A group of d ru gs e ff ective in controlling rnanic behaviour andsorne aspects 01' schizophrenia.

E lect ra complex . The f emal e e q u iv a le n t of the Oed ip al c or np le x, a F re ud ia n con ceptused in the under st anding of neuroses.Electrocoagulatin. A technique used in surgery to destroy the uuwanted ti ssuebut reduce u nn ec es sa ry tis su e d amag e o r b le ed ing. The procedure is particularlyuseful in surgery and in l eucotomy opera tions.Elec tr oeocephaJogr am (EEG). A technique used for recordng electrica activity inth e b ra in, rather similar to the electrocardiogram used lo measure heart waves.Electrolytes. Moleeules wh ic h b re ak: down int o electrically eharged io ns when insolution-such as sodium, polassium or chlorine . .Electroplexy. The technique whereby an electrical current is used to induce' ag en er al ise d se iz ure d isc ha rg e i n t he b rain substa nce, pa rticularly use d in the treat-men t of affect i ve psyehoses.Electrosleep, A procedure developed for the relief of anxiety and tensin ' states,whereby a smal l e le ct ri c c urr en t i s u t ilised t o i nd uc e sl eep. lt produces anhypaotjceffect by synchronisiog the electrical brain rhythms as seen on the electroencephalo-gramo .Embryology. The study of the dev eloping foerus or baby before birth:

Cachexia. A state of severe malnutririon.Cataplexy. A disorder 01' the brain ~hereby a state of emotion lends to inducesudden falling asleep.Catatonia. A type 01 ' schizophrenia, characterised by a distur bance 01' motor activity,bizarre r it ua ls aud behaviour pauerns.Cerebellum. A part 01' t he bra in par li cu la rly concerned wirh the balance andcoordination, especially wel l developed in birds,Cer ebrosp iool f lu id (CSF). The Huid which bathes the brain within the skull, andthe spinal chord.Chorea. A disturbance 01' the basat ganglia within the brain coordinating centres:concerned among other things with fine movement, which, when damaged, produce

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334 PsychiotryErnpathy, A relaticnship of murual sympathy and understanding between two people.Encephalitis, An inection o f tbe central neTVOUS sys tem or bra in by a virus.Endocrine gland. A bormone-secreting g1and,such as the thyroid, pituitary or adrenaLEndogeoons, A condition which ari scs Irom a disturbanc e wit hi n the body's ownmctabalism and not frorn the external cnvironment. Thus an endogenous depressionis a depression arising from within for chemical reasons and not due lo outsideeoviroomental c au se . , .Eplepsy. A condit ion where lhe nerve cells in the brain become hypersensitive andfir e o ff in an uncontrolled discharge, inducing a seizure or lit .. Exhibitionsm. A t erm usually applied to persons w bo exhibir thcrnselves sexuallyfor the ir own graucation.

Forensic psychlatry, A study of the mdico-legal and criminal aspects of psychiatricil ln ess .Fugue. A state of a lt ered consciousness found in epilepsy and i nhysterical neuros es ,whereby the individual show s aut oma tic behaviour wi th out recall or subsequentmemory o f the episode.Functiooal. A term applied to tbe schizophrenic and affective psychoses to distinguisht he rn from organic states, where physical iIIness may be causing psychoticsymptorns.

Ganglia. A grouping of nerve cells, oen witb comp lica ted interconnections andserving particular functions within tbe central nervous systern.G,neraJ paralyss of t be i ns ane (GPI) . An old lerm for the type of d em en tia s ee nas tbe result of lbe late eflects af syphilis.G

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)336 PsychiatryPhenothiazines and butyrophenone s may particula rly induce Ibis state, bul itis reversible and can be cleared up by reducing the dosage or addiog an anti-Pa rk in so ni an d ru g, s uc h a s b enzhexol.Pathology, The study of morbid change in the bady or body tissues.PeripheraJ oeuropathy. Damage to the nerv e end in gs s uppl yi ng th e p eri ph er al p ar oof the body, par ti cu la rly, t herefo re , the hands and feet. This can occur frama va ri er yo f c au se s, s uc h a s toxic processes, poisons, vitamin deficiencies, o r n e ur o-l og ical d is ease , s uch as mul ti pl e s cl eros is.Phencthiaz ines. A gra up of chemcals wilh a bas ic t ri cycl ic benzy l r ing s tr uc tu rewhi ch a re v aJu ab le i n t he tr ea tr ne nt o f sc hi zo ph re ni a a nd ot he r p sy ch ot ic i ll ne ss.In small doses lhey may also be used to control anxiety .Pilo-erecron, Th e hair s tanding on end, as ii does in some rnammals when in as la te of anx ie iy or arousal.Piacebo. An inert substance which is not a drug, given instead of medication forus psychological b e ne f it o n ly. A placebo may be used (O compare rhe eflectiveness01 " a new active drug in treatrnent, as in a cl in ical t ria!'Prognosis . The ouilook or outcorne 01' a disease.Prophylaxs, Attempting lo prevent the 'onse: olar lllfective disorder. A psychot ic depress ive s la te, endogenous depress ion,Or uni rol ar d ep re ssion, where no phases of maGia or hypomania occur.

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)338 PsychiatryVaginit is . A painful inf lammatory condi tion of the vagina, oft en due lo bac teri a]or fuogal infection, .Venexpereotial psychotherapy. A concepl in family therapy by Howells.Visual analogue scale, A method of assessing experience or mood, such as anxiety,by requesting patients to rate thernselves 00 a s tr ai gh t li ue , w ith max ir num a lone end and minimum at lbe other .Voyeuri sm. The obtaining of sexual gra ti fi ca tion by watching others undress orperform sexual acts,

Wasserman Reaet ion (WR). A tes t used to diagnose syphi li s, espec ia lly in i ts l at ers tages, f rom a blood tes t.

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Index

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