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Typifying and classifying of the muscular organs of amphistomes (Trematoda: Amphistomida) Dr. Ottó SEY Department of Zoology, Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, Hungary "Typifying and classifying of the muscular organs of amphistomes (Trematoda: Amphistomida). - Sey, O. - Parasit, hung., 20:45-63. 1987. ABSTRACT. The structure of the muscular organs (pharynx, terminal genitali- um, acetabulum) of amphistomes is an indispensable means in the modern am- phistome diagnosis. A comprehensive survey of the muscular organs revealed 43 types of pharynx, including 13 new, 58 types of terminal genitalium, includ- ing nine new and 50 types of acetabulum, including 19 new. Description of the new types and a list of the already known types of the muscular organs are given. KEY WORDS: Amphistomes; types of pharynx, terminal genitalium, acetabulum; classification of the muscular organs. The majority of amphistomes are characterized, among others, by having strongly develop- ed body musculature and by the presence of muscular apparatus around the oral opening (pharynx), muscular elements around the genital pore (terminal genitalium) and a muscular ventral sucker (acetabulum). The latter three organs have usually been called muscular or- gans. Due to the strongly muscular nature of these organs, their structure can be examined on histological sections. Their specific and diagnostic value, involving structural elements of-these organs, were already recognized in the early stages of studies of amphistomes (FISCHOEDER, 1903; STILES and GOLDBERG ER, 1910; LOOSS, 1912; FUKUI, 1929) but NÄSMARK (19 37) was the first to elaborate a new classification based on the histological structure of the pharynx, the genital atrium (now properly named: terminal genitalium EDU- ARDO, 1982) and acetabulum in observable sections prepared in median sagittal plane. By revelation of features in the structures of the muscular organs the scope of specific traits has further been enlarged, and the more valuable characters due to their relative constancy have proved to be more reliable than the rather variable gross morphological ones. Detailed examinations were carried out by NÀSMARK (1937) referring to the species of the subfamily Paramphistominae, which mainly includes amphistomes of mammalian hosts. He established a special terminology for designation of types of various muscular organs, char- acteristic of amphistomes only. The framework outlined by him proved to be a useful means in diagnosing amphistomes originated from whatsoever species of the definitive hosts. Sub- sequent authors following NÄSMARK's diagnostic principles revealed further new types of these muscular organs, and nowadays we have more information on about 196 of the total sum of 246 amphistome species. Such a survey renders it possible to rearrange all the types previously described on the basis of a general guiding principle. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey of the types of muscular organs presently known, and to described the new types discovered.

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Page 1: Typifying and classifying of the muscular organs of ...publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/parhung/Parasit_Hung_1987_Vol_20_45.pdf · Typifying and classifying of the muscular organs of amphistomes

Typi fy ing and classifying of the muscular organs of amphistomes (Trematoda: Amphistomida)

Dr. Ottó S E Y Department of Zoology, Janus Pannonius Univers i ty , Pécs, Hungary

" T y p i f y i n g a n d c l a s s i f y i n g o f t he m u s c u l a r o r g a n s o f a m p h i s t o m e s ( T r e m a t o d a : A m p h i s t o m i d a ) . - Sey, O . - P a r a s i t , h u n g . , 2 0 : 4 5 - 6 3 . 1987 .

A B S T R A C T . T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t he m u s c u l a r o r g a n s ( p h a r y n x , t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i -u m , a c e t a b u l u m ) o f a m p h i s t o m e s i s an i n d i s p e n s a b l e m e a n s i n t h e m o d e r n a m ­p h i s t o m e d i a g n o s i s . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f the m u s c u l a r o r g a n s r e v e a l e d 43 t y p e s o f p h a r y n x , i n c l u d i n g 13 n e w , 58 t y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m , i n c l u d ­i n g n i n e new and 50 t y p e s o f a c e t a b u l u m , i n c l u d i n g 19 n e w . D e s c r i p t i o n o f the n e w t y p e s a n d a l i s t o f the a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s o f t he m u s c u l a r o r g a n s a r e g i v e n .

K E Y W O R D S : A m p h i s t o m e s ; t y p e s o f p h a r y n x , t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m , a c e t a b u l u m ; c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f the m u s c u l a r o r g a n s .

T h e m a j o r i t y o f a m p h i s t o m e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d , a m o n g o t h e r s , by h a v i n g s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p ­ed b o d y m u s c u l a t u r e a n d by the p r e s e n c e o f m u s c u l a r a p p a r a t u s a r o u n d the o r a l o p e n i n g ( p h a r y n x ) , m u s c u l a r e l e m e n t s a r o u n d the g e n i t a l p o r e ( t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m ) and a m u s c u l a r v e n t r a l s u c k e r ( a c e t a b u l u m ) . T h e l a t t e r t h r e e o r g a n s have u s u a l l y been c a l l e d m u s c u l a r o r ­g a n s . D u e t o the s t r o n g l y m u s c u l a r n a t u r e o f t hese o r g a n s , t h e i r s t r u c t u r e c a n be e x a m i n e d on h i s t o l o g i c a l s e c t i o n s . T h e i r s p e c i f i c and d i a g n o s t i c v a l u e , i n v o l v i n g s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s o f - t he se o r g a n s , w e r e a l r e a d y r e c o g n i z e d i n the e a r l y s t ages o f s t u d i e s o f a m p h i s t o m e s ( F I S C H O E D E R , 1903 ; S T I L E S and G O L D B E R G E R , 1910 ; L O O S S , 1912 ; F U K U I , 1929) bu t N Ä S M A R K (19 37) w a s the f i r s t t o e l a b o r a t e a new c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b a s e d on the h i s t o l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f the p h a r y n x , the g e n i t a l a t r i u m (now p r o p e r l y n a m e d : t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m E D U -A R D O , 1982) a n d a c e t a b u l u m i n o b s e r v a b l e s e c t i o n s p r e p a r e d i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l p l a n e . B y r e v e l a t i o n o f f e a t u r e s i n the s t r u c t u r e s o f t he m u s c u l a r o r g a n s the s c o p e of s p e c i f i c t r a i t s has f u r t h e r b e e n e n l a r g e d , and t he m o r e v a l u a b l e c h a r a c t e r s due to t h e i r r e l a t i v e c o n s t a n c y have p r o v e d t o be m o r e r e l i a b l e t h a n the r a t h e r v a r i a b l e g r o s s m o r p h o l o g i c a l o n e s .

D e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d ou t by N À S M A R K (1937) r e f e r r i n g to the s p e c i e s o f the s u b f a m i l y P a r a m p h i s t o m i n a e , w h i c h m a i n l y i n c l u d e s a m p h i s t o m e s o f m a m m a l i a n h o s t s . H e e s t a b l i s h e d a s p e c i a l t e r m i n o l o g y f o r d e s i g n a t i o n o f t y p e s o f v a r i o u s m u s c u l a r o r g a n s , c h a r ­a c t e r i s t i c o f a m p h i s t o m e s o n l y . T h e f r a m e w o r k o u t l i n e d by h i m p r o v e d t o be a u s e f u l m e a n s i n d i a g n o s i n g a m p h i s t o m e s o r i g i n a t e d f r o m w h a t s o e v e r s p e c i e s o f the d e f i n i t i v e h o s t s . Sub­s e q u e n t a u t h o r s f o l l o w i n g N Ä S M A R K ' s d i a g n o s t i c p r i n c i p l e s r e v e a l e d f u r t h e r new t y p e s o f t hese m u s c u l a r o r g a n s , a n d n o w a d a y s we have m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o n abou t 196 o f the t o t a l s u m o f 246 a m p h i s t o m e s p e c i e s . Such a s u r v e y r e n d e r s i t p o s s i b l e t o r e a r r a n g e a l l the types p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d on the b a s i s o f a g e n e r a l g u i d i n g p r i n c i p l e .

T h e a i m o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r o v i d e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f the t y p e s o f m u s c u l a r o r g a n s p r e s e n t l y k n o w n , a n d t o d e s c r i b e d the new t y p e s d i s c o v e r e d .

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M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

T h e s t u d y m a t e r i a l on w h i c h t h e s e e x a m i n a t i o n s a r e b a s e d have o r i g i n a t e d f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s : 1) the a u t h o r ' s o r i g i n a l c o l l e c t i o n o b t a i n e d i n s e v e r a l E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s , and i n E g y p t , I n d i a and V i e t N a m ; 2) s a m p l e s p r e s e r v e d a f t e r j o i n t e x a m i n a t i o n o f a m p h i s t o m e s w i t h f o r e i g n e x p e r t s ; 3) m u s e u m s p e c i m e n s l o a n e d f o r r e v i s i o n .

T h e t e r m i n o l o g y u s e d h e r e has been a d o p t e d f r o m N Ä S M A R K (1937) a n d E D U A R D O ( 1 9 8 2 ) , bu t t h e i r s c o p e w a s m o d i f i e d i n v a r i o u s p o i n t s . S e c t i o n s a n d s l i d e s have been p r e p a r e d by t he r e c o g n i z e d m e t h o d s .

R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

P h a r y n x

T h e m u s c u l a r a p p a r a t u s s i t u a t e d a r o u n d the o r a l o p e n i n g i s a p h a r y n x w h i c h i s h o m o l o g o u s w i t h the p h a r y n x , a n d n o t w i t h the o r a l s u c k e r o f t r e m a t o d e s o t h e r t h a n a m p h i s t o m e s , as i t w a s c o n v i n c i n g l y p o i n t e d out b y N Ä S M A R K ( 1 9 3 7 ) . I t c o n s i s t s o f t w o , m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y c l e a r ­l y d e f i n e d p a r t s : the body o f the p h a r y n x i t s e l f , a n d the appendages w h i c h a r e k n o w n i n c e r ­t a i n g r o u p s o f a m p h i s t o m e s . B e s i d e t h e s e , t he a u t h o r s u r v e y e d the o e s o p h a g u s f u n c t i o n a l l y , as p a r t o f t h i s m u s c u l a r a p p a r a t u s , b e c a u s e t h e p h a r y n g e a l - o e s o p h a g e a l c o m p l e x i s c a p a b l e o f r e a l i z i n g the c o m p l e x m e c h a n i s m o f t a k i n g a n d p a s s i n g o f the n u t r i t i v e m a t e r i a l s . T h i s n o t i o n s e e m s t o be c o n f i r m e d by the f a c t t h a t t h e r e i s a w e l l r e c o g n i z a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n , f o r t he m o s t p a r t , a m o n g the d e v e l o p m e n t o f t he m u s c u l a t u r e of the p h a r y n x , t he s t r u c t u r e a n d s i z e o f the appendages and the d e v e l o p m e n t o f the o e s o p h a g e a l m u s c u l a t u r e . T h e body o f t h e p h a r y n x i s u s u a l l y the t r u e m u s c u l a r o r g a n , c o n s i s t i n g o f d i f f e r e n t c i r c u l a r , l o n g i t u d i n a l a n d r a d i a l m u s c l e e l e m e n t s . T h e appendages a r e b l i n d l y e n d i n g s a c s w i t h p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d m u s ­c u l a t u r e , a n d t h e y a r e l o c a t e d d o r s o - l a t e r a l l y . T h e oesophagus m a y o r m a y no t h a v e m u s c u ­l a t u r e , i n t he f o r m e r case i t c a n d i v i d e i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o i t s d e v e l o p m e n t : s p h i n c t e r , m u s c u l a r t h i c k e n i n g and b u l b . S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a g e n e r a l t y p e o f p h a r ­y n x ( F i g . 1 , N Ä S M A R K , 1937) s h o w s a l l the t r a i t s , w i t h the r e l e v a n t t e r m i n o l o g y w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r d i a g n o s i s ( F i g . 2 and F i g . 3 r e p r e s e n t o f p h a r y n x , h a v i n g t w o t y p e s o f a p p e n d ­a g e s ) .

O n the b a s i s o f the s t r u c t u r e o f the p h a r y n x i n a b r o a d e r s e n s e , t h r e e m a i n g r o u p s a n d f u r ­t h e r s u b - g r o u p s have been d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l t y p e s w i t h i n e a c h g r o u p .

1. P h a r y n x w i t h p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s ( F i g . 2) 1 . 1. P h a r y n x w i t h t w o p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sacs ( F i g . 2) 1 . 1 . 1 . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s i n t r a m u r a l 1 . 1 . 2 . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s acs e x t r a m u r a l ( F i g . 2) 1 .2 . P h a r y n x w i t h a s i n g l e p h a r y n g e a l s a c s 2 . P h a r y n x w i t h p h a r y n g e a l b u l b and s e c o n d a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s ( F i g . 3) 3. P h a r y n x w i t h o u t p h a r y n g e a l a p p e n d a g e s .

T y p e s o f p h a r y n x w i t h t w o p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s s i t u a t e d i n t r a m u r a l

T h i s g r o u p e m b r a c e s s i x a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( N e m a t o p h i l a Sey , 19 73 ; P s e u d o c l a d o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; P s e u d o d i p l o d i s c u s Sey , 1983 ; S c l e r o p o r u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; S o l e n o r c h i s Sey , 1980; S t i c h o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937) and t w o n e w ones d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . S p i n o l o s u m t y p e ( F i g . 4)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , a t a n t e r i o r t h i r d o f p h a r y n x , p o s t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r a b s e n t . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r u n i t s v e r y p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d , and p r e s e n t o n l y i n t he a n t e r i o r h a l f o f p h a r y n x . I n t e ­r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s l o o s e l y p a c k e d , f o r m i n g s m a l l b a n d s , a n d s h o w i n g r a m i f i c a t i o n i n t e r m i n a l p a r t . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s acs v e r y s m a l l . ( V a l i d f o r S c h i z a m p h i s t o m o i d e s s p i n o l o s u m . )

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R e m a r k

T h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s t y p e o f p h a r y n x w a s g i v e n by B L A I R ( 1 9 8 3 ) , u n d e r the s p e c i e s S c h i z a m p h i s t o m o i d e s s p i n o l o s u m , b u t i t w a s n o t n a m e d ,

2 . P f e n d e r i u s t y p e ( F i g . 5)

A n t e r i o r a n d p o s t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r s p r e s e n t , a n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r s o m e w h a t l a r g e r t h a n p o s t e r i ­o r o n e . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d , m i d d l e c i r c u l a r u n i t s m o d e r a t e l y s o . I n t e ­r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d , s i t u a t e d a l o n g b o t h s i d e s o f m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s c o n s i s t i n g o f s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d f i b r e s . R a d i a l f i b r e s e v e n l y d i s ­t r i b u t e d a n d r a m i f y i n g i n p e r i p h e r y . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sacs s m a l l . ( V a l i d f o r P f e n d e r i u s h e t e r o c a e c a . )

T y p e s o f p h a r y n x w i t h p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s s i t u a t e d e x t r a m u r a l

T h i s g r o u p o f p h a r y n x c o m p r i s e s n i n e a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( A m u r o t r e m a Sey, 1985 ; B a l a n o r -c h i s E d u a r d o , 1983; C l a d o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937; F e r r u s - e q u i n u m Sey , 1983; M e g a c o t y l e Sey , 1983; M e g a l o d i s c u s Sey , 1983; M i c r o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937; P s e u d o c h i o r c h i s T a n d o n , 1970 ; S u b c l a v a t u s Sey , 1983) and s i x n e w ones t o be d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

F i g s . 1-3: S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the t y p e s a n d t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f the p h a r y n x . 1= S t r u c t u r e o f a g e n e r a l t y p e o f p h a r y n x s e e n i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n (key t o a b b r e v i a t i o n s : as - a n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r ; be - b a s a l c i r c u l a r u n i t s ; ec - e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s ; e l - e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l u n i t s ; i c - i n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s ; i l - i n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s ; I s - l i p s p h i n c t e r ; m c - m i d d l e c i r c u l a r u n i t s ; o - o e s o p h a g u s ; phb - p h a r y n g e a l b u l b ; pphs - p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sac ; ps - p o s ­t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r ; r f - r a d i a l f i b r e s ; sphs - s e c o n d a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c ) ; 2= P h a r ­y n x w i t h p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s ; 3= P h a r y n x w i t h p h a r y n g e a l b u l b a n d second­a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s .

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1. G i g a n t h e u s t y p e ( F i g . 6)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r s u b t e r m i n a l , t r a n s v e r s e - o v a l i n p o s i t i o n . P o s t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r c o n s i s t i n g of l o o s e l y p a c k e d m u s c l e u n i t s . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s s m a l l , m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s m o d e r ­a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s f e w , c o n s i s t i n g o f p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d f i b r e s . R a d i ­a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d and u n e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sacs s h o r t e r t h a n the p h a r y n x . ( V a l i d f o r S t i c h o r c h i s g i g a n t h e u s . )

2 . O n o t r a g i t y p e ( F i g . 7)

I n the a r i t e r i o r t h i r d o f p h a r y n x t h e r e c a n be s e e n l o o s e l y a g g r e g a t e d c i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s . A m o n g these u n i t s a v o l u m i n o u s a n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r can be o u t l i n e d w h i c h s u b t e r m i n a l i n p o ­s i t i o n a n d an e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s n e a r t o m a r g i n o f p h a r y n x . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l -w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s f e w , w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . B a s a l c i r c u l a r u n i t s f e w . L i p s p h i n c t e r a b s e n t . ( V a l i d f o r C h o e r o c o t y l o i d e s o n o t r a g i . )

R e m a r k s

T h e s t r u c t u r e o f the p h a r y n x of t h i s s p e c i e s was d e s c r i b e d by P R U D H O E e t a l . (19 64) i t has been c h a r a c t e r i z e d by J O N E S (1986) w i t h o u t d e s i g n a t i o n o f the t y p e .

3. O l v e r i a t y p e ( F i g . 8)

T h i s t y p e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i t s h a v i n g p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e b o t h i n body o f p h a r ­y n x and p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s , a n d a l s o by h a v i n g w e l l d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e a l o n g the w h o l e l e n g t h o f o e s o p h a g u s . A n t e r i o r , p o s t e r i o r a n d l i p s p h i n c t e r s a b s e n t . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . M i d d l e a n d e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s a b s e n t . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s a b s e n t , e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s f e w , w e a k l y d e v e l ­o p e d , c o n s i s t i n g o f i s o l a t e d f i b r e s . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s l o n g e r t h a n p h a r y n x . ( V a l i d f o r O l v e r i a s p p . )

4 . S t u n k a r d i a type ( F i g . 9)

A n t e r i o r and p o s t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r s p r e s e n t , p o s t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r l a r g e r t h a n a n t e r i o r o n e . L i p s p h i n c t e r a b s e n t . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s s m a l l , m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . I n t e ­r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s f e w , p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d ; e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l ­o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g l o o s e l y s p a c e d b a n d s . ( V a l i d f o r S t u n k a r d i a d i i y m p h o s a , A l l a s s o s t o m o m a g n u s . )

5. T a x o r c h i s t y p e ( F i g . 10)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f l o o s e l y p a c k e d u n i t s . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e a k ­l y d e v e l o p e d ; m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s c o m p o s i n g p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d u n i t s . L i p s p h i n c t e r and b a s a l c i r c u l a r s e r i e s a b s e n t . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s few w i t h w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d s c a t t e r ­ed f i b r e s . E x t e r i o r f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m ­i n g l o o s e l y s p a c e d b a n d s . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sacs l o n g e r t h a n p h a r y n x . ( V a l i d f o r T a x o r ­ c h i s s c h i s t o c o t y l e . )

6. Z y g o c o t y l e t y p e ( F i g . 11)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f l o o s e l y p a c k e d u n i t s . E x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s w e l l -d e v e l o p e d and s i t u a t e d a l o n g a n t e r i o r t h i r d o f p h a r y n x . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s i m p e r c e p t -a b l e . L i p s p h i n c t e r , b a s a l and m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s a b s e n t . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , i n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l ones a b s e n t . R a d i a l f i b r e s a b s e n t . O b l i q u e l y r u n n i n g f i b r e s , n e a r t o p e r i p h e r y , w e l l - d e v e l o p e d and e x h i b i t i n g s p a c h e s o f m u s c l e b a n d s . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sacs s h o r t e r t h a n p h a r y n x . ( V a l i d f o r Z y g o c o t y l e l u n a t a a n d W a r d i u s z i b e t h i c u s . )

4M

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F i g s . 4 - 1 6 : T y p e s o f p h a r y n x s e e n i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n : 4= S p i n o l o s u m t y p e , 5 = P f e n d e r i u s t y p e , 6= G i g a n t h e u s t y p e , 7 = O n o t r a g i t y p e , 8= O l v e r i a t y p e , 9= S tun ­k a r d i a t y p e , 10= T a x o r c h i s t y p e , 11= Z y g o c o t y l e t y p e , 12= C o i l o s t y p e , 1 3 = C h o -e r o c o t y l e t y p e , 14= M a c r o p o t r e m a t y p e , 15= G e m e l l i c o t y l e t y p e , 16= G r e g a r i u s t y p e .

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T y p e s o f p h a r y n x w i t h a s i n g l e p r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sae

T h i s g r o u p i n c l u d e s o n l y one a l r e a e y k n o w n t y p e ( S t e p h a n o p h a r y n x N ä s m a r k , 1937 ) , a n d a n ­o t h e r new one d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . C o i l o s t y p e ( F i g . 12)

A n t e r i o r , p o s t e r i o r and l i p s p h i n c t e r s a b s e n t . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s s m a l l and e q u a l i n s i z e . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s c o m p o s e d o f i n c o n s i d e r a b l e l o o s e l y s p a c e d u n i t s . I n t e r i o r l o n ­g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d a n d f e w , e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . R a d i ­a l f i b r e s ' f o r m l o o s e l y s p a c e d b a n d s w i t h r a m i f i c a t i o n p e r i p h e r y . P r i m a r y p h a r y n g e a l sac e n o r m o u s a n d i t s i n n e r s u r f a c e c o v e r e d w i t h l a r g e p a p i l l a e . ( V a l i d f o r S t e p h a n o p h a r y n x c o i l o s . )

T y p e s o f p h a r y n x h a v i n g p h a r y n g e a l b u l b a n d s e c o n d a r y p h a r y n g e a l s a c s

T h i s g r o u p c o m p r i s e s f i v e a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( B r u m p t i a N ä s m a r k , 19 37; G a s t r o d i s c u s N ä s ­m a r k , 1937; H o m a l o g a s t e r Sey , 1984 ; P s e u d o d i s c u s N ä s m a r k , 1937; W a t s o n i u s N ä s m a r k , 1937) and t w o new ones d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . C h o e r o c o t y l e t y p e ( F i g . 13)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f s t r o n g , l o o s e l y s p a c e d u n i t s . I n a n t e r i o r p a r t o f p h a r y n x , m u s c l e u n i t s w h i c h c a n be r e g a r d e d as p a r t o f the e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s , s c a t ­t e r e d i n p o s i t i o n . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , u n i t s l a r g e r i n a n t e r i o r p a r t o f p h a r y n x . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , c o n t i n u i n g b a c k w a r d s i n t o p h a r y n g e ­a l b u l b . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , a l o n g b o t h s i d e s o f m i d d l e c i r c u ­l a r s e r i e s . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t ­e d w i t h r a m i f i c a t i o n i n p e r i p h e r y . ( V a l i d f o r C h o e r o c o t y l e e p u l u e n s i s . )

2 . M a c r o p o t r e m a t y p e ( F i g . 14)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , c o m p a c t and t e r m i n a l . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s u n e v e n l y d e v e l o p e d , l a r g e r u n i t s i n p o s t e r i o r h a l f o f p h a r y n x . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s f e w , w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s c o m p r i s i n g e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d b a n d s , r a m i f y i n g i n p e r i p h e r y . A p ­pendages l o n g e r t h a n p h a r y n x . ( V a l i d f o r M a c r o p o t h r e m a p e r t i n a x . )

T y p e s o f p h a r y n x w i t h o u t p h a r y n g e a l appendages

T h i s g r o u p i n c l u d e s n i n e a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( C a l i c o p h o r o n N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; C e p h a l o p h i E d u -a r d o , 1982; D i c r a n o c o e l i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; E x p l a n a t u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; G i g a n t h o p h a r y n x E d u a r d o , 1982 ; L i o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; O r t h o c o e l i u m E d u a r d o , 1982 (- S a c c o c o e l i u m Sey , 1980) ; P a r a m p h i s t o m u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; P i s u m N ä s m a r k , 1937) a n d t w o n e w ones d e s c r i b ­e d b e l o w ,

1 . G e m e l l i c o t y l e t y p e ( F i g . 15)

A n t e r i o r s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , w i t h l o o s e l y p a c k e d u n i t s . I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s s m a l l and e q u a l i n s i z e . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a n d d i s t i n c t . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l s e ­r i e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l s e r i e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d ­e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g no b a n d s . P o s t e r i o r a n d l i p s p h i n c t e r s , b a s a l , m i d d l e and e x ­t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s a b s e n t . ( V a l i d f o r G e m e l l i c o t y l e w a l l a b i c o l a . )

R e m a r k s

T h e d i a g n o s i s o f the p h a r y n x o f t h i s s p e c i e s was p u b l i s h e d by P R U D H O E (1975) , bu t i t was no t n a m e d .

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T h e p a r a m p h i s t o m u m t y p e o f p h a r y n x w a s d e s i g n a t e d b y N Ä S M A R K (1937) f o r s e v e r a l s p e ­c i e s o f a m p h i s t o m e s w h i c h w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a v i n g n o m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s . L a t e r D I N N I K (1964) a n d R E I N H A R D T (1969) p o i n t e d ou t t h a t t h i s t y p e has m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w h i c h i s e a s i l y s e e n i n t r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n . Due t o the r e s e m b l a n c e o f p a r a m p h i s t o m u m , c a l i c o p h o r o n and i j i m a i t y p e s , D I N N I K (1964) s u g g e s t e d t o u n i t s t h e m u n d e r the n a m e c a l i c o ­p h o r o n because the t y p e s p e c i e s o f t he genus P a r a m p h i s t o m u m has a d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f p h a r ­y n x ( l i o r c h i s ) . E D U A R D O (1982) has a l s o r e g a r d e d t h e s e t y p e s s y n o n y m o u s W i t h c a l i c o p h o r o n ( sensu D I N N I K , 1 9 6 4 ) . S t u d y i n g the s t r u c t u r e o f the p h a r y n x o f g a s t r o t h y l a c i d s , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e y have a t y p e o f p h a r y n x w i t h o u t m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s . T h e r e f o r e the a u t h o r p r o ­p o s e s t o p r e s e r v e the t y p e o f p a r a m p h i s t o m u m ( sensu N Ä S M A R K , 1937) i n t h i s c o n t e x t . A c ­c o r d i n g l y , the p a r a m p h i s t o m u m t y p e o f p h a r y n x i s r e g a r d e d t o be v a l i d and the b a s i c d i f f e r ­ence b e t w e e n c a J i c o p h o r o n (sensu D I N N I K , 19 64) a n d p a r a m p h i s t o m u m (sensu N Ä S M A R K , 19 37) i s the p r e s e n c e (the f o r m e r ) o r a b s e n c e (the l a t t e r ) o f the m i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s .

2 . G r e g a r i u s t y p e ( F i g . 16)

I n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s s m a l l b u t d i s t i n c t . M i d d l e c i r c u l a r s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , e x t e n d i n g i n a n t e r i o r t h i r d o f p h a r y n x . E x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s c l o s e t o p e r i p h e r y . B a s a l c i r c u l a r se ­r i e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . I n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g a t h i n l a y ­e r . R a d i a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , r e p r e s e n t i n g e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d b a n d s , w i t h o u t t e n d e n c y t o r a m i f i c a t i o n . A n t e r i o r , p o s t e r i o r and l i p s p h i n c t e r s a b s e n t . ( V a l i d f o r C a r m y e r i u s g r e g a ­ r i u s . )

F i g s . 1 7 - 1 8 : S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the t y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a : 17= T e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a w i t h c i r r u s p o u c h (key t o a b b r e v i a t i o n s : cp - c i r r u s p o u c h ; pc - p r o s ­t a t e c e l l s ; v s i - v e s i c u l a s e m i n a l i s i n t e r n a l ; 18= T e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a w i t h o u t c i r r u s p o u c h (key t o a b b r e v i a t i o n s : ga - g e n i t a l a t r i u m ; g f - g e n i t a l f o l d ; gp -g e n i t a l p o r e ; g p l - g e n i t a l p a p i l l a ; gs - g e n i t a l s p h i n c t e r ; r f - r a d i a l f i b r e s ; sp - s p h i n c t e r p a p i l l a e ; v a - v e n t r a l a t r i u m ; v f - v e n t r a l f o l d ; v s - v e n t r a l s p h i n c t e r ) .

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T e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m

T h e g e n i t a l p o r e o f a m p h i s t o m e s i s s i t u a t e d on a m o r e o r l e s s d e v e l o p e d bu t d i s t i n c t e l e v a ­t i o n . I t i s s u r r o u n d e d by f o l d ( s ) i n s u b s e q u e n t c o n c e n t r i c r o w ( s ) w h i c h e n c l o s e s h a l l o w c a v ­i t i e s . T h e s e f o l d s and c a v i t i e s , s e e n o n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n ( i n t h i s p l a n e t h e y a r e c a l l e d p a p i l l a a n d a t r i u m , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) c o n s t i t u t e the f u n d a m e n t a l e l e m e n t s o f t he s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s a r e a . T h e f o l d s and the w a l l o f t h i s a r e a a r e f u r n i s h e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f m u s c u l a r e l e ­m e n t s w h o s e p o s i t i o n , a r r a n g e m e n t a n d t h e i r r e l a t i v e c o n s t a n c y h a v e b e e n p r o v e d t o be o f i m p o r t a n t d i a g n o s t i c v a l u e . T h i s a r e a w a s d i s c l o s e d f o r the f i r s t t i m e b y N Ä S M A R K (1937) f r o m the d i a g n o s t i c p o i n t o f v i e w d e s i g n a t i n g and c h a r a c t e r i z i n g p a r t s o f t h i s t e r m i n a l s t r u c ­t u r e and p i r o v e d t o be t he b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n s . H i s d e s c r i p t i o n , h o w e v e r , w a s i n ­c o m p l e t e i n c e r t a i n d e t a i l s , and w a s n o t f r e e o f c o n f u s i o n s . T h e s e i n c o m p l e t i o n s w e r e r i g h t ­l y s o l v e d by E D U A R D O (1982) , w h o n a m e d a l l p a r t s o f t h i s o r g a n a n d e s t a b l i s h e d t h e n a m e t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m f o r t h e w h o l e t e r m i n a l s t r u c t u r e o f the g e n i t a l s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , the t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m i s u s e d i n t h i s p a p e r i n a w i d e r s e n s e , the c i r r u s p o u c h , w h e n i t i s p r e ­s e n t , i s t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n ( F i g . 1 7 ) . S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t he t e r m i n a l g e n i t a ­l i u m w i t h o u t c i r r u s p o u c h and the t e r m i n o l o g y w e r e . a d o p t e d f r o m N Ä S M A R K (1937) a n d E D U ­A R D O (1982) ( F i g . 18 ) .

F i f t y - e i g h t d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m a r e k n o w n p r e s e n t l y . T h e y can be d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s : 1) t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h c i r r u s p o u c h , 2) t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h h e r ­m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h a n d 3) t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h o u t c i r r u s p o u c h and h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h .

T h e c i r r u s p o u c h i s a s m a l l e r o r l a r g e r s ac w i t h , i n g e n e r a l , s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a r w a l l . I t e m b r a c e s the d i s t a l p a r t o f m a l e g e n i t a l d u c t ( v e s i c u l a s e m i n a l i s i n t e r n a a n d p a r s p r o s t a t i c a ) . T h i s o r g a n i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r m a n y a m p h i s t o m e s w h i c h a r e m a i n l y p a r a s i t i c i n l o w e r v e r t e b r a t e s .

I n h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h , the d i s t a l p a r t s o f m a l e a n d f e m a l e g e n i t a l d u c t a r e f ound j o i n t l y i n a c i r r u s p o u c h . I t i s c o v e r e d w i t h m o r e o r l e s s d e v e l o p e d m u s c l e f i b r e s . T h i s i s c h a r a c t e r ­i s t i c f o r s o m e s p e c i e s o f a m p h i s t o m e s o f m a m m a l i a n h o s t s . T h e g r o u p o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i ­u m h a v i n g n e i t h e r c i r r u s p o u c h n o r h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s u b g r o u p s : 1) t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h t e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e , 2) t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h o u t t e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e .

T y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a w i t h c i r r u s p o u c h

T h i s g r o u p i n c l u d e s f i v e k n o w n t y p e s ( G a s t r o d i s c u s S e y , 1975 ; N e m a t o p h i l a Sey, 1973; S c l e -r o p o r u m Sey , 1983; S p i n o l o s u m Sey , 1983 ; S t i c h o r c h i s Sey , 1975) a n d t h r e e new ones de­s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . C l a d o r c h i s t y p e ( F i g . 19)

W h o l e t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y f o r m i n g w e l l d e v e l o p e d g e n i t a l s u c k e r . G e n i t a l p a p i l l a u s u a l l y s l e n d e r ; g e n i t a l s p h i n c t e r p r e s e n t , s l i g h t l y o r w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . C i r r u s p o u c h e q u a l w i t h the d i a m e t e r o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m . R a d i a l f i b r e s e v e n l y a n d s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d .

( V a l i d f o r C l a d o r c h i s s p p . , T a x o r c h i s s c h i s t o c o t y l e , S t i c h o r c h i s g i g a n t h e u s . )

2 . D a d a y i u s t y p e ( F i g . 20 )

G e n i t a l p o r e s u r r o u n d e d b y p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d s u c k e r , w e l l m a r k e d o f f f r o m n e i g h b o u r i n g p a r ­e n c h y m a . G e n i t a l p a p i l l a c l u m s y , s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d , c i r c u l a r m u s c u l a t u r e e n t i r e l y a b s e n t . C i r r u s p o u c h s m a l l , i t s m u s c u l a t u r e p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r D a d a y i u s m a r e n z e l l e r i . )

I 3. W a l t e r i t y p e ( F i g . 21)

T h e w h o l e t e r m i n a l s t r u c t u r e c o n s t i t u t e s a w e l l - d e v e l o p e d g e n i t a l s u c k e r , c l e a r l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m the p a r e n c h y m a . S t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d c i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s on the r i m o f the g e n i t a l pa -

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p i l l a a n d on the g e n i t a l f o l d . G e n i t a l p a p i l l a s h o r t a n d b o a r d , l o o s e l y p a c k e d c i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s p r e s e n t at j u n c t i o n o f g e n i t a l p a p i l l a a n d g e n i t a l f o l d . R a d i a l m u s c u l a t u r e c o n s i s t i n g o f c o a r s e b a n d s o f f i b r e s . ( V a l i d f o r C h i o s t i c h o r c h i s w a l t e r i . )

R e m a r k s

T h e r e a r e c o n t r o v e r s a l o p i n i o n s on the p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f the c i r r u s p o u c h i n G a s t r o - d i s c u s a e g y p t i a c u s . I t w a s b e l i e v e d t o be p r e s e n t b y N Ä S M A R K (1937) , M U K H E R J E E a n d C H A U H A N (1967) , Y A M A G U T I (1971 ) , S E Y (1975) , a b s e n t b y M A P L E S T O N E (1923) , F U K U I

F i g s . 1 9 - 2 7 : T y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a seen i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n : 19= C l a d o r ­c h i s t y p e , 20= D a d a y i u s t y p e , 21= W a l t e r i t y p e , 22= E p u l u e n s i s t y p e , 23= O l v e ­r i a t y p e , 24= P s e u d o d i s c u s t y p e , 25= G e m e l l i c o t y l e t y p e , 26= P e r t i n a x t y p e , 27 = Z y g o c o t y l e t y p e .

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(1929) , W I L L M O T T and P E S T E R (1961) a n d G U P T A a n d W A L I A ( 1 9 7 1 ) . M o r e r e c e n t l y J O N E S (1986) r i g h t l y p o i n t e d out t h a t G . a e g y p t i a c u s has no t r u e c i r r u s p o u c h .

N a m e l y , t he t r u e c i r r u s p o u c h i s a m o r e o r l e s s d e v e l o p e d sac s u r r o u n d e d w i t h m u s c l e f i b r e s . I t i n c o u d e s v e s i c u l a s e m i n a l i s i n t e r n a a n d p a r s p r o s t a t i c a w i t h p r o s t a t e c e l l s . I n G . a e g y p t i a c u s t h e r e i s a l o o s e l y s c a t t e r e d m e s h o f m u s c l e f i b r e s , s u r r o u n d i n g the t e r m i n a l p a r t of the m a l e d u c t w h i c h , i n t h i s r e s p e c t , i s s i m i l a r t o a t r u e c i r r u s p o u c h . I n s i d e i t , h o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e the c o i l e d p a r s m u s c u l o s a and the d i l a t e d c h a m b e r , i n t h i s r e s p e c t i t d i f f e r s f r o m a t r u e c i r r u s p o u c h . A s the c i r r u s p o u c h i s r e g a r d e d t o be a p l e i s o m o r p h i c s t a t e c o n t r a r y t o t he a p o m o r p h i c p a r s m u s c u l o s a , t h e r e f o r e i t i s a s s i g n e d t o t h i s g r o u p o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m .

T y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h

T h i s g r o u p c o m p r i s e s t h r e e a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( B i c a u d a t a Sey et G r a b e r , 1979; B a l a n o r -c h i s E d u a r d o , 1982; H a w k e s i u s Sey , 1985) and a n e w one d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . E p u l u e n s i s t y p e ( F i g . 22)

T h e t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m e n o r m o u s , g e n i t a l p a p i l l a p r e s e n t , s t o u t i n a p p e a r a n c e . C i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s a b s e n t . M e t r a t e r m a n d p a r s p r o s t a t i c a e n c l o s e d i n h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h . R a ­d i a l m u s c l e u n i t s f o r m i n g c o a r s e b a n d s . T r u e g e n i t a l a t r i u m a b s e n t bu t i n s t r o n g l y r e t r a c t e d p o s i t i o n a s h a l l o w a t r i u m m a y be f o r m e d b e t w e e n g e n i t a l p a p i l l a a n d the body w a l l . ( V a l i d f o r C h o e r o c o t y l e e p u l u e n s i s . )

T y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w i t h o u t c i r r u s p o u c h , h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h and w i t h t e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e

T h i s g r o u p c o n s i s t s o f 12 a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( C r u c i f o r m i s Sey , 1983 ; E l o n g a t u s Sey , 1983 ; E n d o p a p i l l a t u s Sey , 1983; G r e g a r i u s Sey, 1983 ; H o m a l o g a s t e r Sey, 1984 ; N o c i Sey , 1984; P a p i l l o g e n i t a l i s E d u a r d o , 1980 (= P a r v i p a p i l l a t u s Sey , 1983; M i c r o b o t h r i o p a p i l l a t u s Sey , 1985) ; P a r v i p a p i l l a t u m E d u a r d o , 1982 ; R a j a E d u a r d o , 1982; S c h o u t e d e n i Sey, 1983; S t epha ­n o p h a r y n x N ä s m a r k , 1937; S y n e t h e s Sey, 1983) and t w o n e w ones d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . O l v e r i a t y p e ( F i g . 2 3)

W e a k l y d e v e l o p e d t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m , G e n i t a l p a p i l l a p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d s p h i n c t e r p a p i l l a e . G e n i t a l a t r i u m s t r a i g h t - l i n e d w i t h t e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e . G e n i t a l f o l d t h i c k and b r o a d . R a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r O l v e r i a spp . )

2 . P s e u d o d i s c u s t y p e ( F i g . 24 )

G e n i t a l p a p i l l a and g e n i t a l f o l d p r e s e n t . G e n i t a l f o l d w i t h a m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d g e n i t a l s p h i n c t e r . T e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e p r e s e n t a r o u n d t h e g e n i t a l p o r e and o u t e r s u r f a c e o f the g e n ­i t a l f o l d . R a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r P s e u d o s i s c u s c o l l i n s i . )

R e m a r k

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t he t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m o f t h i s s p e c i e s w a s p u b l i s h e d by J O N E S (1986) b u t t he t y p e w a s n o t d e s i g n a t e d .

T y p e s o f t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i a w i t h o u t c i r r u s p o u c h , h e r m a p h r o d i t i c p o u c h and t e g u m e n t a l p a p i l l a e

T h i s g r o u p e m b r a c e s 29 a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( B o t h r i o p h o r o n N ä s m a r k , 1937; B u b a l i s Sey , 1983; B u x i f r o n s N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; C a l i c o p h o r o n N ä s m a r k , 1937; C l a v u l a N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; C o -t y l o p h o r o n N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; D a w e s i E d u a r d o , 1982 ; D e s c h i e n s i Sey , 1984 ; D u p l i c i s p h i n c t r i s

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Sey e t G r a b e r , 1980 ; E p i c l i t u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; E x p l a n a t u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; G i g a n t o a t r i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; G i g a n t o c o t y l e N ä s m a r k , 1937; G r a c i l e N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; H i p p o p o t a m u s N ä s ­m a r k , 1937 ; I c h i k a w a i N ä s m a r k , 1937; L e y d e n i N ä s m a r k , 1937; L i o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; M a n c u p a t u s Sey , 1983 ; M i c r o a t r i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; M i c r o b o t h r i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; M i n u ­t u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; O r t h o c o e l i u m E d u a r d o , 1982 ; P i s u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; S c h i s t o c o t y l e Sey e t G r a b e r , 1979 ; S c o l i o c o e l i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; S e l l s i N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; S t r e p t o c o e l i u m N ä s ­m a r k , 1937 ; W a g a n d i N ä s m a r k , 1937) and t h r e e new ones d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . G e m e l l i c o t y l e t y p e ( F i g . 2 5)

G e n i t a l p a p i l l a v o l u m i n o u s and t h i c k , w i t h p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d s p h i n c t e r p a p i l l a e . G e n i t a l f o l d w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d , w i t h o u t s p h i n c t e r , g e n i t a l a t r i u m s t r a i g h t . R a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s a l s o p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r G e m e l l i c o t y l e w a l l a b i c o l a . )

F i g . 2 8 : S c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a g e n e r a l t y p e o f a c e t a b u l u m (key to a b b r e v i a ­t i o n s : bp - b a s a l p a r t ; dec - d o r s a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s ; dec^ -d o r s a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s , g r o u p one ; dec2 - d o r s a l e x t e r i o r c i r ­c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s , g r o u p t w o ; d i e - d o r s a l i n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s ; e l - e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l m u s c l e f i b r e s ; m a - m a r g i n a l p a r t ; m e c - m i d d l e e x ­t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s ; o f - o b l i q u e m u s c l e f i b r e s ; r f - r a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s ; v s c - v e n t r a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s ; v e c j - v e n t r a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s ; g r o u p one ; v e c 2 - v e n t r a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s , g r o u p t w o ; v i e - v e n t r a l i n t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s ) .

F i g . 2 9 : A s p e r t y p e o f a c e t a b u l a seen i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n .

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R e m a r k

D i a g n o s i s o f t h i s t y p e of t e r m i n a l g e n i t a l i u m w a s d e s c r i b e d by P R U D H O E (1975) b u t the t y p e w a s no t n a m e d .

2 . P e r t i n a x t y p e ( F i g . 26)

G e n i t a l p a p i l l a s t o u t and b r o a d , m u s c l e u n i t s o f s p h i n c t e r p a p i l l a e l o o s e l y s p a c e d . G e n i t a l f o l d a n d g e n i t a l s p h i n c t e r a b s e n t . R a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r M a c r o - p o t h r e m a p e r t i n a x . )

3 . Z y g o c o t y l e t y p e ( F i g . 27)

C h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a v i n g p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s , m u s c u l a t u r e and s i z e . G e n ­i t a l p a p i l l a s m a l l , w i t h s o m e f i b r e s o f r a d i a l m u s c u l a t u r e . C i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s e n t i r e l y a b s e n t . T r u e g e n i t a l f o l d a b s e n t bu t t h e body w a l l f o r m i n g a m u s c u l a r a r e a w i t h o u t b e i n g p a ­p i l l a e - l i k e i n a p p e a r a n c e . ( V a l i d f o r Z y g o c o t y l e l u n a t a and W a r d i u s z i b e t h i c u s . )

A c e t a b u l u m

T h e v e n t r a l s u c k e r o r a c e t a b u l u m u s u a l l y l a r g e , s t o u t m u s c u l a r o r g a n at the p o s t e r i o r end o f b o d y . I t e x h i b i t s s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b i l i t y b o t h i n s i z e and a p p e a r a n c e , d e p e n d i n g on g r o u p s o f a m p h i s t o m e s . O f the s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s the m u s c l e f i b r e s a r e the m o s t i m p o r t a n t ones w h i c h m a y be c i r c u l a r , l o n g i t u d i n a l , r a d i a l a n d o b l i q u e . T h e c i r c u l a r m u s c l e u n i t s r u n n i n g a l o n g t he o u t e r and i n n e r m a r g i n o f a c e t a b u l u m s h o w c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a r r a n g e m e n t , s een i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n . T h e d i a g n o s i s o f s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s o f the a c e t a b u l u m w a s g i v e n b y N Ä S M A R K (1937) , and f u r t h e r d e t a i l s w e r e a d d e d by R E I N C H A R D T (1969) , E D U A R D O ( 1 9 8 2 ) , S E Y ( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e s c h e m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a g e n e r a l t y p e o f a c e t a b u l u m , a d o p t e d f r o m N Ä S M A R K (1937) ( F i g . 28) i n c l u d e s a l l p a r t s n e c e s s a r y f o r c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d d i f ­f e r e n t i a t i o n .

T h e t y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a b a s e d o n g r o s s - : m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o m o r p h o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s w e r e d i v i d e d by N Ä S M A R K (19 37) i n t o t h r e e g r o u p s a n d a p o s s i b l e f o u r t h w i t h an u n c e r t a i n p o s i ­t i o n . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f a g r e a t n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a i n d i c a t e s t h a t N Ä S M A R K ' s f o u r t h g r o u p c a n be p l a c e d i n t o g r o u p I I as r e g a r d s the shape a n d a r r a n g e ­m e n t o f m u s c u l a t u r e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h r e e g r o u p s o f a c e t a b u l a c a n be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d h e r e .

A c e t a b u l a b e l o n g i n g to g r o u p I have v a r i o u s f o r m s i n a p p e a r a n c e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c e t a b ­u l a r c a v i t y a n d m u s c u l a t u r e . T h e n u m b e r o f d o r s a l and v e n t r a l e x t e r i o r and i n t e r i o r c i r c u ­l a r s e r i e s e q u a l o r d i s s i m i l a r . D . e . c . s e r i e s does not d i v i d e i n t o d . e . 1 and d . e. 2 s e r i e s .

A c e t a b u l a o f g r o u p I I a r e t y p i c a l s u c k e r - l i k e i n f o r m , w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e , a c e t a b u l a r w a l l and a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . O f t h e d . e . c . m u s c l e u n i t s t h e r e i s e i t h e r o n e , r e l a ­t i v e l y s h o r t s e r i e s , o r i t d i v i d e s i n t o d . e. c. 1 a n d d . e. c. 2 ' . s e r i e s .

I n g r o u p I I I t he a c e t a b u l a a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a v i n g t y p i c a l a c e t a b u l a r f o r m w i t h s o m e ­t i m e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l i n the m i d d l e p a r t . D o r s a l e x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r s e r i e s l o n g e r o r s h o r t e r bu t w i t h o u t d i v i s i o n i n t o t w o p a r t s .

T y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a o f g r o u p I .

T h i s g r o u p e m b r a c e s 10 a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( C l a d o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937; D e r m a t e m y t r e m a Sey , 1983; D i p l o d i s c u s N ä s m a r k , 1937; M e g a l o d i s c u s Sey , 1983; N e m a t o p n i l a Sey , 1973 ; P f e n d e r i u s N ä s m a r k , 1937; P s e u d o c l a d o r c h i s N ä s m a r k , 1937; S c h i z a m p h i s t o m u m N ä s m a r k 1937 ; N e o c l a d o r c h i s Sey, 1986; Z y g o c o t y l e Sey , 1975) and 18 new t y p e s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . A s p e r t y p e ( F i g . 29) S i ze e n o r m o u s w i t h p a p i l l a e i n i t s i n n e r s u r f a c e and w i t h p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l

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F i g . 3 0 - 3 8 : T y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a seen i n m e d i a n s a g i t t a l s e c t i o n s : 30= B a s i d i o d i s c u s t y p e ; 31= B r e v i c a e c u m t y p e ; 32= C h i o s t i c h o r c h i s t y p e ; 33= C l e p t o -d y s c u s t y p e ; 34= D a d a y i u s t y p e ; 35= G i g a n t h e u s t y p e ; 36= M i c r o r c h i s t y p e ; 37= P y r i -f o r m i s t y p e ; 38= Sandon ia t y p e .

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and a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . R a t h e r m o r e s i m i l a r t o s u c k l i n g d i s c t h a n t o a c e t a b u l u m . D . e . c. a n d v . e. c. as w e l l as d . i . c. a n d v . i . c. s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r a n d a r r a n g e m e n t . E x t e r i o r c i r c u l a r u n i t s u s u a l l y l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e i n w a r d s . M . e. c. p r e s e n t . R a d i a l f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d ; a n t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d but d i s t i n c t . ( V a l i d f o r C l a d o r c h i s a s p e r . )

2 . B a s i d i o d i s c u s t y p e ( F i g . 30)

S m a l l i n s i z e w i t h s o m e s c u m s y p a p i l l a e i n i t s i n n e r s u r f a c e . B r e a d t h o f the w a l l o f t h e a c e ­t a b u l u m s m a l l , a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y w e l l d e v e l o p e d . U n i t s o f d . e . c . and v . e . c . s e r i e s f e w . D . i . c. a n d v . i . c . s e r i e s w i t h a g r e a t n u m b e r o f u n i t s , s i m i l a r i n s i z e and n u m b e r . M . e. c. p r e s e n t . R a d i a l f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d , e x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d a n d d i s t i n c t . ( V a l i d f o r B a s i d i o d i s c u s e c h t o r c h i s . )

3. B r e v i c a e c u m t y p e ( F i g . 31)

M o d e r a t e i n s i z e . A c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d c a v i t y m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . D i f f é r ences b e t w e e n d o r s a l and v e n t r a l p a r t s o f a c e t a b u l u m c o n s i d e r a b l e . D . e . c . s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o n l y o f a s i n g l e r o w o f u n i t s s i m i l a r i n s i z e . D . i . c. s e r i e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d w i t h m u s c l e u n i t s d e c r e a s ­i n g i n w a r d s . U n i t s o f v . e. c. and v , i . e . s e r i e s l o n g e r t h a n t h o s e i n w a r d s . E x t e r i o r l o n g i ­t u d i n a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d a l o n g the w h o l e m a r g i n a l s i d e . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r B r e v i c a e c u m n i l o t i c u m . )

4 . C h i o s t i c h o r c h i s t y p e ( F i g . 32)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e . A c e t a b u l a r w a l l and a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . C h a r ­a c t e r i z e d b y the p r e s e n c e o f f e w e r u n i t s i n d o r s a l h a l f o f a c e t a b u l u m t h a n i n v e n t r a l o n e . U n i t s o f d . e . c : f e w , e q u a l i n s i z e . V . e. c. s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a g r e a t n u m b e r o f u n i t s , d i m i n i s h i n g i n s i z e t o w a r d s i n t e r i o r o f t he s e r i e s . N u m b e r o f u n i t s i n d . e. c. s m a l l e r t h a n t hose i n v . i . e . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o r e o r l e s s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n d o r s a l a n d m a r ­g i n a l p a r t s o f a c e t a b u l u m . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g s o m e l o o s e l y p a c k ­ed bands . ( V a l i d f o r C h i o s t i c h o r c h i s w a l t e r i . )

5. C l e p t o d i s c u s t y p e ( F i g . 33)

S m a l l i n s i z e , w i t h s y m m e t r i c a l l y a r r a n g e d a n d p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d c i r c u l a r m u s c l e s e r i e s . A c e t a b u l a r w a l l t h i n , a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . U n i t s o f d . e. c. and v . e. c. s e r i e s m o r e o r l e s s s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r a n d s i z e . U n i t s o f d . i . c. and v . i . c. s e r i e s n u m e r o u s , d i ­m i n i s h i n g i n w a r d s . M . e . c . m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l m u s c l e f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r C l e p t o d i s c u s r e t i c u l a t u s and S t u n k a r d i a b u r t i . )

6. D a d a y i u s t y p e ( F i g . 34)

M o d e r a t e i n s i z e , w i t h w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e a n d t h i n a c e t a b u l a r w a l l . M a r g i n a l p a r t o f a c e t a b u l u m c o n c a v e , b a s a l l i n e c o n v e x a n d u n d u l a t i n g . T h i s w a v y l i n e i s t h e c o n ­sequence o f l i n e a r p r o t u b e r a n c e s s i t u a t e d p a r a l l e l l y on i n n e r s u r f a c e o f a c e t a b u l u m . U n i t s o f s e r i e s d . e. c. and v . e. c. as w e l l as d . i . c. and v . i . c. f ew and i n c o n s i d e r a b l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r D a d a y i u s m a r e n z e l l e r i . )

7. G i g a n t h e u s t y p e ( F i g . 35)

E n o r m o u s i n s i z e , w i t h s y m m e t r i c a l l y a r r a n g e d m u s c u l a t u r e . U n i t s o f s e r i e s d . e . c . a n d v . e. c. a n d t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t m o r e o r l e s s s i m i l a r . D . i . c . and v . i . e . s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r and s i z e . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s i n d o r s a l and v e n t r a l p a r t s e q u a l l y d e v e l o p e d . M . e . c . m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s e v e n l y s p a c e d a n d m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r S t i c h o r c h i s g i g a n t h e u s . )

8. M i c r o r c h i s t y p e ( F i g . 36)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h t h i n a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . D . e. c. c o n s i s t i n g o f a s i n g l e g r o u p o f u n i t s , l a r g e r t h a n t he v . e. c. s e r i e s . U n i t s o f d . e. c. and v . e. c. a l m o s t e q u a l i n s i z e . U n i t s o f s e r i e s d . i . c. a n d v . i . c. s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r and s i z e . V e n t r o - l a t e r a l o b l i q u e f i b r e s f o r m i n g a s m a l l b u n d l e a t m a r g i n a l s i d e . M . e . c . w e l l -d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r M i c r o r c h i s s p p . )

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9 . P y r i f o r m i s t y p e ( F i g . 37)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e , a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y and w i t h w e l l -d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l . U n i t s i n s e r i e s d . e. c. and v . e. c. few and s m a l l i n s i z e . M u s c l e u n i t s o f s e r i e s d . i . c . a n d v . i . c. s y m m e t r i c a l l y s p a c e d . M . e . c . p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r C l a d o r ­ c h i s p y r i f o r m i s , P f e n d e r i u s h e t e r o c a e c a . )

10. S a n d o n i a t y p e ( F i g . 38)

S m a l l i n s i z e , w i t h m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e and a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d w i t h w e l l - d e ­v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f d . e . c . f ew a n d s m a l l i n n u m b e r . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f v . e . c . m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , s o m e t i m e s s i t u a t e d i n d o u b l e r o w s . A t the r i m o f t h e v e n ­t r a l p a r t o f a c e t a b u l u m a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m u s c l e u n i t s , w i t h o u t f o r m i n g a s p h i n c t e r . D . i . c. a n d v . i . c. s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f u n i t s s i m i l a r i n s i z e a n d a r r a n g e m e n t . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s n o r m a l l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g l o o s e l y p a c k e d b u n d l e s . ( V a l i d f o r S a n d o n i a s u d a n e n s i s . )

1 1 . S p i n o l o s u m t y p e ( F i g . 39)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e , a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . D . e. c. s e r i e s i n a s i n g l e r o w , c o n s i s t i n g o f a g r e a t n u m ­b e r o f m u s c l e u n i t s . D . e. c. s e r i e s u n i t e s w i t h m . e. c. s e r i e s . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f v . e . c . f e w , m o r e o r l e s s e q u a l i n s i z e . D . i . c . and v . i . e . h a v i n g u n i t s s i m i l a r i n s i z e and n u m b e r , f o r m ­i n g c o n t i n o u s s e r i e s a l o n g the b a s a l s ide o f a c e t a b u l u m . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s a n d r a d i a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , c o a r s e , and u s u a l l y i r r e g u l a r l y a r r a n g e d . ( V a l i d f o r S c h i z a m p h i s t o m o i d e s s p i n o l o s u m . )

12. T a x o r c h i s t y p e ( F i g . 40)

E n o r m o u s i n s i z e . D . e . c . i s a s h o r t , s i n g l e r o w w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d u n i t s . V . e . c . s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a g r e a t n u m b e r o f u n i t s , m o r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e v e n t r o - l a t e r a l r e g i o n . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f d . i . c. l e s s i n n u m b e r and s m a l l e r i n s i z e t h a n t h o s e i n v . i . c. s e r i e s . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n d o r s o - l a t e r a l r e g i o n . ( V a l i d f o r T a x o r c h i s s c h i s t o c o - t y l e . )

13. V e n e z u e l e n s i s t y p e ( F i g . 41)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , m u s c u l a t u r e m o r e o r l e s s s y m m e t r i c a ] i n a r r a n g e m e n t . U n i t s i n d . e . c . s e r i e s s m a l l i n n u m b e r w i t h l o n g e r u n i t s i n m i d d l e p a r t . V . e . c . few and e q u a l i n s i z e . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f d . i . c. a n d v . i . c. s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r a n d s i z e . E x t e r n a l l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d a l o n g d o r s a l and v e n t r a l s i d e a l i k e . R a d i a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d , m u s c l e f i b r e s f o r m i n g c o a r s e , i r r e g u l a r l y s p a c e d b a n d s . ( V a l i d f o r N e m a t o p h i l a v e n e z u e ­ l e n s i s . )

14. W a r d i u s t y p e ( F i g . 42)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d a c e ­t a b u l a r c a v i t y . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f d . e . c . and v . i . e . u n e v e n l y d e v e l o p e d ; d . e . c . u n i t s m u c h m o r e t h a n t h o s e i n v . i . c. D . i . c . and v . i . e . s e r i e s s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r and s i z e . E x t e r n a l l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d a l o n g b a s a l a n d m a r g i n a l s i d e s a l i k e . M . e . c . s e r i e s e x t r e m e l y l o n g , s t r e t c h i n g a l o n g the w h o l e m a r g i n a l s i d e . R a d i a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d and f o r m i n g i r r e g u l a r c o a r s e b a n d s . ( V a l i d f o r W a r d i u s z i b e t h i c u s . )

15. S t u n k a r d i a t y p e ( F i g . 43)

M o d e r a t e i n s i z e , w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . U n i t s i n d . e . c . s e r i e s n u m e r o u s , e v e n l y d e v e l o p e d ; u n i t s i n v . e . c . s o m e w h a t f e w e r bu t s i m i l a r l y d e v e l o p e d t h a n t h o s e i n d . e. c . U n i t s i n s e r i e s o f d . i . c . and v . i . c . a r e m o r e o r l e s s s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r and s i z e . M . e . c . s e r i e s a b s e n t . E x t e r n a l l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d a n d e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d . O b l i q u e f i b r e s p r e s e n t i n d o r s a l s i d e o f a c e t a ­b u l u m . ( V a l i d f o r S t u n k a r d i a s t u n k a r d i . )

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16. D i l y m p h o s a t y p e ( F i g . 44)

M o d e r a t e o r w e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . D . e . c . s e r i e s s h o r t , w i t h s o m e u n i t s . D . i . c . and v . i . c. s e r i e s m o r e o r l e s s s i m i l a r i n n u m b e r a n d s i z e . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . R a d i ­a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g e v e n l y s p a c e d b a n d s . O b l i q u e w e l l - d e v e l o p e d f i b r e s a t v e n t r o - l a t e r a l s i d e . ( V a l i d f o r S t u n k a r d i a d i l y m p h o s a , S. a m b o i n e n s i s , S c h i z a m p h i s t o m u m e r r a t u m . )

17 . C h o e r o c o t y l o i d e s t y p e ( F i g . 45)

E n o r m o u s i n s i z e , w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d m u s c u l a t u r e and m o d e r a t e l y d e v e l o p e d a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y . D . e. c. a n d v . e. c. s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a s i n g l e r o w o f u n i t s , c o m p r i s i n g a f e w , w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d u n i t s . V e n t r a l p a r t o f a c e t a b u l u m w i t h w e l l - d e v e l o p e d o b l i q u e f i b r e s . R a d i a l f i b r e s w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , f o r m i n g c l o s e l y p a c k e d c o a r s e b a n d s . D . i . c . a n d v . i . c. s e r i e s s i m i l a r i n s i z e and i n n u m b e r . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l f i b r e s m o d e r a t e l y de ­v e l o p e d . M . e. c. p r e s e n t . ( V a l i d f o r C h o e r o c o t y l o i d e s o n o t r a g i . )

18. G e m e l l i c o t y l e - t y p e ( F i g . 46)

S i ze e n o r m o u s , w i t h a c e n t r a l adhäs ive o r g a n s u r r o u n d e d by i r r e g u l a r r i n g s o f p a p i l l a e . A c e t a b u l a r w a l l w e l l - d e v e l o p e d , a c e t a b u l a r c a v i t y s h a l l o w . C i r c u l a r s e r i e s c o m p o s e d o f w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d m u s c l e u n i t s . D . e . c . a n d v . e. c. as w e l l as d . i . c . and v . i . c. h ave d i f ­f e r e n t n u m b e r o f u n i t s . E x t e r i o r l o n g i t u d i n a l and r a d i a l f i b r e s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . ( V a l i d f o r G e m e l l i c o t y l e w a l l a b i c o l a . )

R e m a r k

D i a g n o s i s o f t h i s t y p e w a s d e s c r i b e d by P R U D H O E (19 75) w i t h o u t g i v i n g t y p e d e s i g n a t i o n .

T y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a o f g r o u p I I

T h i s g r o u p i n c l u d e 15 a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( B u x i f r o n s N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; C a l i c o p h o r o n N ä s ­m a r k , 1937; C a r m y e r i u s Sey, 1983; C o t y l o p h o r o n N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; D u p l i c i t e s t o r u m N ä s ­m a r k , 1937; E x p l a n a t u m N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; F i s c h o e d e r i u s Sey, 1983 ; G a s t r o t h y l a x N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; G i g a n t o c o t y l e E d u a r d o , 1982 ; N i l o c o t y l e N ä s m a r k , 1937; P a r a m p h i s t o m u m N a s m a r k , 1937 ; P i s u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; S t r e p t o c o e l i u m N ä s m a r k , 1937; S t e p h a n o p h a r y n x N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; S y m m e r y N ä s m a r k , 1937) a n d a n e w one d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

1 . P e r t i n a x t y p e ( F i g . 47)

W e l l - d e v e l o p e d i n s i z e , w i t h p a p i l l a e on the i n n e r s u r f a c e o f a c e t a b u l u m ; m u s c u l a t u r e m o d ­e r a t e l y , a c e t a b u l a r w a l l a n d c a v i t y w e l l - d e v e l o p e d . C i r c u l a r s e r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a s i n g l e g r o u p of u n i t s . D . e . c . s e r i e s s e p a r a t e d by o b l i q u e f i b r e s f r o m the i n s i d e . U n i t s o f i n t e r i o r s e r i e s s i m i l a r i n s i z e . M . e . c . p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d . R a d i a l f i b r e s s t r o n g l y d e v e l o p e d , f i b r e s c l o s e l y s p a c e d . ( V a l i d f o r M a c r o p o t r e m a p e r t i n a x . )

T y p e s o f a c e t a b u l a o f g r o u p I I I

T h i s g r o u p e m b r a c e s s i x a l r e a d y k n o w n t y p e s ( B r u m p t i a N ä s m a r k , 1937 ; G a s t r o d i s c u s N a s ­m a r k , 1937; H a w k e s i u s Sey , 1985; H o m a l o g a s t e r Sey , 1984; P s e u d o d i s c u s N ä s m a r k , 1937; W a t s o n i u s N ä s m a r k , 1937 (= G a s t r o d i s c o i d e s Sey, 1984) .

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S E Y , 0.: A z amfisztómumok izmos szerveinek tipizálása és osztályozása

A s z e r z ő áttekintést a d az a m f i s z t ó m u m o k n a p j a i n k b a n i s m e r t i z m o s s z e r v e i n e k ( g a r a t , t e r ­miná l i s g e n i t a l i u m , a c e t a b u l u m ) t ípusa i ró l . Megá l l ap í t 43 g a r a t (13 új), 58 t e rminá l i s g e n i t a ­l i u m (9 új) és 50 a c e t a b u l u m (19 új) t ípust . A z új típusok l e í r á sá t és r a j z a i t t a r t a l m a z z a a d o l g o z a t .

R E F E R E N C E S

B L A I R , D . (1983) : P a r a m p h i s t o m e s ( D i g e n e a : P a r a m p h i s t o m i d a e ) p a r a s i t i c i n m a r i n e t u r t l e s ( R e p t i l i a : C h e l o n i a ) . - A u s t . J . Z o o l . , 3 1 : 8 5 1 - 8 6 7 .

D I N N I K , J . A . (1964) : P a r a m p h i s t o m u m s u k u m u m s p . n o v . and o t h e r s t o m a c h f l u k e s f r o m c a t t l e i n the S u k u m a l a n d a r e a o f t he l a k e T a n g a n y i k a . - P a r a s i t o l o g y , 54: 2 0 1 - 2 0 9 .

E D U A R D O , S. L . ( 1980 ) : B i l a t o r c h i s p a p i l l o g e n i t a l i s n . g . , n . s p . ( P a r a m p h i s t o m i d a e : O r t h o -c o e l i i n a e ) , a p a r a s i t e o f the r e d l e c h w e (Kobus l e c h e G r a y , 1850) f r o m Z a m b i a . -S y s t e m . P a r a s i t . , 1 : 1 4 1 - 1 4 9 .

E D U A R D O , S. L . (19 8 2 ) : T h e t a x o n o m y o f the f a m i l y P a r a m p h i s t o m i d a e F i s c h o e d e r , 1901 w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o the m o r p h o l o g y o f s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g i n r u m i n a n t s . I . G e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . - S y s t e m . P a r a s i t . , 4 : 7 - 5 7 .

F I S C H O E D E R , F . ( 1903 ) : D i e P a r a m p h i s t o m i d e n d e r S a u g e t h i e r e . - Z o o l . J a h r b . , 17: 4 8 5 -660 .

F U K U I , T . ( 1929 ) : S t u d i e s on J a p a n e s e a m p h i s t o m a t o u s p a r a s i t e s , w i t h r e v i s i o n o i t he g r o u p . -J a p a n . J . Z o o l . , 2 : 2 1 9 - 3 5 1 .

G U P T A , N . K . - W A L I A , S. (1971) : S t u d i e s on G a s t r o d i s c u s a e g y p t i c u s ( s i c ) ( C o b b o l d , 1876) R a i l l i e t , 1893 - an a m p h i s t o m i d p a r a s i t e s o f h o r s e s i n I n d i a . - R e s . B u l l . P a b . U n i v . , 2 1 : 2 0 5 - 2 1 3 .

J O N E S , A . (1986) : A c o m p a r a t i v e m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f the s u b f a m i l y G a s t r o d i s c i n a e M o n -t i c e l l i , 1892 ( P a r a m p h i s t o m i d a e ) w i t h c o m m e n t s on s o m e m e m b e r s o f r e l a t e d s u b f a m ­i l i e s . - J . N a t . H i s t . , 2 0 : 8 6 3 - 8 8 0 .

L O O S S , A . (1912) : Übe r den B a u e i n i g e r a n s c h e i n e n d s e l t e n e r T r e m a t o d e n A r t e n . - Z o o l . J a h r b . S u p p l . , 15: 3 4 3 - 3 6 1 .

M A P L E S T O N E , P . A . "(1923): A r e v i s i o n o f A m p h i s t o m a t a o f m a m m a l s . - A n n . t r o p . M e d . P a r a s i t . , 17: 1 1 - 2 1 2 .

M U K H E R J E E , A . P . - C H A U H A N , B . S. (1967) : S t u d i e s on the t r e m a t o d e fauna of I n d i a . V . S u b c l a s s D i g e n e a , P a r a m p h i s t o m a t o i d e s F i s c h o e d e r , 1 9 0 1 . - J . Z o o l . S u r v e y I n d . , 17: 1 5 0 - 2 2 5 .

N Ä S M A R K , K . E . (19 37 ) : A r e v i s i o n o f t he t r e m a t o d e f a m i l y P a r a m p h i s t o m i d a e . - Z o o l . B i -d r a g U p p s a l a , 16_: 3 0 1 - 566.

P R U D H O E , S. (1975) : A new genus o f p a r a m p h i s t o m e t r e m a t o d e s f r o m a w a l l b y . - D r . B . S . C h a u h a n C o m m . V o l . 6 3 - 6 8 .

P R U D H O E , S. - Y E H , L . S. - K H A L I L , L . F . (1964) : A n e w a m p h i s t o m e t r e m a t o d e f r o m r u ­m i n a n t s i n N o r t h e r n R h o d e s i a . - J . H e l m i n t h . , 38_: 5 7 - 6 2 .

R E I N H A R D T , S. ( 1 9 6 9 ) : Z u r E n t w i c k l u n g , A n a t o m i e a n d H i s t o l o g i e v o n P a r a m p h i s t o m u m m i c r o b o t h r i u m ( T r e m a t o d a , D i g e n e a ) . - I n a u g . - D i s s . , U n i v . B o n . p p . 106.

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S E Y , O . (1973) : H i s t o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e p h a r y n x , g e n i t a l a t r i u m a n d a c e t a b u l u m o f N e m a t o p h i l a g r a n d e ( D i e s i n g , 1839) ( T r e m a t o d a , P a r a m p h i s t o m a t a ) . - P a r a s i t , h u n g . 6: 6 3 - 6 7 .

S E Y , O . (1975) : H i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n on t h e m u s c u l a r o r g a n s o f s o m e a m p h i s t o m e s ( T r e ­m a t o d a : P a r a m p h i s t o m a t a ) . - P a r a s i t , h u n g . , 8: 5 5 - 5 9 .

S E Y , O . (1980a ) : R e - e x a m i n a t i o n o f an a m p h i s t o m e ( T r e m a t o d a ) . c o l l e c t i o n d e p o s i t e d i n the G e n e v a M u s e u m w i t h a d e s c r i p t i o n o f O r t h o c o e l i u m s a c c o c o e l i u m s p . n . - R e v u e s u i s s e Z o o l . , 8 7 : 4 3 1 - 4 3 7 .

S E Y , O . (1980b) : A m p h i s t o m e p a r a s i t e s o f the d u g o n g a n d a r e v i s i o n o f t he s u b f a m i l y S o l e n -o r c h i i n a e ( T r e m a t o d a : P a r a m p h i s t o m a t i d a e ) . - A c t a z o o l . h u n g . , 26: 2 2 3 - 2 2 8 .

S E Y , O . (1983) : R e v i s i o n o f the f a m i l y G a s t r o t h y l a c i d a e S t i l e s e t G o l d b e r g e r , 1910 ( T r e m a ­t o d a , P a r a m p h i s t o m a t a ) . - A c t a z o o l . h u n g . , 2 9 : 2 2 3 - 2 5 2 .

S E Y , O . (1984) : D e s c r i p t i o n o f W a t s o n i u s p a p i l l a t u s s p . n . and the r e v i s i o n o f the s u b f a m i l y W a t s o n i i n a e N a s m a r k , 1937 ( T r e m a t o d a , P a r a m p h i s t o m a t a ) . - A c t a z o o l . h u n g . , 30 : 4 9 3 - 5 1 0 .

S E Y , O . ( 1985 ) : A m p h i s t o m e s o f V i e t n a m e s e v e r t e b r a t e s ( T r e m a t o d a , A m p h i s t o m i d a ) . -P a r a s i t , h u n g . , 18: 1 7 - 2 4 .

S E Y , O . - G R A B E R , M . (1979) : C o t y l o p h o r o n m a c r o s p h i n c t r i s s p . n . ( T r e m a t o d a : P a r a m ­p h i s t o m a t a ) f r o m the A f r i c a n b u f f a l o , B u b a l u s ( S y n c e r u s ) c a f f e r S p a r r m a n . - A n n l s P a r a s i t , h u m . c o m p . , 54: 2 7 9 - 3 0 2 .

S E Y , O . - G R A B E R , M . (1979b) : E x a m i n a t i o n o f a m p h i s t o m e s ( T r e m a t o d a : P a r a m p h i s t o m a ­t a ) o f s o m e A f r i c a n m a m m a l s . - R e v . E l e v . M é d . v é t . P a y s t r o p . , 32: 1 6 1 - 167 .

S E Y , O . - G R A B E R , M . (1980) : N i l o c o t y l e d u p l i c i s p h i n c t r i s s p . n . ( T r e m a t o d a : P a r a m p h i s ­t o m i d a e ) f r o m H i p p o p o t a m u s a m p h i b i u s . - J . H e l m i n t h . , j j 4 : 123- 127.

S T I L E S , C . W . - G O L D B E R G E R , J . ( 1910 ) : A s t u d y o f t he a n a t o m y o f W a t s o n i u s ( n . g ) w a t s o -n i o f m a n , a n d o f n i n e t e e n a l l i e d s p e c i e s o f m a m m a l i a n t r e m a t o d e w o r m s o f t he s u p e r -f a m i l y P a r a m p h i s t o m o i d e a . - B u l l . h y g . L a b . U . S . P u b . H e a l t h a n d M a r . - H o s p . S e r v . , 6 0 : 1-259.

T A N D O N , R . S . ( 1 9 7 0 ) : T h e a m p h i b i a n genus o f a m p h i s t o m e s , P s e u d o c h i o r c h i s Y a m a g u t i , 19 58, r e c o v e r e d f r o m c h e l o n i a n s at L u c k n o w , and i t s s y n o n y m i t y w i t h the genus K a c h u -g o t r e m a D w i v e d i , 1967. - F o l i a p a r a s i t . ( P r a h a ) , 17: 2 9 3 - 2 9 7 .

W I L L M O T T , S . M . - P E S T E R , F . R . N . ( 1961 ) : A s t u d y o f the G a s t r o d i s c i n a e M o n t i c e l l i , 1892 ( G a s t r o d i s c i d a e : P a r a m p h i s t o m o i d e a ) . - J . H e l m i n t h . , R . T . L e i p e r S u p p l . X X X V : 2 0 5 -2 1 6 .

Y A M A G U T I , S. ( 1 9 7 1 ) : S y n o p s i s o f D i g e n e t i c T r e m a t o d e s o f V e r t e b r a t e s . - T o k y o , J a p a n : K e i k a g u P u b l i s h i n g C o . , v o l s . I a n d I I , 1074 p p . , 349 p l a t e s .

R e c e i v e d : 2 O c t o b e r , 1987. D r . S E Y , O . D e p a r t m e n t o f Z o o l o g y

J anus P a n n o n n i u s U n i v e r s i t y H - 7 6 0 4 P é c s , Ifjúság u t j a 6.

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