u3. industrial revolution

UNIT 3

IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA

TEACHER: ROCÍO BAUTISTA

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

STARTED AT THE LATE 18th CENTURY

- 1st Industrial Revolution (1780 – 1870) unit 3

- 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1914) unit 5

CHANGED

THE WAY GOODS WERE PRODUCED (machines replaced manual labour)

&

THE WAY WORK WAS ORGANIZED (factories, division of labour…)

RADICALLY CHANGED THE ECONOMY & THE

SOCIETY end of agrarian economy

BEGAN IN UK

THE ROOTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN

WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN UK? Stable political situation (constitutional monarchy

since 1688) & favourable economic system: economic liberalism



Agricultural revolution

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (18th Century)

NORFOLK SYSTEM: Constant crop rotation (no fallow land) higher

yields Production of feed for animals increased livestock

farming…• More manure (used as fertiliser) increased

cereal production• More meat & milk (proteins) improved human

diet

Other innovations: Spread of new crops from America (maize, potatoes)

spread more diversified diet. New machinery (seed drills, horse-drawn

harvesters…) Selection of seeds & livestock Enclosures Acts turned common land into private

property, which was obligatory to fence. Poor peasants couldn’t afford fences, so they sold their properties to rich peasants, bourgeois & nobles.

TURNIPS (nabos) for feeding cattle

BARLEY

ANIMAL FODDER (alfalfa, clover…) for

feeding cattle

CEREALS (wheat to make bread to feed

humans)

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (18th Century)

CONSEQUENCES

CONCENTRATION OF

LANDOWNERSHIP

INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Improved nutrition population

growth

Higher profits that were invested in

developing industry

Freed peasants that emigrated to cities

to look for industrial jobs




Population growth (demographic revolution)

DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION (18th Century)

BIRTH RATE REMAINED

HIGH

DEATH RATE DECREASED

(improved nutrition, hygiene,

medicine…)

LARGE NATURAL

POPULATION GROWTH

Increased workforce for

industry

Increased demand for industrial

products





Vast colonial empire that supplied:

• Raw materials

• Markets to sell their products

• Capital

VAST COLONIAL EMPIRE

Raw materials

Markets

Capital (from foreign trade)





Vast colonial empire that supplied:

• Raw materials

• Markets to sell their products

• Capital

Availability of raw materials (cotton, iron) & energy sources (coal), that enabled the development of textile & iron industries.

Availability of capital (profits from foreign trade & agriculture) to finance industry.

Existence of an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie

Improved transports (roads)

Capability of technical innovation (e.g.: steam engine)

ACTIVITY 1

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GO TO WWW.KAHOOT.ITPIN: XXXXXX

https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/a46316cb-daa9-46ea-888d-df434303eb7f

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3 PHASES IN THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY

ARTISANAL INDUSTRY

(until mid-18th

century aprox.)

MODERN INDUSTRY

(1780 – 1950)

CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRY

(Mid-20th century onwards)

MECHANISATION OF INDUSTRY

1º) ARTISANAL INDUSTRY

2º) MODERN INDUSTRY:1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

STEAM ENGINE powered by burning coal; moved

other machines. Patented by James Watt (1769)

It was the foundation of the 1st Industrial Revolution

Factory Production

Concentrates production in one place [materials, labour].

Located near sources of power [rather than labour or markets].

Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labour.

The Factory System

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

2º) MODERN INDUSTRY:2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Machines were moved by engines powered by new

sources of energy (oil & electricity)

3º) CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRY

ACTIVITY 2: fill in the worksheet comparing industry before & after the industrial revolution

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

POPULATION GROWTH

INCRESED DEMAND OF

COTTON FABRICS

NEW MACHINES WERE INVENTED TO INCREASE PRODUCTION

(1st powered by hand & water, later by steam engines)

1st sector that became mechanized

Different machines were invented to:a) Spin cotton (“hilar”) transform raw cotton into cotton thread.b) Weave cloth (“tejer”) lace threads together to form a fabric.

SPINNING JENNYMANUAL SPINNING MACHINE.

James Hargreaves (1764)

Easier & faster machines to spin cotton threads. They enable to spin several bobbins at the same time

WATER FRAMEWATER-POWERED SPINNING MACHINE.

Richard Arkwright (1767)

POWER LOOM(“telar mecánico”)

Edmond Cartwright (1785)

STEAM-POWERED LOOM THAT COMBINED THREADS TO MAKE CLOTH.

Steam-powered machines enabled factories to be located in cities (not next to rivers any more)

Consolidated the factory system. Cotton became more popular than linen or wool. Supremacy of British cotton industry in the world.

SELF-ACTING SPINNING MULE

Richard Roberts (1830)

AUTOMATIC STEAM-POWER SPINNING MACHINE.

Textile Factory

Workers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

IRON & STEEL INDUSTRYNew techniques to produce iron were invented led British iron industry to undergo a large growth

BEFORE

Wood

Melted in small ovens

Manual/hydraulic bellows

AFTER

Coal

Blast furnaces (altos hornos)

Steam-powered bellows

New techniques:- Puddling (pudelado) improved resistance.- Rolling (laminado) improved casting

PUDDLING (“pudelado”)

Process to refine iron and reduce the amount of carbon in it. It produces wrought iron (hierro forjado) more resistant.

ROLLING (“laminado”)

Process in which iron stock is passed through some rolls to reduce its thickness and to make the thickness uniform. It facilitates its casting.

ACTIVITY 3:

P. 58 exercises 1 / 2

Fill in the chart about textiles machines invented in UK during the 1st Industrial Revolution:

Indicate 3 changes in the way iron was produced before & after the Industrial revolution.

MACHINE (name) Who invented it? When? Energy used & function

SPINNING JENNY

Arkwright

STEAM-POWERED LOOM THAT COMBINED THREADS TO MAKE CLOTH.

1830

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALISATION

ACTIVITY 4: Copy & complete the chart:

Why did Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece,… industrialized later?

Explain the Japanese industrialization.

P. 61 exercise 4

COUNTRY Historical background Industrialization process

BELGIUM

FRANCE

GERMANY

USA

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALISATION

Factors that determined the spread of industrialization:

Availability of capital & natural resources (coal, iron, cotton)

Population growth (availability of workforce)

Demand of industrial products (wealth)

Political situation

Transports

Around 1830 industrialization spread to countries close to UK (Belgium, France, Germany…) & the ones with close ties to UK (US). British businessmen searched for economic opportunities in other countries, where they set up industries with British technology.

BELGIUM

Historical background: independent from the Netherlands since 1830 (liberal revolution ended the forced annexation agreed in the Congress of Vienna)

First country after Britain to industrialize… Factors?:

Coal & iron deposits near each other.

Traditional thriving textile industry (wool)

Napoleonic block-trade to UK (1806-1814)

Government’s promotion of transports to tie the nation closer together: construction of waterways & a national railway network(1834)

FRANCE

Historical background: turbulent period 1789 – 1815 (French Rev. & Napoleon).

Industrialized later due to…:

Unstable political situation

Lack of coal

Lower industrial demand due to a slow population growth & the predominance of a self-sufficient rural society

Industrialization focused specially in the north of France, due to its proximity to UK & Belgium.

GERMANY

Historical background: not politically unified until 1871.

Modestly industrialized due to…:

Coal mines (regions: Ruhr, Silesia…)

Customs union (“Zollverein”) in 1834.

However, Germany didn’t seriously industrialized until after unification (1871).Once unified, Germany saw a meteoric rise in its industrial strength (e.g.: steel production doubled every decade between 1870-1900, outpacing Great Britain by then).

USA

Historical background: gained independence from UK in 1776 (Declaration of Independence).

Quick industrialization due to…:

Huge territory to grow cotton

Mining resources

High demand due to immigration

Railway development

Protectionism

By 1914 it was the leading industrial power in the world.

By 1914 (WW1) it was the leading industrial power in the world.

2ND WAVE OF COUNTRIES TO INDUSTRIALIZE

Poor natural resources

Little demand (rural & impoverished countries)

Low investment either from the bourgeoisie or the government

Far away from main trading areas

JAPAN last of the industrialized countries in the 19th Century. The process was directly led by the government, who set up the first companies with the profits obtained from:

Exporting rice, silk & tea

Compensation after the war against China (1894-95)

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCESOF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORT & RISE IN TRADE

THE STEAMBOAT

Invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton

First steamboats were riverboats

Later inventions and improvements allowed steamboats to be used for sea transport & trade

Canals built to connect ports Suez Canal 1859-69

THE RAILWAY

LOCOMOTIVE = a mobile steam engine that can pull cars on steel rails.

First short-distance railways in Great Britain

The Rocket (1829)

locomotive that could pull cars uphill

enabled building longer-distance railways & use for trade & transport

Pg. 63 train illustration

VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RKmPxM83cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RKmPxM83cc

RISE IN TRADE

Domestic and foreign trade increases because of increase in demand & production

new transportation methods

Growth in trade guaranteed food supply

Industry had access to raw materials & could sell

products each region could specialize its

production & be more competitive

CONSEQUENCES

Rise of capitalism

Greater inequality between industrialized and non-

industrialized countries

o Measured by industrial capability rather than

geographical size or military power

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCESOF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

BOURGEOISIE, PROLETARIAT & THE LABOUR MOVEMENT

Review: Society in the Old Regime

First Estate: Clergy

Second Estate: Nobility

Third Estate:

Bourgeoisie

Merchants, traders,

businessmen, doctors, lawyers,

artisans

Peasants

Farmers, urban workers

Social changes during the Industrial Revolution

The liberal revolutions & the Industrial revolutions led to a new social organization.

Stratified society

(sociedad estamental)

Class society

(sociedad de clases)

The new type of society was based not on birth, but on

personal merit & wealth.

Dominant classes bourgeoisies & former nobility

Dominated classes proletariat & peasants

Social changes during the Industrial Revolution:RISE OF THE BOURGEOISIE

Upper Bourgeoisie owned

factories, businesses, mines,

land, banks…

Petite Bourgeoisie small

business owners & merchants,

government workers, doctors,

and lawyers.

Men worked.

Women ran the home. Children went to school.

The bourgeoisie gained

political power, became

wealthy through their

economic activities, and

became an elite cultural

group.

They valued hard work,

personal success, family,

education, culture and art.

Social changes during the Industrial Revolution:BIRTH OF THE PROLETARIAT

Proletariat urban workers,

miners, peasants.

Men worked.

Women worked.

Children worked.

New machines made for

manufacturing and

agriculture made it difficult

for peasants and artisans to

continue their work.

However, the Industrial

Revolution increased the

demand for work in

factories and mines.

THE PROLETARIATWorkers had almost no education or skills. They could be fired and replaced easily when they broke rules or got sick.

They suffered very harsh working conditions. They worked long hours (14-16 hours per day) for low wages. Factories were loud and dangerous. They had no insurance for accidents, illness, job loss or retirement.

They lived in small houses in crowded neighborhoods with poor sanitation.

Many of the industrial workers were women & children.

VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmqEqJN59o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHmqEqJN59o

ACTIVITY 6:

Make a social pyramid of the system of classes.

What was this new type of society based on? How is it different from the previous stratified society?

?

?

?

The Labour Movement

In the early 1800s, workers blamed

machines for their low salaries and

unemployment. They believed that without

technology, employers would have to hire

more workers.

As a reaction, the Luddite movement

broke out: groups of artisans who

protested against industrialisation by

destroying machinery and burning

factories.

Are there similar problems in the

world today?

The Labour Movement

TRADE UNIONS: workers’ associations created to achieve

common goals.

They were illegal in Britain until 1825. After they became

legal, members of the proletariat united together. Trade unions demanded:

Improved working conditions

Shorter hours

Two-day weekends

Higher pay

Universal suffrage

The Labour Movement

Trade Unions that didn’t get what they demanded would

negotiate, protest, and strike.

Factory owners and businessmen tried to stop trade unions, and sometimes strikes became violent.

Explain how the goals and actionsof the Luddites and the Trade

Unions differed.

New political ideologies:socialism & anarchism

The conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat led to new ideologies. The primary ones were socialism and anarchism.

CLA

SS

ST

RU

GG

LE

Industrial capitalism

Who controls property?The bourgeoisie controls private property and the means of production (machines, tools, technology).

What is the role of the State?The government protects people and their private property.

What is the goal?The goal is to gain wealth.

Socialism

Who controls property?Property and means of production are shared by the community.

What is the role of the State?- The proletariat forms labour

parties that plan the economy- A temporary dictatorship of the

proletariat is established to create collective ownership.

What is the goal?A Communist society with neither classes nor a State

Anarchy

Who controls property?All property is shared by the community

What is the role of the State?Nothing. The proletariat eliminates the State in a spontaneous revolution.

What is the goal?Small communities where everyone is equal The elimination of anything that limits freedom - the State, classes, private property, and religion

“In times of Harmony”

by Paul Signac, 1893

ACTIVITY 7:

1) Get with a partner.

2) Play Rock-Paper-Scissors. If you lose, give the winner a piece of candy.

3) Find a new partner and continue playing.

4) You need at least one piece of candy to survive. If you have no candy, you are “dead” until the next round.

ROUND 1 - Capitalism

Some people start with more candy than others.

ACTIVITY 7:





ROUND 2 - AnarchyWhen you win, you can give or take as much candy as you want.

ACTIVITY 7:





ROUND 3 - SocialismEveryone starts with the same amount of candy.

ACTIVITY 7:





ROUND 4 - DictatorshipGive your candy to the teacher. They decide how much everyone gets.

ACTIVITY 7:

Copy and complete the table.

More information on Socialism and Anarchy is on pages 66 and 67 of your book.

Capitalism Socialism Anarchy

Who controls

property?

Role of the

State

Goals

u3. industrial revolution

Education