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UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875 for Inks, Coatings, and Adhesives

UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875 is an aqueous colloidal dispersion ofsolution-polymerized vinyl resin. Its structure is shown in idealized form in Figure 1.The polymer consists of a hydrophobic vinyl chloride copolymer backbone with pendantside chains. Hydroxyl groups are distributed along the hydrophobic backbone. The pendant group, R2, contains a high concentration of carboxylic acid groups. Commercialapplications for AW-875 include thermoplastic heat-seal and hot-laminating adhesives;flexo, gravure, and screen inks; and coatings for plastics and metals.

Special Features

AW-875 offers a number of special features and advantages to formulators, including:

� Surfactant-free with little tendency to foam

� Compatibility with other waterborne polymers, such as acrylics, alkyds, polyesters,urethanes, and amino resins

� Solution-like drying behavior

� Excellent shear, emulsion, and hydrolytic stability

� Semi-dry films are more redispersible than those from typical latexes

� Crosslinking sites provided by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups

� High glass transition temperature (Tg)

� Cosolvent-free

� Wide variety of coalescents available to the formulator

UC-1226

© 1989, 1996 Union Carbide.CARBITOL, CELLOSOLVE, DIPROPASOL, FLEXOL, PROPASOL, TERGITOL, TONE, UCAR and UCARLNK are registeredtrademarks of Union Carbide.

Union Carbide Corporation has compiled the information contained herein from what it believes are authoritative sources and believes that it is accurate and factual as of the date printed. It is offered solely as a convenience to its customers and isintended only as a guide concerning the products mentioned. Since the user’s product formulation, specific use application,and conditions of use are beyond Union Carbide’s control, Union Carbide makes no warranty or representation regarding theresults that may be obtained by the user. It shall be the responsibility of the user to determine the suitability of any productsmentioned for the user’s specific application. This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which Union Carbide assumes legal responsibility nor as permission to practice any patented invention without a license.

Union Carbide Corporation • 39 Old Ridgebury Road • Danbury, CT 06817-0001

SOLUTIONVINYLRESINS

®

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Composition and Properties

Typical composition and properties of UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin DispersionAW-875 are shown in Tables 1 and 2. AW-875 is supplied cosolvent-free, but it requiresa coalescing aid in order to form a film.

AW-875 gives the formulator the flexibility to choose a coalescent from a wide variety of cosolvents and plasticizers, as well as blends of these materials, to tailor-make desired products.

Table 1 • Typical Composition of UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl ResinDispersion AW-875

Property

Solids, % by wt 39Water, % by wt 61Neutralant DMEAViscosity, cP 160VOS, lb/gal(1) 0.2

(1) Including Neutralant: <2%

Table 2 • Typical Properties of UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875

Property

Molecular Weight 24,000Hydroxyl Equivalent Weight 1005Acid Number(1) 75

Glass Transition Temperature, Tg (DSC)(2) 80Particle Size, microns 0.08Specific Gravity(1) 1.32Weight per Gallon (as supplied), lb 9.13

pH 6.7-7.7Shelf Life, 25°C >1 yrShelf Life, 50°C >9 moFreeze-Thaw Stability Stable

(1) On solids(2) DSC – Differential Scanning Calorimeter

UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Dispersion AW-875, properly formulated with a coalescent has �solution-like� drying characteristics because of its small particle sizeand the stabilizing influence of the amine. Semi-dry films are far more redispersiblethan typical latexes and are, therefore, well-suited to roll or gravure applicationmethods. AW-875 also shows extremely low foaming tendency since there are nosurfactants. For these reasons, AW-875 has found use as an adjuvant to modifyother waterborne systems.

In the pH range of 5 to 9, AW-875 shows good shelf life, freeze-thaw stability, andresistance to mechanical shear. Pigments can, for example, be ground directly into thedispersion.

Although AW-875 is supplied at a low viscosity, when it is formulated with a coalescent, the viscosity will increase dramatically. This is caused by the swelling of the dispersed resin by the coalescent.

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Quite often, the viscosity of a formulated coating, ink, or adhesive based on AW-875 will be suitable for use without the need for an external thickener. However,when a thickener is required, viscosity can be easily adjusted by the use of associativethickeners, such as UCAR SCT-275.

Figure 1 • Ideal Structure of UCAR® AW-875

___[C—C]______[C—C]________[C—C]__________[C—C]__ Hydrophobe| | | |O Cl C=O C=O| | |C=O O O| | |CH3 R1 R1

| |OH O

|C=O|R2 Hydrophile

R1 = AlkylR2 = Polycarboxylic Acid-Containing Alkyl Chain

CoalescentsAW-875 is easily formulated with coalescents using a simple stir-in technique. This holds true whether the coalescent is water-miscible or water-immiscible. The coalescent will be rapidly absorbed by the resin and a concurrent increase in viscositywill be observed.

Suitable coalescents may be selected from a wide variety of glycol ethers, glycolether esters, pyrrolidone cosolvents, or plasticizers. Blends of water-miscible andwater-immiscible cosolvents and cosolvents with plasticizers can be used to achievespecific levels of desired properties, such as surface tension or VOC.

Cosolvent volatility is important and, in general, the more volatile the cosolvent,the more will be required to properly coalesce AW-875 to form good films. Less cosolvent is needed for water-immiscible systems, and thin films usually require aslightly higher level of coalescent than thicker films.

Mixing ProcedureThe following procedure is for mixing a coalescent with AW-875:

1. Charge AW-875 to mixer.2. Slowly add coalescent while stirring. Maintain good circulation. Viscosity increase

will be observed.3. If necessary, add some water to maintain good flow.4. Stir about 15 minutes. Examine the surface of the mixture. If it has an oily

appearance, continue mixing until the surface has a uniform appearance.5. Adjust pH to 6.7-7.7 with suitable neutralant, such as DMEA, ammonia, or amine.

Test the mixture for coalescence by following the procedure outlined below.

Test for Coalescence� Cast a one wet mil and a six wet mil film on glass.

� Draw down should be smooth and of uniform appearance, with no agglomeratedparticles or oily spots.

� Films should dry as clear as glass. If the thinner film is hazy, but the thicker film isclear, then more cosolvent is needed.

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Table 3 shows the minimum amount of coalescent needed to form a film of AW-875at ambient temperature (about 25°C). Amounts are listed in two ways: parts by weightof cosolvent per 100 parts of resin solids and parts by weight of cosolvent per 100 partsAW-875, as supplied, at a typical solids content of 39 percent by weight. Cosolvent levelshould be adjusted for the solids content of AW-875. Table 4 presents similar data forblends of water-miscible and water-immiscible cosolvents and cosolvent/plasticizerblends. Table 5 illustrates the effect of cosolvents on surface tension and VOC.

Table 3 • Minimum Coalescent Level for UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl ResinDispersion AW-875

Amount perCosolvent Amount, phr(1) 100 g AW-875

Water-MiscibleButyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 30 11.7Butyl CARBITOL® Solvent 25 9.8Methyl DIPROPASOL® Solvent 35 13.7M-“Pyrol” 30 11.7

Water-ImmiscibleHexyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent 20 7.8Hexyl CARBITOL Solvent 20 7.8Butyl PROPASOL Solvent 25 9.8Butyl DIPROPASOL Solvent 25 9.8Butyl CELLOSOLVE ACETATE 20 7.8

PlasticizersDibutyl Phthalate 30 11.7Diisooctyl Phthalate 30 11.7

(1) Parts by weight of cosolvent per 100 parts AW-875 solids

Table 4 • UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875/Coalescent Blends

Film Appearance

Coalescent Amount, phr 1 Wet mil 6 Wet mil

Cosolvent BlendButyl/Hexyl CELLOSOLVE®

Solvents 10/10 Clear ClearButyl/Hexyl CELLOSOLVE

Solvents 10/5 Slight Haze ClearButyl/Hexyl CELLOSOLVE

Solvents 5/10 Opaque Hazy

Cosolvent/Plasticizer BlendsButyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent/

Dibutyl Phthalate 10/10 Clear ClearHexyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent/

Dibutyl Phthalate 5/10 Clear Clear

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Table 5 • Effect of Coalescent on Surface Tension and VOC of UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Dispersion AW-875

Minimum Level, SurfaceParts/100 Parts Tension, VOC,

Coalescent of Resin Solids dynes/cm lb/gal

CosolventButyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 35 33.7 2.8

Cosolvent BlendButyl/Hexyl CELLOSOLVE

Solvents, 1:1 by wt 20 29.7 1.6

Cosolvent/Plasticizer BlendButyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent/

Dibutyl Phthalate, 1:1 by wt 20 36.8 0.9

Formulating Considerations

PlasticizersAW-875 may be readily formulated into useful coatings, inks, and adhesives. WhenAW-875 is used as the sold binder, it is advantageous to add plasticizers to improveflexibility. The useful range of plasticizer modification is from about 10 to 40 parts ofplasticizer per 100 parts of AW-875 solids. Plasticizers suitable for use with AW-875 are shown in Table 6.

Table 6 • Plasticizers for Use with UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl ResinDispersion AW-875(1)

Phthalate Ester Phosphate EsterDibutyl Phthalate “Santicizer” 141(2)

Dioctyl Phthalate Tributyl PhosphateDiisooctyl Phthalate Tributoxy PhosphateDiisodecyl Phthalate“Santicizer” 160(2) Epoxy

FLEXOL® Plasticizer EPOGlycol Ester FLEXOL Plasticizer LOEFLEXOL® Plasticizer 4GO“Benzoflex” 9-88(3) Hydrocarbon“Benzoflex” 2-45(3) HB-40(2)

“Benzoflex” 284(3)

(1) Tested at 20 parts plasticizer per 100 parts resin in AW-875 with 35 phr Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent(2) Monsanto(3) Velsicol

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Waterborne PolymersAW-875 is compatible with a variety of waterborne polymers, such as acrylics, urethanes, and alkyds. Waterborne polymers that are compatible with AW-875 are shown in Table 7.

Table 7 • Compatibility of UCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Dispersion AW-875with Waterborne Polymers

Vinyl Acrylic Solids Ratio

Polymer 1:1 1:3

Acrylics(1)

“Joncryl” 74 (SC Johnson) Very Slight Haze Clear77 Very Slight Haze Clear80 Haze Very Slight Haze85 Slight Haze Trace Haze95 Very Slight Haze Clear98 Very Slight Haze Trace Haze99 Hazy Hazy142 Slight Haze Clear537 Hazy Hazy1679 Slight Haze Trace Haze1938 Hazy Hazy

“Neocryl” A-621 (ICI Resins US) Clear ClearA-622 Clear ClearA-625 Clear ClearA-633 Clear ClearA-655 Clear ClearA-1049 Clear ClearA-1052 Clear ClearBT-8 Clear ClearBT-520 Clear Clear

Urethanes(2)

“Neorez” R-940 (ICI Resins US) Very Slight Haze ClearR-960 Clear ClearR-966 Clear Clear

“Sancure” 776 (Sanncor) Clear Clear777 Clear Clear815 Clear Clear867 Clear Clear895 Clear Clear

“Permuthane” UE 41-307 (Permuthane) Clear ClearUE 91-192 Clear Clear

Alkyds(1)

“Mirasol” 10-A-8585 (CJ Osborne) Clear Clear“Cargill” 7450 (Cargill) Clear Clear

(1) Test Formula: AW-875 with 30 phr Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent(2) Test Formula: AW-875 with 35 phr Methyl DIPROPASOL® Solvent

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PigmentationSince AW-875 has excellent resistance to shear, such as that developed in high-speeddispersers, pigments may be dispersed directly into AW-875. AW-875 is compatiblewith many pigments, including titanium dioxide, carbon black, phthalo blue, andphthalo green. Dispersants should be used to provide faster dispersion, improvedgloss, and good stability of the pigmented system.

Pigments in the form of pre-dispersed color concentrates are an alternate methodof pigmenting AW-875 systems. Color concentrates offered by Universal ColorDispersions (Division of Morton Thiokol), Daniel Products, Custom Chemical Co., and Polychrome Corp. have been used successfully.

DispersantsBoth anionic and nonionic dispersants may be used without any coagulation problems. The following have been found to be particularly useful:Anionic (1% on pigment) �Dispers-Ayd� W-22, W-28 (Daniel Products)

�Tamol� 731, 165 (Rohm and Haas)�Strodex� PK-90 (Dexter Chemical)

Nonionic (4% on pigment) �Triton� CF-10 (Rohm and Haas)TERGITOL® Surfactant NP-9

Defoamers�Colloid� 600 (Colloids) and �Nopco� NDW (Diamond Shamrock) are effectivedefoaming agents when used at 0.1 to 0.3 percent.

Light StabilizersThe following stabilizers, when used as a package, are useful for providing light stabilization to clear, unpigmented formulations containing UCAR® Waterborne VinylResin Dispersions:UV Absorber (�Uvinul� D-50; �Tinuvin� 327, 328) 1 phrHindered Amine Light Stabilizer (�Tinuvin� 292) 2 phrUNION CARBIDE® Cycloaliphatic Epoxy ERL-4221 3.5 phr

The UV absorber should be predissolved in solvent: �Uvinul� D-50 (BASF) inmethanol; �Tinuvin� 327 or 328 (Ciba Geigy) in MEK.

CrosslinkersThe use of crosslinkers markedly improves water, solvent, and chemical resistance.Good crosslinking may be achieved with �Cymel� 303 or 370 (American Cyanamid) at10 to 15 phr solids/solids. The following cure schedule is recommended:30-45 min at 250°F, or5-7 min at 350°F, or2 min at 385°F

Heat StabilizersTo protect AW-875 against degradation during baking, FLEXOL® Plasticizers EPO and LOE may be used at concentrations of 5-10 parts of stabilizer per 100 parts of resin(phr). Another suitable stabilizer system consists of �Stanclere� EFT 151 (Interstab, Div.of Akzo Chemie America) at 1 phr plus FLEXOL EPO or LOE at 3-5 phr on AW-875 solids.

ThickenersFormulations based on UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersions are readily thickened with UCAR Associative Thickener SCT-275 at 0.5-2.0 percent use levels.

Additives�Slip-Ayd� SL-404 (Daniel Products) should be considered where a slip agent wouldbe necessary.

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Applications

InksUCAR® Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875 is useful in flexo, gravure, andscreen inks for printing on a variety of plastic substrates, such as film, sheeting, vinylflooring materials, and vinyl-based fabrics for garments, upholstery, and wall coverings.As a modifier for waterborne acrylic inks, AW-875 provides improved printability anddurability.

CoatingsCoatings formulations based on UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersion AW-875exhibit excellent adhesion to plastics, including acrylics, polyester, SMC, polycarbonate,polysulfone, ABS, vinyls and phenolics. For best adhesion to metals, a bake is required.Crosslinkable coatings may also be prepared with, for example, TONE® Polyols andmelamine resins.

AdhesivesApplications for this vinyl dispersion include thermoplastic heat-seal and hot-laminating adhesives for such diverse substrates as PVC, polyester films, urethanes,and aluminum foil.

Performance

InksTable 8 compares the performance properties of a typical waterborne acrylic ink withthose of two waterborne vinyl-modified formulations on aluminum foil, untreatedpolyester, and flexible vinyl substrates. As modifiers for waterborne acrylic inks,UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersions improve blocking, alkali, and scrub/cleaner resistance. They also improve printability by providing better dot lay, havegood redispersibility, and are easy to clean up.

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Table 8 • Effects of Vinyl Modifications on Acrylic Inks

Formula 3 Formula 1 Formula 2Typical Waterborne WaterborneWaterborne Vinyl-Modified Vinyl-Modified

Aluminum Foil Acrylic Ink Acrylic Ink Acrylic Ink

Scrub Resistance 50 75 100+Gloss, 60° 84 23 35Block Resistance

Face-to-Face NB NB NBFace-to-Back NB NB NB

AdhesionWrinkle Fail V.SI Cracking,

Cracking FlakingTape Fail Pass Poor

Untreated Polyester

Scrub Resistance 42 100+ 100+Gloss, 60° 66 55 63Block Resistance

Face-to-Face NB NB NBFace-to-Back NB NB NB

AdhesionWrinkle Fail V.SI Cracking,

Cracking FlakingTape Fail Pass Poor

Flexible Vinyl

Scrub Resistance 35 60 100+Gloss, 60° 46 30 36Block Resistance

Face-to-Face NB V.SI Block V.SI BlockFace-to-Back NB NB NB

AdhesionWrinkle Cracking, V.SI Pass

Flaking CrackingTape Poor Pass Pass

Film Rate of Drying(1)

(all substrates),Min 3.0 2.5 3.0

(1) Dry to heavy finger pressure.Key: All films at 0.2-mil dry thickness, dried 5 minutes at 83°C prior to testing.

Scrub resistance —Number of double rubs with “Fantastic” Cleaner to remove to substrate. 100+ = no film removal.

Block resistance —Test is 18 hours at 49°C, 1 psiNB = No block; films separate readilyV. SI Block = Very slight cling, film not affected

Adhesion —Wrinkle: Film held between thumb and forefingers, hands about 1/2 inch apart. Film flexed rapidly.

Cracking = Appearance slightly cracked, no loss of adhesionFlaking = Film breaks and loses adhesion

Tape: “Scotch” Tape 610Pass = Less than 10% film removedPoor = About 50% removedFail = Greater than 90% removed

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Formula 1 • Vinyl-Modified Acrylic Waterborne Ink for Flexo/Gravure

Ingredients Pounds/100 Gallons

UCAR® AW-875 159.40Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 21.80Acrylic Resin A(1) (40%) 150.40Acrylic Resin B(2) (49%) 246.00Phthalo Blue Dispersion(3) (39%) 64.00Slip Agent(4) 8.70Water 224.40

TOTAL 874.70

SUPPLIERS:(1) Acrylic Resin A — “Joncryl” 1679 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(2) Acrylic Resin B — “Joncryl” 80 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(3) Phthalo Blue Dispersion — “Ting-Ayd” WD-2228 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(4) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent.3. Add and mix Acrylic Resin A.4. Add and mix Acrylic Resin B.5. Thin the phthalo blue dispersion 10% with water. Add and mix.6. Add and mix the slip agent.7. Add and mix remaining water.8. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

Properties

Solids, % by wt 30.8Weight per Gallon, lb 8.74Viscosity, #2 Zahn Cup, sec 15.0VOC, lb/gal 1.2

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Formula 2 • Vinyl-Modified Acrylic Waterborne Ink for Flexo/Gravure


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 389.30Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 50.60Acrylic Resin A(1) (40%) 58.30Acrylic Resin B(2) (37%) 64.20Phthalo Blue Dispersion(3) (39%) 75.50Slip Agent(4) (18%) 4.70Water 235.50

TOTAL 878.10

SUPPLIERS:(1) Acrylic Resin A — “Joncryl” 1679 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(2) Acrylic Resin B — “Joncryl” 99 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(3) Phthalo Blue Dispersion — “Ting-Ayd” WD-2228 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(4) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent.3. Add and mix Acrylic Resin A.4. Add and mix Acrylic Resin B.5. Thin the phthalo blue dispersion 10% with water. Add and mix.6. Add and mix the slip agent.7. Add and mix remaining water.8. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

Properties


Formula 3 • Typical Acrylic Waterborne Ink


Acrylic Resin A(1) 8.6Acrylic Resin B(2) 35.8Phthalo Blue Dispersion(3) 15.3Water 40.3

TOTAL 100.0

SUPPLIERS:(1) Acrylic Resin A — “Joncryl” 67 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(2) Acrylic Resin B — “Joncryl” 80 (SC Johnson) or equivalent.(3) Phthalo Blue Dispersion — “Ting-Ayd” WD-2228 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.

Properties


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CoatingsThe following starting point formulations exemplify the broad utility of AW-875 incoatings:

� Formula 4 is a thermoset coating that has good adhesion to treated aluminum andexhibits good flexibility and solvent resistance.

� Formula 5 is a strippable coating for the temporary protection of steel or aluminumsubstrates.

� Formulas 6, 7, and 8 are AW-875, AW-875/urethane, and AW-875/acrylic coatingsfor use on a wide variety of plastic substrates.

� Formula 9 is for an AW=875/urethane crosslinked with UCARLNK® CrosslinkerXL-25SE. This formulation has excellent adhesion to wood and exhibits excellenttoughness.

Formula 4 • Waterborne Vinyl/TONE® Polyol/Melamine Thermoset Finish


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 600.00Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 73.60FLEXOL® Plasticizer EPO 10.80Melamine Resin(1) 20.00TONE® Polyol 0210 38.50Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) 12.50Dispersant(2) 9.80Red Iron Oxide(3) 134.30Water 92.10

TOTAL 991.60

SUPPLIERS:(1) Melamine Resin — “Cymel” 303 (American Cyanamid) or equivalent.(2) Dispersant — “Dispers-Ayd” W-22 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(3) Red Iron Oxide — “Kromared” RO-3097 (Pfizer) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent, FLEXOL Plasticizer EPO, melamine resin,

TONE polyol 0210, and MIBK.3. Add the mixture slowly to the AW-875 with good agitation. Mix about 15 minutes.4. Add and mix the dispersant.5. Add and disperse the pigment on high-speed dispersion.6. Add water as needed to maintain good circulation and flow.7. Add remaining water.8. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

Properties

Solids, % by wt 44.4Weight per Gallon, lb 9.92Viscosity, Brookfield RVT SP2, 20 rpm, cP 1990.0VOC, lb/gal 1.9

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Formula 5 • Strippable Waterborne Vinyl Coating for Steel and Aluminum Substrates


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 503.4Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 19.5Dibutyl Phthalate 94.4

µTitanium Dioxide(1) 131.5µDispersant(2) 13.6µSurfactant(3) 6.8

Water 204.5TOTAL 973.7

SUPPLIERS:(1) Titanium Dioxide — “Ti-Pure” R-900 (Du Pont) or equivalent.(2) Dispersant — “Strodex” PK-90 (Dexter Chemicals) or equivalent.(3) Surfactant — “Triton” CF-10 (Rohm and Haas) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent.3. Add and mix the dispersant and surfactant.4. Disperse the titanium dioxide on high-speed disperser.5. Add the dibutyl phthalate slowly and mix. Add water as needed to maintain good circulation.6. Mix at least 15 minutes.7. Add and mix remaining water.8. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

Coating Properties

Solids, % by wt 44.5Weight per Gallon, lb 9.86Viscosity, #4 Ford Cup, sec 15.0VOC, lb/gal 0.7

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Formula 6 • Waterborne Vinyl Finish for Plastics


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 587.3Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 93.6Dibutyl Phthalate 33.2Titanium Dioxide(1) 104.2Dispersant(2) 5.5Colorant(3) (40.5%) 2.8Slip Agent(4) 2.8Defoamer(5) 1.1Water 118.0

TOTAL 948.5

SUPPLIERS:(1) Titanium Dioxide — “Ti-Pure” R-900 (Du Pont) or equivalent.(2) Dispersant — “Dispers-Ayd” W-22 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(3) Colorant — “Sunsperse” Magenta QHD-6040 (Sun Chemical) or equivalent.(4) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(5) Defoamer — “Colloid” 600 (Colloids) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent.3. Add and mix the dibutyl phthalate.4. Add and mix the dispersant.5. Disperse the titanium dioxide on high-speed disperser.6. Add and mix the colorant.7. Add and mix slip agent.8. Add and mix the water.9. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

10. Add and mix the defoamer.

Coating Properties


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Formula 7 • Waterborne Vinyl/Urethane Finish for Plastics


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 400.9Methyl DIPROPASOL® Solvent 63.8Waterborne Urethane Dispersion(1) (32%) 291.5Titanium Dioxide(2) 112.2Dispersant(3) 6.2Green Pigment Dispersion(4) (34.4%) 13.1Slip Agent(5) (18%) 2.2Defoamer(6) 0.7Water 72.9

TOTAL 957.3

SUPPLIERS:(1) Waterborne Urethane Dispersion — “Permuthane” UE-41-307 (Permuthane Coatings) or equivalent.(2) Titanium Dioxide — “Ti-Pure” R-900 (Du Pont) or equivalent.(3) Dispersant — “Dispers-Ayd” W-22 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(4) Green Pigment Dispersion — UCD-5150Q (Universal Color Dispersions) or equivalent.(4) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(3) Defoamer — “Colloid” 600 (Colloids) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix the Methyl DIPROPASOL Solvent.3. Add and mix waterborne urethane dispersion.4. Add and mix dispersant.5. Disperse the titanium dioxide on high-speed disperser.6. Dilute phthalo green dispersion 10% with water.7. Add and mix the phthalo green dispersion.8. Add and mix slip agent.9. Add and mix the water.

10. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.11. Add and mix the defoamer.

Coating Properties


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Formula 8 • Waterborne Vinyl/Acrylic Finish for Plastics


UCAR® AW-875 (39%) 360.5Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Solvent 57.4Dibutyl Phthalate 9.6Acrylic Resin(1) (32%) 320.7Titanium Dioxide(2) 123.0Dispersant(3) 6.4Phthalo Blue Dispersion(4) 4.4Slip Agent(5) 9.6Defoamer(6) 0.6Water 64.1

TOTAL 956.3

SUPPLIERS:(1) Acrylic Resin — “Neocryl” 625 (ICI Resins US) or equivalent.(2) Titanium Dioxide — “Ti-Pure” R-900 (Du Pont) or equivalent.(3) Dispersant — “Dispers-Ayd” W-22 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(4) Phthalo Blue Dispersion — “Tint-Ayd” WD-2228 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(5) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.(6) Defoamer — “Colloid” 600 (Colloids) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Pre-mix Butyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent and dibutyl phthalate and add to AW-875 and mix.3. Add and mix acrylic resin.4. Add and mix dispersant.5. Disperse the titanium dioxide on high-speed disperser.6. Add and mix phthalo blue dispersion.7. Add and mix slip agent.8. Add and mix the water.9. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia.

10. Add and mix defoamer.

Coating Properties


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Formula 9 • Waterborne Vinyl/Urethane/UCARLNK®

Crosslinker Wood Finish


PART AUCAR® AW-875 (39%) 344.9Butyl CELLOSOLVE® Acetate 61.2Waterborne Urethane Dispersion(1) (32%) 265.3Slip Agent(2) (18%) 4.6Butyl CELLOSOLVE Acetate 4.6Water 122.4

PART BUCARLNK® Crosslinker XL-25SE 71.4TOTAL 874.4

SUPPLIERS:(1) Waterborne Urethane Dispersion — “Permuthane” UE-41-307 (Permuthane Coatings) or equivalent.(2) Slip Agent — “Slip-Ayd” SL-404 (Daniel Products) or equivalent.

Procedure1. Charge UCAR AW-875 to mixer.2. Add and mix Butyl CELLOSOLVE Acetate.3. Add and mix waterborne urethane dispersion.4. Pre-mix slip agent with equal amount of Butyl CELLOSOLVE Acetate,

add to batch, and mix.5. Add water and mix.6. Adjust pH to 7.0-8.0 with DMEA or ammonia7. When ready for use, add UCARLNK XL-25SE and mix.8. Use within 24 hr of mixing.9. For high gloss, omit the slip agent.

Properties

Solids, % by wt 29.3Weight per Gallon, lb 8.7VOC, lb/gal 3.2

AdhesivesHeat-sealable adhesives for aluminum, paper, vinyl, and polyester substrates can be formulated with AW-875. For vinyl substrates, a formulation consisting simply of AW-875 and a coalescent is often satisfactory. For such surfaces as aluminum orpolyester, the addition of a plasticizer or the alloying of AW-875 with a low Tg acrylic,such as UCAR Latex 173, greatly improves bond strength. The adhesive is coated onthe substrate, dried, and later sealed with appropriate equipment, such as hot bar-typeor dielectric sealers for vinyl substrates.

Sample PreparationIn these studies, adhesives were cast on the substrates to yield a total dry film thickness of 16-20 microns. Aluminum and polyester film specimens were dried five minutes at 300°F. The flexible vinyl substrate was dried five minutes at 200 °F. All specimens were sealed face-to-face using a �Sentinel� heat sealer with one heatedjaw for five seconds at 300°F and 40 psi. Peel strength was measured at 10 inches per minute on an �Instron.�

Vinyl SubstratesFigure 2 shows the peel strength of neat and plasticized UCAR AW-875 on flexiblevinyl substrate. Maximum peel strength is attained at low plasticizer levels. This effectis most easily explained by migration of some plasticizer from the vinyl substrate intothe adhesive layer during heat sealing.

18

Figure 2 • Peel Strength vs. Plasticizer Level in UCAR® AW-875 on aFlexible Substrate*

10.09.08.07.06.05.04.0

3.0

2.0

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4

.3

.2

.10 10 20 30 40 50 60

Plasticizer Level, phr, solids basis

Pee

l str

engt

h, lb

/line

ar in

*Vinyl/VinylSealed 5 sec at 300°F, 40 psiAdhesive thickness: 16-20 microns

FLEXOL® Plasticizer 4 GO

19

Aluminum SubstratesFigure 3 shows the effect of increasing levels of a phthalate ester and a glycol/esterplasticizer on the peel strength of AW-875 in aluminum laminations. In general, thebond peel strength decreases at plasticizer levels higher than 40 phr.

Figure 3 • Peel Strength vs. Plasticizer Type and Level in UCAR® AW-875on an Aluminum Substrate*

10.09.08.07.06.05.04.0

3.0

2.0

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4

.3

.2

.10 10 20 30 40 50 60

Plasticizer Level, phr, solids basis

Pee

l str

engt

h, lb

/line

ar in

*Aluminum/AluminumSealed 5 sec at 300°F, 40 psiAdhesive thickness: 16-20 microns

“Benzoflex” 9-88

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate

20

Figure 4 shows the beneficial effect of alloying (blending) AW-875 with a low Tg (-30°C) acrylic resin, UCAR® Latex 173. Unplasticized blends have peel strength valueshigher than that of either polymer by itself. Furthermore, the addition of plasticizerhas little effect on the peel strength of the blends, but it causes a rapid loss of peelstrength of the acrylic. As shown in Figure 3, a level of about 35 phr of plasticizer isrequired to match the peel strength of the 1/2 blend of AW-875/UCAR 173, with noadded plasticizer.

Figure 4 • Peel Strength vs. Plasticizer Level of UCAR®

AW-875/Acrylic Blends on an Aluminum Substrate*

10.09.08.07.06.05.04.0

3.0

2.0

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4

.3

.2

.10 10 20 30 40 50 60

“Benzoflex” 9-88 Plasticizer Level, phr, solids basis

Pee

l str

engt

h, lb

/line

ar in

*Aluminum/AluminumSealed 5 sec at 300°F, 40 psiAdhesive thickness: 16-20 microns

UCAR 173

1/2 AW-875/UCAR 173

1/1 AW-875/UCAR 173

21

Polyester SubstratesLaminates of neat or plasticized UCAR® AW-875 on an untreated polyester substrateyield low bond strength values. The benefits of alloying can be clearly seen in Figure 5.Although the neat polymers yield weak seals, the 1/2 UCAR AW-875/acrylic blendshows a dramatic improvement in peel strength values.

Figure 5 • Peel Strength vs. Plasticizer Level of UCAR®

AW-875/Acrylic Blends on a Polyester Substrate

10.09.08.07.06.05.04.0

3.0

2.0

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4

.3

.2

.10 10 20 30 40 50 60

“Benzoflex” 9-88 Plasticizer Level, phr, solids basis

Pee

l str

engt

h, lb

/line

ar in

UCAR 173

1/2 AW-875/UCAR 173

AW-875

22

Product Safety

When considering the use of any Union Carbide products in a particular application,you should review our latest Material Safety Data Sheets and ensure that the use you intend can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety Data Sheets and otherproduct safety information, contact the Union Carbide Sales Office nearest you. Before handling any other products mentioned in the text, you should obtain available product safety information and take necessary steps to ensure safety of use.

No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug, medical device, or cosmetic, or in a product or process in which it may contact a food, drug, medical device, or cosmetic until the user has determined the suitability and legality of the use. Sincegovernment regulations and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user�sresponsibility to determine that this information is appropriate and suitable under current, applicable laws and regulations.

Union Carbide requests that the customer read, understand, and comply with the information contained in this publication and the current Material Safety DataSheet(s). The customer should furnish the information in this publication to itsemployees, contractors, and customers, or any other users of the product(s), andrequest that they do the same.

23

Emergency Service

Union Carbide maintains a 24-hour emergency service for its products. The ChemicalManufacturers Association (CHEMTREC), Transport Canada (CANUTEC), and the NationalChemical Emergency Center also maintain 24-hour emergency service:

Location Union Carbide Products All Chemical Products Mainland Phone Union Carbide HELP: Phone CHEMTREC:United States (800) UCC-HELP (toll-free), (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)and Puerto Rico i.e., (800) 822-4357

Alaska and Phone Mainland United States: Phone CHEMTREC:Hawaii (304) 744-3487 (collect) (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)

Canada Phone Union Carbide: Phone CANUTEC:(514) 640-6400 (collect) (613) 996-6666 (collect)

Continental Europe, Phone BIG (Geel-Belgium): Phone CHEMTREC (United States):Ireland, Middle East, (32)(0) 14 58-45-45 (703) 527-3887 (collect)North and Central Africa

United Kingdom Phone National Chemical Phone CHEMTREC (United States):Emergency Center (Culham�UK): (703) 527-3887 (collect)(44)(0) 1865-407-333

Latin America, Phone United States: Phone CHEMTREC (United States):Asia/Pacific, South (304) 744-3487 (collect) (703) 527-3887 (collect)Africa, and any otherlocation worldwide

_____________________

At sea, radio U.S. Coast Guard, who can directly contact Union Carbide HELP. . .(800) 822-4357 (toll-free) or CHEMTREC. . .(800) 424-9300 (toll-free).

_____________________

DO NOT WAIT. Phone if in doubt. You will be referred to a specialist for advice.

Further Information

For information on prices, delivery, and service, phone 1-800-568-4000. For informationon safe handling, ask for the latest Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

UC-12265/96 – 2M

P5-2591Printed in U.S.A.

Coatings Resins

SALES OFFICES

Union Carbide Corporation • 39 Old Ridgebury Road • Danbury, CT 06817-0001

UNITED STATES

Customer Service Center

10235 West Little York Road, Suite 300Houston, TX 77040(800) 568-4000 or (713) 849-7000Fax (713) 879-7193

Regional Sales Offices

East Coast/NorthP.O. Box 450/One Riverview DriveSomerset, NJ 08873(800) 433-0609 or (908) 271-7800Fax (908) 271-7640

East Coast/South2970 Clairmont Road, Suite 810Atlanta, GA 30329(404) 320-3500Fax (404) 320-3520

Midwest3030 Warrenville Road, Suite 250Lisle, IL 60532(800) 542-0450 or (708) 505-2350Fax (708) 505-2397 or 2415

South335 Pennbright Drive, Suite 120Houston, TX 77090(800) 822-7645 or (713) 874-1800Fax (713) 874-1859

West Coast950 South Coast Drive, Suite 145Costa Mesa, CA 92626(800) 225-5784 or (714) 662-4300Fax (714) 662-4350

Regional Sales Offices

CanadaUnion Carbide Canada Inc.1210 Sheppard Avenue East, Suite 210, Box 38Willowdale, Ontario M2K 1E3 Canada(416) 490-0052Fax (416) 490-0051

CaribbeanUnion Carbide Puerto Rico Inc.544 Aldebaran Street, AltamiraSan Juan, PR 00920 USA(809) 792-7979Fax (809) 792-8091

MexicoUnion Carbide Quimicos Y PlasticosPeriferico Sur No. 3190, 2nd FloorCol. Jardines del PedregalMexico City, 01900 Mexico(525) 726-9070Fax (525) 224-2777

South and Central AmericaUnion Carbide Produtos Quimicos Ltda.Rua Dr. Eduardo De Souza Aranha, 153Sao Paulo, 04543-904 Brasil(55-11) 828-1133Fax (55-11) 828-1144

AsiaUnion Carbide Asia Pacific, Inc.22-01 Treasury Building, 8 Shenton WaySingapore 068811(65) 322-9922Fax (65) 221-0591 or 0592

Union Carbide Japan KKHiroo SK Building, 36-13, Ebisu 2-ChomeShibuya-Ku, Tokyo 150 Japan(81-35) 421-4525Fax (81-35) 421-4521 or 4522

Europe, Africa and Middle EastUnion Carbide (Europe) S.A.7, rue du Pré-BouvierMeyrin, Geneva 1217 Switzerland(41-22) 989-6111Fax (41-22) 989-6545

South AfricaUnion Carbide South Africa (Pty.) Ltd.P.O. Box 8194/#1 Eastgate Lane, BedfordviewJohannesburg, 2000 South Africa(27-11) 622-8501Fax (27-11) 622-1282

WORLDWIDE

Customer Service Center

10235 West Little York Road, Suite 300Houston, TX 77040(713) 849-7079Fax (713) 849-7125

Union Carbide has affiliates and offices in principal cities worldwide. For information onthese offices contact your regional sales office listed below.

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