Gennadi MilinevskyGennadi MilinevskyNational Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, Kyiv National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, UkraineNational Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Ukraine

science@uac.gov.uascience@uac.gov.ua

Ukraine Antarctic research at Vernadsky station: results and prospects

This work was partly supported by grant INTAS-2001- 0571

Where and what research Ukraine provides in Antarctica?

Task 1. Climate change at Antarctic Peninsula

Task 2. Antarctic ozone hole

Task 3. Sun-Earth energy transfer, space weather

Other research (GPS, GIS, Biology, Medicine)

Priorities of research

Structure:

Task 1:

Climate change at Antarctic Peninsula

Annual mean temperature in 1947-2000 raised up to 2.5С

-9 ,0

-8,0

-7,0

-6,0

-5,0

-4,0

-3,0

-2,0

-1,0

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

-9,0

-8,0

-7,0

-6,0

-5,0

-4,0

-3,0

-2,0

-1,0

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Tem

pera

ture

, Co

Air temperature, 1947-2001

Warming in Antarctic Peninsula region

Faraday/Vernadsky temperature, 1947-2001

- temperaturetemperature- pressurepressure- wind speed and directionwind speed and direction- precipitation precipitation - humidityhumidity- snow levelsnow level

Meteorology and climate

Modular Automatic Meteo Station – MAWS:Modular Automatic Meteo Station – MAWS:

-4,0

-3,0

-2,0

-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100

111

122

133

144

155

166

177

188

199

210

221

232

243

254

265

276

287

298

309

320

331

342

353

364

- 4,0

-3,0

-2,0

-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100

111

122

133

144

155

166

177

188

199

210

221

232

243

254

265

276

287

298

309

320

331

342

353

364

S ea w ater tem p era tu re , 2001Te

mpe

ratu

re,

Co

D ays

Sea water temperature anomaly

+4.2 C

Antarctic Peninsula climate changes –

impact on ecosystem

Met Records• Minimum temperature

- 43.3 C 1958• Maximum temperature

+11.8 C 1985 • Maximum gust

78 knots 1991

Deschampcia Antarctica

UV-A and UV-B measurements

The tide gauge for sea level measurements – climate warming

Sea Water Temperature 2003

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

01.0

1.20

03

15.0

1.20

03

29.0

1.20

03

12.0

2.20

03

26.0

2.20

03

12.0

3.20

03

26.0

3.20

03

09.0

4.20

03

23.0

4.20

03

07.0

5.20

03

21.0

5.20

03

04.0

6.20

03

18.0

6.20

03

02.0

7.20

03

16.0

7.20

03

30.0

7.20

03

13.0

8.20

03

27.0

8.20

03

Salinity 2003

29,530

30,531

31,532

32,533

33,534

01.0

1.20

03

15.0

1.20

03

29.0

1.20

03

12.0

2.20

03

26.0

2.20

03

12.0

3.20

03

26.0

3.20

03

09.0

4.20

03

23.0

4.20

03

07.0

5.20

03

21.0

5.20

03

04.0

6.20

03

18.0

6.20

03

02.0

7.20

03

16.0

7.20

03

30.0

7.20

03

13.0

8.20

03

27.0

8.20

03

Sea water and salinity measurements atBarchans Islandshydrology site

Galindez Island aerial photograph, December 1956

(BAS, R.Thomas, 1963 )

Ice caps dynamics in Antarctic Peninsula climate change conditions

Galindez ice cap boundaries: Dec 1956 and Jan 2004

Since 1956 the Galindez ice cap area has decreased significantly

1956

2004

West part of

Galindez ice cap

changes

2002

2003

2004

2005

23000 м3

28000 м3

17000 м3

Argentina Islands ice caps: prognosis for the future

If the temperature trend left constant that the ice cap could be discharging within century

This process could be increased due to unique water temperature anomaly observed last years (up to + 4°C)

Task 2:

Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ozone measurements 2002-2003 season

1979 1988 2003

Longitude asymmetry in 1979-2003 is rising

Planetary wave in ozone layer

Displacement to East from 55°W to 0°

Consequence: redistribution of UV radiation at sea level

This changes may influence on regional climate and ecosystem

During 30 years the asymmetry in ozone max and min positions enhanced

Task 3:

Sun-Earth and troposphere-ionosphere

energy transfer,

space weatherprocesses of energy distribution from the Earth

surface to ionosphere height

• Need to understand how solar energy affect the atmosphere and climate

•Solar effects are focused in polar regions

Ionosonde ISP-42 - radar for impulse ionosphere soundings

Height: 0-800 km

Frequency: 1.0-22.6

MHz

Ionosphere soundings

Vernadsky

Boston area

Geomagnetic conjugate regions: Vernadsky – USA East Coast

Channel forenergy transferfrom S-hemisphere toN-hemisphere

Magnetometer LEMI-008 Measurement range Resolution Range I 100 000 nT 10 nT Range II 3 200 nT 0.1 nT

Bandwidth DC 1 Hz

Time of sampling 1s, 2s, 5s, 10 s, 60 s

Extremely low noise level – less than 5 pT at 1 Hz

The geomagnetic micropulsations Pc3 observed simultaneously

at Vernadsky and Boston area

Troposphere Weather –

Space Weather

Drake Passage and Antarctic Peninsula –place for cyclones ~ 50 powerful cyclones annually

Energy propagationfrom surface toionosphere

CyclonCyclonApril 1, 1998April 1, 1998

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00

-0,2

-0,1

0,0

0,1

0,2

Pre

ssu

re, m

Ba

r

UT 4 March 1998

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00

-20

-10

0

10

20

Hx,

nT

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00

-30-20-10

01020

Hy,

nT

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00-8-6-4-20246

4 March 1998"Academic Vernadski"

Filtered from 3h to 30m

Hz,

nT

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,84 March 199800:00 - 06:00

Corre

lation

Time lag, min

P-Hx

P-Hy

P-Hz

Magnetic field and pressure at Vernadsky

CorrelationAG wavesAG waves

Idea:

1. The severe weather fronts is “projected” on ionosphere 120 km height

2. The delay of magnetic field response - 15-30 minutes (corresponded velocity 10-30 m / s)

3. «Projection» of weather fronts to North hemisphere!

Possible carrier? Atmosphere gravity waves AGW:

Severe troposphere weather front “pull” the AGW

Search of planetary wave propagation to ionosphere heights: E-layer (120 km)

LEMI-112a induction magnetometer

-ELF receiver: two orthogonal search-coil magnetometers

-frequency band 0,1 - 300 Hz

-low noise level – less than 0,03 pT/ at 10 Hz.

F2 layer height long-term changes :

+ - Faraday data, х – Vernadsky data

Greenhouse effect cooling in mesosphere (90 km),

“drop down” of ionosphere layers

in Vernadsky region and adjacent territory of Antarctic Peninsula

Other research: Geodesy survey,

GIS - GPS – gravimetric measurements

Permanent dual-frequency GPS receiver antenna installation at Vernadsky, Antarctica, April 2005

- tectonics

- total electron content

- troposphere humidity

Biology, human biology and medicineBiology, human biology and medicine

HUMAN HUMAN ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

The toxicant XRF-analysis of gentoo penguin feather of Petermann Island colony, Antarctic

Peninsula

“clean” hair

“dirty” hairNi, Cu, Pb, Se, Hg

Cleaning of human bodyCleaning of human bodyduring winterduring winter

XRF-analysis of the metals in the winterers hair

200 400 600 800

K-40

E

Cs-137

M an R ad io nuc lid D inam ic

After w interingBefore w intering

I

After winter the Cs amount in body essentially decreased

Ukrainian winterers have usually increased amount of R/A Cs in body

Conclusion: Priorities of research

• Climate variability study ( ice cap )• Ozone hole (Oz and UV measurements)• Upper atmosphere – Space Weather

GIS of the Vernadsky regionCreation of UA National Antarctic DatabaseProviding the environmental monitoringGeodetic network – neotectonicsResearch equipment development