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Ang

Sistemang Feudalismo

Ang feudalismo ay isang institusyong

pampulitika, pang-ekonomya, panlipunan, at

pangmilitar na sumibol sa Europe sa gitna ngmatinding pangangailangan.

Pagbangon ng FeudalismoNang mamatay si Charlemagne, nagsimulang

magkawatak-watak ang kanyang imperyo.

Sinamantala naman ito ng mga matataas napinuno at mayayamang may-ari ng mga lupain at naging tagapagmana at kahalili ni

Charlemagne. Sa gitna ng kaguluhan, naitatag ang feudalismo na siyang nagprotekta sa buhay at

ari-arian ng mamamayan. Ang hari ang siyang may karapatang mamahagi ng mga lupain. Ang

may hawak ng lupain ay tinawag na panginoon at ang lupang ipinagkakaloob ay tinatawag nafief. Ang seremonya naman kung saan ipinagkakaloob ang lupain ay tinawag na homage.

Paghina ng FeudalismoSa pagsapit ng ikalabintatlong taon, humina ang sistemang feudal. Karamihan sa mga

panginoong feudal ay sumama sa krusada at karamihan naman ay hindi na nakabalik pa.

Nagkaroon rin ng salot na tinawag naBlack Death. Lumaganap ito sa buong Europa at lubhangnabawasan ang bilang nga mga manggagawa sa mga estadong feudal.

Epekto ng feudalismoNagdala ang sistemang feudal ng kaayusan at katatagan sa lipunang medieval. Sa pamamagitan

ng mga kasunduang feudal sa pagitan ng mga panginoong feudal, nagapi nila ang mgalumulusob na tribo. Sa panahon naman ng kagipitan ay higit na nakabubuti sa isang magsasakakesa noon na mas lantad sila sa anumang panganib.

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Kabalyero

Ang kabalyero(Ingles:

knight) Ang mga kabalyero

ay mgabasalyo sa mga

panginoon, na binibigyan ng mga panginoon ng

lupain kung ang kabalyero ay makikibaka para sa

kanila. Inisip ng mga kabalyero na angkarangalanay napakahalaga, at mayroon silang isang kodigo ng

dangal na tinatawag napagkakabalyero (chivalry).

Kadalasan silang mayroongeskudo de armas(coat

of arms). Sa kasalukuyan, ang mga kabalyero ay

pinapangalanan ngReyna. Ang ganitong uri ng

pamagat ay kilala bilangOrden ng ImperyongBritaniko.Sa kasalukuyan, ang mga kabalyero ay

tinatawag na Sirna sinusundan ng kanilang unang

pangalan. Marami sa mga kasapi sa nobilidad ang

nagmula sa mga kabalyero. Halimbawa na si Wijerd

Jelckama na ang ninuno ay isang kabalyerong

namatay sahandulongang Antioch (1199).

Unang ginamit ang mga kabalyero noong ika-4 na

daantaon.

http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basalyo&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karangalan&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakabalyerohttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskudo_de_armashttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynahttp://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orden_ng_Imperyong_Britaniko&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orden_ng_Imperyong_Britaniko&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijerd_Jelckama&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijerd_Jelckama&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handulonghttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaksan:Tewkesbury_Medieval_Festival_2008_-_Mounted_knight.jpghttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handulonghttp://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijerd_Jelckama&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijerd_Jelckama&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orden_ng_Imperyong_Britaniko&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orden_ng_Imperyong_Britaniko&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynahttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskudo_de_armashttp://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakabalyerohttp://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karangalan&action=edit&redlink=1http://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basalyo&action=edit&redlink=1

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Ark of the

Covenant

The covered ark with golden staves

carried by thepriests,and seven priestswith rams' horns, at thesiege of Jericho,in an eighteenth-century artist'sdepiction.

The Ark of the Covenant(Hebrew: rn Habbrt, modern pron.Aron Habrit), also known as the Ark of the Testimony, is a chestdescribed in theBook of Exodus[1]as containing theTablets of Stone on which theTen Commandments

were inscribed. According to some traditional interpretations of the Book of Exodus,[2]Book of

Numbers,[3]

and theLetter to the Hebrews,[4]

the Ark also containedAaron's rod,a jar ofmanna and thefirstTorah scroll as written byMoses;however, the first of theBooks of Kings says that at the time ofKingSolomon,the Ark contained only the two Tablets of the Law.[5]According to the Book of Exodus,the Ark was built at the command of God, in accordance with the instructions given toMoses onMount

Sinai.[6]God was said to have communicated with Moses "from between the twocherubim"on the Ark'scover.[7]

The biblical account relates that about a year after the Israelites'exodus from Egypt,the Ark was createdaccording to the pattern given to Moses by God when Israel was encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai.

Thereafter the gold plated, acacia chest was carried by the Levites some 2,000cubits in advance of thepeople when on the march or before the Israelite army, the host of fighting men.

[8]When the Ark was

borne by Levites into the bed of theJordan,the waters parted as God had parted the waters of the Red

Sea, opening a pathway for the entire host to pass through (Josh. 3:15

16; 4:7

18). The walls of the cityofJericho were shaken to the ground with no more than a shout from the army after the Ark of theCovenant was paraded round them for seven days by Levites. Seven priests sounding seven trumpets oframs' horns (Josh. 6:420). When carried, the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and

blue cloth, always carefully concealed, even from the eyes of thepriests and the Levites who carried it.There are no contemporary extra-biblical references to the Ark.[9]

In theRoman Catholic andEastern Orthodoxchurches,theBlessed Virgin Mary is sometimesallegorically referred to as the Ark of the Covenant, in that she boreJesus Christ in similarity to theoriginal tangible contents of the Ark, as cited in theBook of Revelation and (in Roman Catholicism) theLitany of Loreto.

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King Arthur

King Arthuris a legendaryBritish

leader of the late 5th and early 6th

centuries, who, according to medievalhistories andromances,led the defence

of Britain againstSaxon invaders in the

early 6th century. The details of Arthur'sstory are mainly composed offolklore

and literary invention, and his historical

existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.[2]

The sparse historical background of

Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including theAnnales Cambriae,theHistoria Brittonum,

and the writings ofGildas.Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such asYGododdin.[3]

The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the

popularity ofGeoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-centuryHistoria Regum

Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain).[4]

SomeWelsh andBreton tales and poems relatingthe story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a

great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of

folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld,Annwn.[5]

How much of Geoffrey's

Historia(completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented byGeoffrey himself, is unknown.

Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text totext, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey'sversion of events often served as the

starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the

Saxons and established an empire overBritain,Ireland,Iceland,Norway andGaul.Manyelements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's

Historia, including Arthur's fatherUther Pendragon,the wizardMerlin,Arthur's wifeGuinevere,

the swordExcalibur,Arthur's conception atTintagel,his final battle againstMordred atCamlannand final rest inAvalon.The 12th-century French writerChrtien de Troyes,who added

Lancelot and theHoly Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a

significant strand ofmedieval literature.In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts

from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as variousKnights of the Round Table.Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until

it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on,

not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_%28historical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_%28heroic_literature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Cambriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Cambriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Cambriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annwnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excaliburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintagel_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintagel_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excaliburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineverehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uther_Pendragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annwnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Cambriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_%28heroic_literature%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_%28historical%29

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Ang Renaissance Period

Ang Renaissance Period ay tumutukoy sa

ika-14 hanggang ika-16 na siglo sa Europa.

Ang ibig sabihin ng salitang Renaissance ay

"rebirth" o "muling pagsilang", at ang

muling naisilang sa panahong ito ay ang

interes sa sining ng klasikong Greece atRome. Nagsimula ang Renaissance sa

Italya, at ito ay lumaganap sa buong

Europa.

Nagbigay-daan ang Renaissance sa pag-

usbong ng humanismo. Ito ay...

- kombinasyon ng relihiyon at

sekularisasyon

- paniniwalang hindi teolohiya ang dapat pangunahing matutunan ng tao kundi ang mga ibang asignatura din

- binigyang-diin ang mga materyal na bagay at ang kagandahan ng buhay

Ang sentro ng Renaissance ay ang mga iba't-ibang artista na nagpalaganap ng kanilang mga marka sa panahong ito.

Sa tulong ng mga patron, nabigyan ng pondo at proteksyon ang mga artista, kaya mas lalong pinahalagahan ang

mga ito. Ang mga sumusunod ay ang mga artista na kailangan nating pag-aralan at malaman.

1) Baldassare Castiglione

- artista sa edukasyon

- sinulat ang The Courtier, na naglalarawan ng isang tunay na maginoong lalake

- isang Renaissance Man, o well-rounded/universal man

2) Johann Gutenburg

- artista sa edukasyon

- nag-imbento ng printing press noong 1450

- nakatulong ang imbensyong ito sa pagpapabilis at pagpapamura ng produskyon ng mga aklat

- nakatulong sa edukasyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbasa

3) Francesco Petrarch

- artista sa panitikan

- tinataguriang Ama ng Humanismo

- deboto sa klasikong edukasyon ng Greece at Rome- gumugol ng panahon at salapi upang mahanap ang mga manuskripto ng mga sinaunang sibilisasyon

- nakakalap ng mahigit 200 klasikong likha ng mga Griyego't Romano

- sumulat ng Song Book, isang aklat na naglalaman ng mga sonata para sa kanyang minimahal na si

Laura

- ang kanyang mga likha ay nakaimpluwensiya sa mga sumunod na manunulat

4) Giovanni Boccacio

- artista sa panitikan

- sumulat ng Decameron, isang aklat na naglalarawan ng 100 na kwento na ikinikwento sa loob ng sampung

magkakasunod na gabi ng sampung lalaki at babae

- matalik na kaibigan ni Petrarch

5) Niccolo Machiavelli

- artista sa panitikan

- sumulat ng The Prince, isang aklat na naglalarawan ng mga nararapat na kwaliti ng mga pinuno

- paniniwala niya na ang pinuno ay dapat marahas, tuso at manlilinlang upang makamit at mapanatili ang

kapangyarihan

- iba pa niyang paniniwala: "Might Is Right" at "The End Justifies the Mean"

- nagpasimula ng panibagong kaisipang pampulitika