underground mine
TRANSCRIPT
Underground mine
Surface facilities
Development openings
Underground production
Development for production
Exploration
Primary access to the deposit
Level development
Production operations
Drilling and blasting
LHD mucking
Ore pass
Bolting
Barricade
Hydraulic filling
Point de chargementHaulage
DrillingBlastingMuckingLoadingHaulage
ReinforcementBackfilling
Primary access to the deposit
Shaft
Decline
Ramp
Principal Functions :
VentilationPersonnel and Equipment trafficExtraction of Ore and WasteDewatering
Supply of :Electricity Compressed airWaterFill materialSupplies
Principal primary openings :
Ore extraction by shaft - non mechanized mine
200 m3/sec 130 m3/sec 200 m3/sec 10 m3/sec 110 m3/sec
levels
1-5 - shafts
6 - winze
7 - concealed orebody
8 - loading hopper
9 - feeder
10 - orepass
11 - wastepass
12 - lift
13 - pump station
14 - sump, water basin
Ore extraction by shaft - mechanized mine
Ramp
Ventilation shaft (2)
Main shaft (1)
Ore body
Main level
Crosscuts
Ore pass
Drifts
Waste pass
Ore extraction by shaft - mechanized mine at big depth
1 - ore shafts
2 - ventilation shaft
3 - rockfill pass
4 - ramp
5 - orepass
6 - ventilation rise
7 - sublevels
8 - waste pass
9 - crusher
10 - ore pocket
11 - conveyer
12 - loading hopper
305 m level 1
610 m level 2
765 m level 3
915 m level 4
1040 m level 5
1160 m level 6
1220 m level 7
1280 m level 8
1340 m level 9
1400 m level 10
1460 m level 11
1500 m level 12
12
3
4 5
6
7
8 9
101112
Vertical shaft section
Two rock skips Single cage6 Mt/year capacity
Vertical shaft section
Four 23 t rock skips Single, 200 - man single-deck cagemeasuring 3.9 x 7.9 m allows access for LHDs without dismantling them.
Access by shaft
Important capital costs
Low operating costs
Unique or few loading stations
Good knowledge of deposit geometry required
Unique solution for depth grater than 300-400 m
Ore extraction by decline
1 - shaft
2 - orepass
3 - crusher and loading hopper
4 - ore conveyer decline
levels
Angle 16°
Ore extraction by decline
1 - decline
2 - ore conveyer
3 - crusher and loading hopper
4 - ventilation shaft
5 - inclined shaft
levels
Section of decline
Access by decline
Important and difficult to move crashing station is required
Deposit must be well known
Straight shape is requires
Heading is difficult and expensive
Used for massive deposits of intermediate depth (up to 300 m) and a high production rate (more than 3 Mt)
Ore extraction by ramp
1 - decline; 2 - ramp; 3 - crosscut ; 4 - haulage drift ; 5 - drifting; 6 - caved rock
Angle 18° max and 10 to 12° average
Ore extraction by ramp
Ore extraction by ramp
Ore extraction by ramp
Section of ramp
L
H =
(0.
9
1)
L
Access by ramp
High flexibility of exploitation with diesel driven tracks but important gaze emission
Using of electric tracts reduces the gas emission but also reduces the flexibility
Deposit geometry can be not necessary well known
Low capital cost
High operating costs
Used for deposit of feeble depth (up to 200) and low production rate (300 Mt/year)
Siting of primary access
- orebody dip - angle of draw in overburden - angle of draw in rock l - safety distance
1 - shaft2 - safety distance3 - zone of subsidence
Shaft locations
Two-shaft mine : side location Three shaft mine : centrally located main shaftand peripheral ventilation shafts
Minimizes the costs of primary accessIncreases the costs of production developmentIncreases the transport cost
Optimizes the costs of production developmentOptimizes the transport costIncreases the costs of primary access
Production development by drifts
One drift in ore
Drift in ore + footwall drift
Ore width up to 5 m
Production development by blind crosscuts
Ore width 5 to 10 m
Production development by blind crosscuts
Ore width 10 to 30 m
One footwall drift + crosscuts
Footwall drift + fringe drift + crosscuts
Production development by blind crosscuts
Waste passe
70 of 120m
About of 65m
10m
Ore body
Haulage drift
To ramp
Stopes
Ore passe
about of 250m
Crosscuts
Production development by crosscuts
Hanging-wall drift + footwal drift + crosscuts
Ore width > 30 m
Examples
Mine of Kiruna Suede Mine of Gubkine in Russia
Sizing of circular shaft
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
7,5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Tonnes mined per day
Shaf
t di
amet
er in
m
m,P7.1D 15.0sh where : 1.7 et 0.15 - coefficients ;
P - tonnes hoisted per operating day, t/j ;Dsh -shaft diameter, m.
The circular shaft diameter for skip hoisting ore and cage hoisting miners and supplies :
COSTS OF SHAFT SINKING
Fixed costs for circular shaft sinking :
Unit costs for circular shaft sinking :
$,D244527C 5.0
fix
$,HD2455C 05.15.0
un
Total costs for circular shaft sinking : $,CCCunitfixedtotal
where : D - diameter of shaft, mH - shaft depth, m
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8
Shaft diameter in m
Cos
t p
er m
eter
in $
/m
Coût fixe Coût variable
Profondeur 300 m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Shaft depth in m
Fix
ed c
ost
per
met
er in
$/m
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
Uni
t co
st p
er m
eter
in $
/m
Coût fixe Coût variable Coût total, $/m
Diamètre 7 m
DEVELOPMENT COST
Cost per meter of length of an excavation of cross-sectional area S
lengthofm/$,SkCC 6.0
excref
where : S - cross-sectional area of the excavation, m²Cref - reference cost, the cost per meter of a standard 2.5 x 2.5 m, Cref = 1100 $/mkexc - factor taking into account the type of excavation :
Drift or crosscuts : kexc = 0.34Inclined ramps : kexc = 0.4Timbered rise : kexc = 0.11Bare rise : kexc = 0.09Rise in backfill : kexc = 0.07Service excavations : kexc = 0.095