Understanding the Livestock to Nutrition Pathway for Better Outcomes

Carmen Jaquez, Practice Area Manager, Dairy, Livestock & Environment

Presentation Overview

˃Land O’Lakes˃State of Nutrition˃Cost of Malnutrition˃Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition˃Farm-level pathways to nutrition

Poultry Dairy Ruminant

˃Development Approaches˃ Field Examples

˃Conclusion & Take-aways

Land O’Lakes – Feeding the World

> DAIRY FOODS 1924

> ANIMAL NUTRITION 2001

> AGRICULTURAL SERVICES 2007

#1 in butter, deli cheese, refrigerated desserts, dairy-based food service items

#1 feed brand in the U.S. and largest animal nutrition research center

#1 wholesaler of crop production and crop protection products utilizing precision agriculture and world class technology

Three diversified businesses that can be leveraged to help the world’s poorest regions…

Our Vision

To be a global leader in transforming lives by engaging in agriculture and enterprise partnerships that replace poverty with prosperity, and dependency with self-reliance.

State of nutrition

Aggregated, under-nutrition* causes the death of 3.1 million children annually, or 45% of all child deaths in 2011.

161 million were estimated to

be stunted.

51 million were wasted

17 million were severely

wasted in 2013.

*Including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding)

Source: Black et al. 2013

Cost of malnutrition

˃Cost of undernutrition: Global: 2-3% GDP (World Bank, 2006) US $ 1.4-2.1 trillion Africa: 2% -16.5% loss in GDP

˃ Cost of Hunger Study in Africa – Ethiopia, Egypt, Uganda, Swaziland, Rwanda

˃Cost of Non-Communicable Disease: US$ 47 trillion by 2035, about US$ 1.4 trillion / year

˃ Effects of malnutrition on children:Physical

Hindered physical stature and cognitive

development

Self WorthLower self-esteem, self-confidence and career aspirations

Livelihood Earn 20% less as

adults than nourished children

Poor water, sanitation & inadequate

health services

Adapted from: FAO/UNICEF Malnutrition

DisabilityDeath

Inadequate maternal & child care practices

Insufficient access to food

Insufficient access to

NUTRITIOUS foods

Food Security Nutrition Security

Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition

QUANTITY and QUALITY of actual resources human, economic, natural & social; how resources are controlled and by whom.

Inadequate dietary intake Disease

Potential resources: environment, social, technology, people

Animal Source Foods

Milk Contains vitamin B12, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and calcium but is low in iron

Meat Rich source of heme iron, zinc, riboflavin, and vitamin B12

EggsVitamin A, B12, Zinc, iron

Vitamin B12 is found only in animal-source foods, explaining the high prevalence of deficiency in most developing countries

Traditional Production – Nutrition Pathway

Storage & Consumption

Labour Inputs Land Rainfall Disease

Post-harvest storage Individual health Quantity Intra-HH allocation

Access to markets Access to finance Quantity Quality

Type Price / Quantity Quality

Production

Sale/Trade Food Purchase

Poultry – Nutrition Pathway

˃ Direct consumption of eggs ˃ Sale of table eggs˃ Rearing of chicks

˃ Sale of live birds˃ Gift of live birds˃ Direct consumption of

slaughtered birds˃ Savings

˃ Who consumes?˃ How much consumed?˃ Who controls income?˃ Mortality rates?˃ Breed being reared?

˃ Market access?˃ Who controls income?˃ Who consumes?˃ Mortality rates?

How is the income used?

Dairy – Nutrition Pathway

˃ Direct consumption of milk Fluid milk (tea/milk) Processed (ghee, cheese, sour/ cultured milk,

yoghurt˃ Sale of fluid milk˃ Sale of processed milk (ghee, cheese, sour/cultured

milk)

˃ Who consumes milk˃ Who controls income?˃ Mortality rates?

• How is the income used?

• Where is milk going?

Small Ruminant – Nutrition Pathway

˃ Savings˃ Sale of offspring˃ Direct consumption of milk˃ Gift/Payment

˃ Mortality rates?˃ Market access?

Need-based sales? Planned sales?

˃ Who controls income?

How is the income used?

Viable herd size?

Approaches vs Outcomes

Storage & Consumption

Sale/Trade

• Social aspects of livestock ownership• Ownership & control of livestock assets• Knowledge of nutrition & hygiene• Competing priorities

• Product transferred to urban consumers• Purchasing power (savings, access)• Control of income• Competing priorities

Production

Food Purchase

Addressing Knowledge Gaps

Whole Farm Economy

Farm resources management

N / R J F M A M J J A S O N DRains X X X XHarvest / Consumption – Grains/Pulses X X X X X X X

Milk X X X X X XHarvest / Consumption - Other X X X X X X X X

Fodder / Forage X X X X X / / X

School Fees XInputs inc. labour X X X X X XFood X X X X XWeddings/Graduations X X XHousehold expenses X X X X X X X X X X X X

Integrated messaging

Improving Approaches

˃Clearly define desired outcomes˃ Appropriate approach requires hardware and software

˃Balance market development with household wellbeing Mitigate for change in resource control Address lack of knowledge Farm resource management vs increased production & sales

˃Address access to rural finance Village savings/lending (peer-based savings) Milk-based payments

˃Value social benefits Improved living standards (from livestock income) Improved social standing (from livestock ownership)

˃Disease related drivers of malnutrition Human hygiene Food hygiene Food safety (mycotoxins)

Three Things to Remember

Whole Farm EconomyTo the farmer, livestock and livestock

products may be more valuable as income or safety net than nutrition .

Importance of PlanningSharing knowledge is not always

enough. Practical tools help a farmer evaluate own resources and plan.

Household Decision MakingEngage decision maker and primary

caretaker with same but also targeted messages.

Questions?