UNIT 1: ENERGY

HONORS EARTH SCIENCE

NOTE PACKET #2 MS. GILL

Stop Monkey-N-ing around and

Go Green already! P.S. I’m Mookie the

Monkey

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Vocabulary: Absorption Conduction Convection Condensation Electricity Electromagnetic Spectrum Energy Energy Transformations Environment Equilibrium Forms of Energy Freezing Frequency Gas Geothermal Global Warming Green House Affect Green House Gases Heat Joules Kinetic Law of Conservation of Mass & Energy Light Liquid Matter

Did you know… A piece of buttered toast contains about 315 kilojoules (315,000 joules) of energy. With that energy you could: -jog for 6 minutes -Bicycle for 10 minutes -Walk briskly for 15 minutes -Sleep for 1.5 hours -Run a car for 7 seconds at 50 miles per hour -Light a 60 watt light bulb for 1.5 hours.

Mechanical Medium Melting Non-Renewable Resources Nuclear Phase Change Potential Radiation Reflection Refraction Renewable Resources Scattering Solid Solar Sound Specific Heat Stored Mechanical Temperature Thermal Transmission Vaporization Wavelength Work

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Name:________________________________ Period:_________ Date:____________________

B. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

A. WHAT IS ENERGY?

Energy is the ability to do ________________

Work occurs when a _____________ causes an object to ___________ in the same direction as the force.

THERMAL: The total ________ energy of the particles in matter. (Molecular motion)

GEOTHERMAL: Heat energy STORED within the ___________. Ex: Volcanic eruptions, geysers

CHEMICAL: Energy STORED in chemical ____ that can be released. Ex: food, fossil fuels, battery acid

NUCLEAR: Energy STORED in the ________ (center) of an atom. Ex: nuclear bombs

MECHNICAL: Energy with which ______ objects perform work. Ex: Wind, flowing water, using a hammer

SOUND: A type of mechanical energy. It is the energy produced when objects ________. Ex: tuning fork, bell

ELECTRICITY: A form of energy produced by the _____________ of ______________

SOLAR: All forms of energy that come from the ______

STORED MECHANICAL ENERGY: Stored energy due to a change in the shape of an object. Ex: _______________

LIGHT: A form of _______ energy that moves in a __________ Ex: lamp, stars

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C. All forms of energy can be classified as Kinetic or potential. The two basic states of energy. So, what’s the difference?

POTENTIAL ENERGY:

1) Potential energy is stored energy due to and object’s __________________ 2) An object that is lifted from its position on Earth has gravitational potential Energy which depends on ______________ and mass 3) Massive objects have _________________ potential energy than less massive objects 4) An object at a higher elevation will have _______________ potential energy than an object at a lower elevation

KINETIC ENERGY:

1)Kinetic is energy of _________________ 2) Kinetic depends on the __________________ and the _____________________ of an object. 3) Faster objects have ____________________ kinetic energy than slower objects.

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D. Energy Transformations: The law of conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it simply changes form. Energy has always existed in one form or another! This law is also true of mass!

The exchange of energy will stop when EQUILIBRIUM IS REACHED, and both source and sink

are the same temperature. Unusable Energy: very often during the energy transformation process, some __________ energy is

produced due to friction. This is wasted energy and is lost to the environment.

Law of conservation of Mass and Energy: Mass/ NRG ____________

Mass/ NRG ______________

Mass/ Energy can only __________

During energy changes, if one body is losing energy, the other is __________________ energy. During energy changes, the total energy __________________________________. Energy always flows from _______________ to _______________ (source to sink)

Figure 2: Energy is flowing from _________ to ____________

Figure 1: Energy is flowing from _________ to ____________

Examples of Energy Changes: -Energy in a flashlight’s batteries becomes light energy when the flashlight is turned on. -Food is stored energy, when your body uses that energy to do work it becomes kinetic energy. - A television changes electrical energy into light and sound energy

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E. Methods Of Energy transfer Energy moves from regions of _________ concentration to ________ concentrations of

energy, from ______________ to ____________.

There are 3 methods of Energy Transfer : ____________________, ____________________ & _____________________.

Method of transfer

Explanation of transfer Best medium for energy transfer

Examples

Conduction

Direct contact (touch) Molecule To Molecule Conduction is a form of energy transfer by direct _________ of molecules

Conduction occurs fastest in _______ __________ are the best conductors of he heat energy.

*Touching a hot surface *Electricity

Convection

Energy transfer due to density differences Convection is a form of heat transfer that occurs by up and down motions of a _______ differences in ______

Occurs ONLY in _____ which are liquids and gases!

*Hot air or water rising *Volcanoes *Lava lamp

Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of heat in _____. Electromagnetic (EM) waves that move through a vacuum (empty space) Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of ______.

No medium needed

*Gamma *X-rays *UV *Visible *Infrared *Microwave *Radio

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F. Specific Heat Notes 1. HEAT: the energy of moving __________

2. HOT OBJECTS contain __________ heat than cold ones

3. All objects above __________ contain heat

4. Heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects until the both reach the _____ temperature.

5. The greater the difference in temperature between them, the _________ heat is transferred. HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED BETWEEN OBJECTS? Name that type of heat transfer!

Measuring Energy: Energy can be measures in many different ways. Typical units include: ________________________, _________________, & ___________________

Specific Heat Quantity of heat needed to

raise One gram of any Substance by 1 degree Celsius

The higher the Specific heat… the more energy is needed to

raise the temperature. See the cover of the ESRT.

Figure 1: ________________

Figure 2: ________________

Figure 3: _______________

The term “Joule” is named after English Scientist James Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that Heat is a type of Energy! 1,000 joules =1 kilojoule= 1 Btu

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Specific Heat Worksheet

Now complete these practice questions!

1. What substance has the highest specific heat? ____________________________

2. Why do metals have low specific heats? __________________________

3. Why are pans made of metals with low specific heats? _____________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. Which takes more energy to raise its temperature, water or land? ___________________

5. Which would heat up and cool off faster, land or water? __________________________

6. Which of these substances would heat up fastest, water, iron or copper: ____________

7. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature

from 50 °C to 100 °C ?

A. 10 grams of granite B. 10 grams of ice C. 10 grams of lead D. 10 grams of iron

8. Which pan would you use if you wanted to cook your food quickly? Copper pan or Iron pan?

9. Which material would require the greatest amount of heat energy to raise its temperature

from 50 C to 100 C? A. granite B. ice C. lead D. iron

10. Calculate how many joules would be required to raise 3 grams of water from 50 °C to 65 °C.

Did you know… Jumping into a pool on a hot summer day is refreshing because the water is cooler than the air around you and the ground under your feet. You may wonder why the water is cooler since the water, air, and ground are being heated by the same source- the Sun. One reason is that it takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of some substances than others. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius is called the specific heat of that substance. Water has a specific heat of 4.18 meaning it take 4.18 Joules of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. This value is high compared to the specific heats for other materials, such as various rocks or metals. Note the scientific unit for energy is the Joule. See the front of your ESRT for a complete list of specific heats for common materials.

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G. Phases of Matter:

Matter is ___________________________________________________________

On Earth, matter exists in three states _________, ____________& ____________

Phase Changes: Changes in states of matter result from changes in energy, specifically “heat energy.” Consider the weightlifter, to push up the weights & lift them up requires energy… So to push molecules apart also requires energy. Look at the molecules in the boxes above and then complete the statements below. If you have to separate molecules write “put in energy,” if molecules are coming together then write “give off energy.” 1. As you go from solid to liquid, you must ____________________________________. 2. As you go from liquid to solid, you must ____________________________________. 3. As you go from liquid to gas, you must _____________________________________. 4. As you go from gas to liquid, you must _____________________________________.

What are the phase changes called?

Particle Arrangement

Motion (Kinetic Energy)

How is it bonded?

Does it have a define shape?

Volume?

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Solid Liquid

Gas

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H. Phase Change Diagram of Water

The energy stored in the phase change process is called:

________________________

There is NO temperature change during a phase change.

-Remember, as you change states of matter, its all about energy!

-The law of conservation of Energy

states that energy is neither created of destroyed it simply changes form.

-Therefore, going form solid to liquid

you put energy in (ENERGY IS ABSORBED) and then when you reverse the process and go from liquid back to solid, you get the

energy back! (ENERGY IS RELEASED)

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I. Electromagnetic Energy Notes The Earth is always trying to achieve ____________________________. Therefore, energy is constantly being re-distributed flowing from ________________ to ______________. The Earth receives energy from two sources: ________________ & ___________________ All matter radiates some __________________________________________________ The sun emits energy in ______ wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. (ESRT pg. 14)

The electromagnetic spectrum places different types of electromagnetic energy in order of increasing wavelength. From the shortest wavelength Gamma Rays to the longest wavelength Radio Waves. Visible Light is also on the spectrum in the middle. Electromagnetic energy with wavelengths longer than visible light is known as long wave electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy with wavelengths shorter than visible light is known was short wave electromagnetic energy. The shorter wavelength electromagnetic energy has more energy than the long wavelength electromagnetic energy. Relationships • The longer the wavelength the lower the frequency and the lower the energy • The shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency and the higher the energy

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Each type of energy differs in its _________________________. A wavelength is the distance between two crests of the wave.

Frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time.

Waves: Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from place to place. If you throw a stone into a pond, circular waves move along the surface since some of the stones kinetic energy was transferred. The substance through which waves travel is called a medium. This can be solid, liquid or gas. Light does not need a medium it can travel through empty space called a vacuum. Waves are all around us: sound waves, light waves, ocean waves, and even people waves at a Yankee’s Game. We are studying waves now because the Sun’s energy is in the form of electromagnetic energy which is radiated/ transferred in the form of transverse waves to Earth. Any object with a temperature above absolute zero (-2730C) radiates electromagnetic energy with waves (the shorter the wavelength the higher the energy).

The parts of a Wave Crest: high point of a wave Trough: low point of a wave

Amplitude: height of a wave (the distance a particle moves from rest) Frequency: number of complete waves passing a point in a given time Hertz: unit used to measure frequency of a wave (waves per second) Wavelength: distance between two neighboring crests or troughs

There are two types of waves: Transverse and Compressional.

Compressional: ex. Sound waves

Transverse: ex. Light waves

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Electromagnetic Spectrum Notes

J. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy & the Environment: How do waves behave when they come in contact with different materials?

Earth

Sun

1. _______________________: or taken ito the material. UV is absorbed by the ozone, infrared is absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. Good absorbers are good re-radiators! 2. _______________________ or bounced of the material. Waves are reflected by clouds, ice, snow and water 3. ____________________ to be refracted or reflected in many directions by aerosols, water droplets, ice crystals, pollutants, dust, pollen 4. _______________________ or bent changing the directin of the wave, often light is bent as it moves through varied densities 5. _______________________ when energy passes straight through a medium (materal) Less than __________________ of the incoming solar radiation is received by the Earth because of these processes.

The Sun gives off light and heat in the form of _________________ and __________________ electromagnetic energy. This is called INSOLATION. However, the short wavelengths (dangerous UV radiation, gamma rays & x-rays) are mostly absorbed by the ozone so they don’t reach earth’s surface. The ozone layer is found in the ____________________ layer of the atmosphere. Visible light passes through earth’s atmosphere with the greatest intensity. Less than half of the incoming solar radiation is received by the earth’s surface. The energy that does get through our atmosphere is absorbed by earths surface. The earth’s surface in turn reradiates the energy in the form of heat called ________________ radiation.

Surface properties of the Earth & Absorption of Energy: 1. Color: Light (white) reflects & dark (black) absorbs Example: Pavement warms before grassy lawns. 2. Texture: Rough surface absorbs & smooth surface reflects Example: Snow and Ice reflect Insolation and remain cold.

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K. The Green House Affect What is Global Warming? An ___________ in the Earth’s Average surface air temperature. You might often hear about the green house affect and its association with Global Warming. In the atmosphere, CO2, Methane and H2O, (the greenhouse gases) act like the glass in the greenhouse by trapping heat. These gases very similar manner as the glass sides and roof of a greenhouse keep in heat. Let’s see how this works… Without some greenhouse gases, the Earth would be too _____________ for us to survive. But an overload of greenhouse gases creates a problem as well! How does too much CO2 contribute to Global warming? _______________________________ What human activities contribute to CO2 production and an increase in the greenhouse effect? _________________________________________________________________________

Short wave radiation like ___________ passes through the glass of a greenhouse and is _______________ by the objects inside the greenhouse. These objects __________________ the energy as ____________________, which get reflected back into the greenhouse and warms the air.

In Earth’s atmosphere, there are many gases that act like the glass of a greenhouse and ________ long-wave radiation, keeping it in the Earth’s Atmosphere. Therefore, holding that heat in the atmosphere and raising the global temperature. These are known as ______________________. They include water vapor, CFCs, Ozone, Methane Gas and Carbon dioxide.

Earth

If present trends continue possible effects may include: -Rising sea levels due to melting polar ice caps; -Increasing frequency and severity of storms and hurricanes; -More frequent heat waves and droughts; and -Relocation of major crop growing areas.

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L. Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources.

What is an Non-Renewable Resource? An energy resource that is ___________________________________________________________________ Examples: __________________ __________________ __________________ To make our non-renewable resources last longer we can __________________ __________________ __________________

What is a Renewable Resource? An energy resource that is __________________________________________________________ Examples: __________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ _______________ ________________ A renewable resource produces less _________ (substance that can harm living things and/or the environment

Only 7% of our energy consumption is from renewable resources!!! Try to make little changes in your life to reduce your dependence on Non-Renewable Resources! What do you plan to do? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________