Unit 1Unit 1The Power of The Power of ReproductionReproduction

Chapter 1 – The Cell Cycle and Chapter 1 – The Cell Cycle and Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

Amazing CellsAmazing Cells

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

1.1 The Cell 1.1 The Cell (Pages 4 – 16)(Pages 4 – 16)

1.1. Scientists have long been fascinated with Scientists have long been fascinated with life. After thousands of years of studying life. After thousands of years of studying it we still haven’t figured out how it it we still haven’t figured out how it works. Some history:works. Some history:

2.2. Assignment: Assignment: a)a) The Cell Question SheetThe Cell Question Sheet

b)b) Label Cell Diagrams (1-6 & 1-7)Label Cell Diagrams (1-6 & 1-7)

c)c) Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

Chapter 1.1 – The Cell Question Chapter 1.1 – The Cell Question SheetSheet

1.1. Record the date and contribution to Record the date and contribution to cell theory for the following scientists: cell theory for the following scientists: (22)(22)

a)a) Aristotle (384-322 BC) – animal and plant Aristotle (384-322 BC) – animal and plant kingdom (animals higher, spontaneous kingdom (animals higher, spontaneous generation)generation)

b)b) Zacharias Janssen (1590) – first Zacharias Janssen (1590) – first compound microscope compound microscope

c)c) Robert Hooke (1665) – microscope – Robert Hooke (1665) – microscope – referred to cells as “rooms”referred to cells as “rooms”

Chapter 1.1 – The Cell Question Chapter 1.1 – The Cell Question SheetSheet

1.1. Record the date and contribution to Record the date and contribution to cell theory for the following scientists: cell theory for the following scientists: (22)(22)

a)a) John Ray (1667) – “species” organism John Ray (1667) – “species” organism that reproduce with their own kindthat reproduce with their own kind

b)b) Francesco Redi (1668) – disproved Francesco Redi (1668) – disproved spontaneous generation (flies and spontaneous generation (flies and maggots) maggots)

The Redi experimentThe Redi experiment

Replica of a Leeuwenhoek microscopeReplica of a Leeuwenhoek microscope

The following photomicrographs were taken through a Leeuwenhoek microscope.

a)a) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) - Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) - microscopemicroscope

b)b) Robert Brown - nucleus is part of the cellRobert Brown - nucleus is part of the cell

c)c) Schleiden/Schwann (1838/1839) – all Schleiden/Schwann (1838/1839) – all organisms are made of cellsorganisms are made of cells

d)d) Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (1845) – Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (1845) – the cell is the basic unit of lifethe cell is the basic unit of life

e)e) Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace – Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace – species form variationsspecies form variations

f)f) Rudolph Virchow (1821 – 1902) – cells Rudolph Virchow (1821 – 1902) – cells come from cellscome from cells

g)g) Louis Pasteur (1860) – disproved Louis Pasteur (1860) – disproved spontaneous generation at the spontaneous generation at the microscopic level (life comes from life)microscopic level (life comes from life)

Pasteur’s Pasteur’s swan neck swan neck flask flask experimentexperiment

1.1. Like all sciences, biology has its own Like all sciences, biology has its own set of tools, techniques, and set of tools, techniques, and

investigative methods. What tools investigative methods. What tools helped scientists develop the cell helped scientists develop the cell

theory? (3)theory? (3)

2.2. What methods helped scientists What methods helped scientists develop the cell theory? (2)develop the cell theory? (2)

2.2. What methods helped scientists What methods helped scientists develop the cell theory? (2)develop the cell theory? (2)

1. State a question

2. Form a hypothesis (educated guess – what you think will happen)

3. Design an experiment

4. Make observations

5. Draw conclusions – answer hypothesis

4.4. The internet was originally designed to The internet was originally designed to allow scientists all over the world to allow scientists all over the world to communicate quickly and easily with communicate quickly and easily with

each other. What invention had a each other. What invention had a similar effect on scientific similar effect on scientific

communication in earlier centuries? communication in earlier centuries? (1)(1)

5.5. What can you conclude about the What can you conclude about the relationships between scientific relationships between scientific

discovery, tool inventions, and new discovery, tool inventions, and new methods? (1)methods? (1)

6.6. Cell theory states that: (4)Cell theory states that: (4)• all living organisms are made up of one all living organisms are made up of one

or more cellsor more cells• Cells are the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic unit of life• Cells come from cellsCells come from cells• Activity of entire organism depends on Activity of entire organism depends on

total activity of its independent cellstotal activity of its independent cells

Animal Cell

Plant CellPlant Cell

AssignmentAssignment

BLM 1-5, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, Investigation 1-BLM 1-5, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, Investigation 1-BB

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

Cell Size and ScaleCell Size and Scale

1.1. NucleusNucleus contains the cell’s genetic material holds instructions for making/building the

cell

2.2. Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane encloses the cells’ genetic material contains the DNA

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

3.3. DNADNA Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic Acid

4.4. ChromatinChromatin Long strands of DNALong strands of DNA

5.5. NucleolusNucleolus dark area within the nucleus manufactures ribosome parts

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

6.6. RibosomesRibosomes contribute to the manufacture of proteins

7.7. Cell MembraneCell Membrane separates the contents of the cell from its

surroundings selectively permeable membrane that allows

only certain material in and out of the cell

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

8.8. CytoplasmCytoplasm jelly-like material supports the nucleus and other organelles

9.9. Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum a folded membrane that forms a series of

canals transports materials to different parts of the

cell (like our circulatory system)

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

10.10. MitochondriaMitochondria transform energy for the cell (sugar to ATP) cellular respiration takes place here (this is

not in your text, please copy it)

11.11. Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies package useful materials then it secretes them to the outside of the

cell (like our digestive system)

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures Chart

12.12. VacuolesVacuoles fluid filled store houses for water, waste and

nutrients (like our digestive system)

13.13. LysosomesLysosomes break down food and digest wastes and

worn out cell parts (like our digestive system)

Cell Structures ChartCell Structures ChartPlants OnlyPlants Only

14.14. Cell WallCell Wall Provides structure and support for the cell

(acts like the cells’ skeleton)

15.15. ChloroplastsChloroplasts this is where photosynthesis takes place photo means “involving light” and “synthesis

means “to make”

Life Function Body System Cell Part(s)

Taking in nutrients and using energy

Digestive System Mitochondria

Eliminate wastes Excretory System Vacuole and lysosome

Control center Nervous System Nucleus

Building and repairing body parts, transporting nutrients

Circulation and Digestion systems

ER, ribosomes and golgi bodies

Contains genetic information

Reproductive system Nucleus

BLM 1-5BLM 1-5

1.2 Understanding the Cell Cycle1.2 Understanding the Cell Cycle

Cells grow and then divide to make new Cells grow and then divide to make new cells.cells.

New cells are used to replace dead ones New cells are used to replace dead ones OR for growth of the organism.OR for growth of the organism. YOU started out as 1 cell!YOU started out as 1 cell! Before a cell can divide into 2 cells it must Before a cell can divide into 2 cells it must

produce almost twice as many organelles produce almost twice as many organelles (replication).(replication).

A cell’s stages of life are called phases.A cell’s stages of life are called phases.

1. 1. InterphaseInterphase Most of cell’s lifeMost of cell’s life DNA in thin strands called Chromatin DNA in thin strands called Chromatin

replicate.replicate. Chromatin coils up to form double Chromatin coils up to form double

stranded Chromosomes.stranded Chromosomes. A Centromere connects the original A Centromere connects the original

chromatin with its identical replicate.chromatin with its identical replicate. The cell has a complete extra copy of The cell has a complete extra copy of

DNA.DNA.

A ChromosomeA Chromosome

2. 2. ProphaseProphase Duplicate DNA is easily seen under Duplicate DNA is easily seen under

microscope.microscope. Nucleolus and Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus and Nuclear Membrane

disappear.disappear. Centrioles move to opposite sides of Centrioles move to opposite sides of

the cell.the cell. (Fishing boats) (Fishing boats) Spindle fibres (like a scaffold) grow out Spindle fibres (like a scaffold) grow out

of each centriole and attach to of each centriole and attach to centromere. (Fishing line)centromere. (Fishing line)

3. 3. MetaphaseMetaphase Spindle fibres pull on centromeres Spindle fibres pull on centromeres Chromosomes move to line up in the Chromosomes move to line up in the

middle.middle.

4. 4. Anaphase Anaphase Spindle fibres shorten and pull Spindle fibres shorten and pull

centromere apart.centromere apart. One copy of DNA goes to each side.One copy of DNA goes to each side.

5. 5. TelophaseTelophase

A complete set of chromosomes A complete set of chromosomes arrives at each centriole.arrives at each centriole.

Spindle fibres disappear.Spindle fibres disappear. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus Nuclear membrane and nucleolus

reform.reform. Chromosomes uncoil into thin Chromosomes uncoil into thin

chromatin.chromatin.

5. Telophase (cont’d)5. Telophase (cont’d)

Cell membrane pinches together in the Cell membrane pinches together in the middle (cytokinesis)middle (cytokinesis)

Two cells form (animal cells).Two cells form (animal cells). A A cell platecell plate grows across the middle of grows across the middle of

the cell forming a new cell wall the cell forming a new cell wall between the two cells. (plants)between the two cells. (plants)

Parent CellParent Cell Daughter CellsDaughter Cells

Phase 1: Phase 1: ProphaseProphase

Phase 2: Phase 2: MetaphaseMetaphase

Phase 3: Phase 3: AnaphaseAnaphase

Phase 4: Phase 4: TelophaseTelophase

Mitosis Animation ClipsMitosis Animation Clips http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/

divide.html#divide.html# http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html organelles and mitosisorganelles and mitosis In depth mitosisIn depth mitosis http://www.dnatube.com/video/2380/http://www.dnatube.com/video/2380/

Interpretive-MitosisInterpretive-Mitosis

AssignmentAssignment BLM’s 1-14, 1-15, 1-16 & 1-17BLM’s 1-14, 1-15, 1-16 & 1-17 Mitosis CrosswordMitosis Crossword & & Mitosis ChartMitosis Chart Mitosis QuizMitosis Quiz

1.3 1.3 The Cell Cycle in YOUR BodyThe Cell Cycle in YOUR Body

Some common chromosome counts:Some common chromosome counts:

DogsDogs 7878

TomatoesTomatoes 2424

HumansHumans 4646

Black Molly (fish)Black Molly (fish) 4646

Cell need to divide for the following Cell need to divide for the following reasons:reasons:

1.1. Normal Cell ReplacementNormal Cell Replacementa)a) Cells die of old age and need to be Cells die of old age and need to be

replaced. replaced. See pg 25See pg 25 for cell life spans. for cell life spans.• About 3 billion cells die in your body every About 3 billion cells die in your body every

minute.minute.

b)b) Cells die due to damage or when they Cells die due to damage or when they don’t get enough food or oxygen.don’t get enough food or oxygen.

c)c) Regeneration - Healing of damaged Regeneration - Healing of damaged tissue or the replacement of body parts is tissue or the replacement of body parts is called regeneration. (NOTE: see note called regeneration. (NOTE: see note under Figure 1.17 – pg 26)under Figure 1.17 – pg 26)

2.2. GrowthGrowth

a)a) As organisms As organisms grow larger, their cells grow larger, their cells stay the same size stay the same size

b)b) They They just get more of them.just get more of them.

Aging

1.1. Aging is connected to the slowing of the Aging is connected to the slowing of the cell cycle. cell cycle.

2.2. The cells do not divide as often or as The cells do not divide as often or as quickly.quickly.

CancerCancer

1. Caused when the DNA of a cell becomes 1. Caused when the DNA of a cell becomes damaged by:damaged by:a)a) TobaccoTobaccob)b) AsbestosAsbestosc)c) Certain chemicalsCertain chemicalsd)d) some virusessome virusese)e) RadioactivityRadioactivityf)f) UV radiationUV radiation

2.2. The damage injures but does not kill the cell.The damage injures but does not kill the cell.

3.3. The cell no longer functions properly and the The cell no longer functions properly and the DNA no longer has correct information about DNA no longer has correct information about when and how quickly to divide.when and how quickly to divide.

4.4. The result: Useless cells divide often and The result: Useless cells divide often and quickly forming a lump.quickly forming a lump.

5.5. If the cancer cells can easily be transported the If the cancer cells can easily be transported the cancer can spread all over.cancer can spread all over.

6.6. The lump crowds out good cells and use up a The lump crowds out good cells and use up a lot of food and oxygen.lot of food and oxygen.

• Worksheet & Cancer ResearchWorksheet & Cancer Research

1.1. Explain a process in the human body Explain a process in the human body in which there is evidence of the cell in which there is evidence of the cell

cycle at work. (1)cycle at work. (1) Growth and developmentGrowth and development

2.2. Give two reasons why cells die. (2)Give two reasons why cells die. (2)

DamagedDamaged Programmed to live a certain amount of Programmed to live a certain amount of

time – no longer neededtime – no longer needed Lack of food or oxygenLack of food or oxygen Failed mitosisFailed mitosis

3.3. How do scientists currently explain How do scientists currently explain the aging process? (2)the aging process? (2)

The cell cycle is slowing downThe cell cycle is slowing down

4.4. Describe what happens when cells Describe what happens when cells

divide uncontrollably. (2)divide uncontrollably. (2) Cancer – these cells are like weeds in a Cancer – these cells are like weeds in a

garden, choking out the healthy garden, choking out the healthy plants/cells.plants/cells.

5.5. Using your knowledge about Using your knowledge about cancer and cell division, explain cancer and cell division, explain how you think sunscreen can help how you think sunscreen can help reduce the risk of skin cancer. (2)reduce the risk of skin cancer. (2)

It blocks the UV rays and prevents them It blocks the UV rays and prevents them

from damaging the genetic materialfrom damaging the genetic material

6.6. Some cells live for years, while Some cells live for years, while others live for only a few days. others live for only a few days. Why do you think some cells Why do you think some cells might be replaced faster than might be replaced faster than

others? (2)others? (2) Some cells are damaged more quickly Some cells are damaged more quickly

by their environments (stomach acid).by their environments (stomach acid).

7.7. The muscle cells of the heart were once The muscle cells of the heart were once thought to stop dividing when a person thought to stop dividing when a person reached the age of nine. Thus, heart attacks, reached the age of nine. Thus, heart attacks, which kill heart cells, were believed to cause which kill heart cells, were believed to cause permanent damage to the heart muscle. New permanent damage to the heart muscle. New research has discovered that mitosis does research has discovered that mitosis does occur in the heart later in life.occur in the heart later in life. What do you What do you think this new discovery means for people think this new discovery means for people who have heart attacks? (2)who have heart attacks? (2)

Your body is capable of regenerating Your body is capable of regenerating heart cells – this gives heart attack heart cells – this gives heart attack survivors hope for recoverysurvivors hope for recovery

1. What are four primary habits that everyone should adopt to lower their overall cancer risk?

Eat Healthy Be Active Get Screened Don’t smoke

Eat Healthy

1/3 of cancer deaths are linked to diet Reduce dietary fat, especially animal fat Start small – add a few servings of fruits or

veggies/day Limit alcohol consumption (men-2,

women-1) Eat less red meat & cut out processed

meats

Be Active

Make physical activity part of daily routine Make it part of your social life Schedule activity for your “energy’ times Stay motivated – checklist or friend Learn new skills – club, group etc.

1.1. What happens to our cells to What happens to our cells to bring about cancer? (2)bring about cancer? (2)

Cancer is a disease that starts in our cells. Cancer is a disease that starts in our cells. Our bodies are made up of millions of Our bodies are made up of millions of cells, grouped together to form organs or cells, grouped together to form organs or tissues such as the lungs, the liver, tissues such as the lungs, the liver, muscles and bones. muscles and bones.

Genes inside each cell order it to grow, Genes inside each cell order it to grow, work, reproduce and die.work, reproduce and die.

2.2. What is a tumor/lump made What is a tumor/lump made up of? (2)up of? (2)

Normally these orders are clear, our cells Normally these orders are clear, our cells obey and we remain healthy. Sometimes a obey and we remain healthy. Sometimes a cell’s instructions get mixed up and cell’s instructions get mixed up and it behaves abnormally. After a while it behaves abnormally. After a while groups of abnormal cells form lumps or groups of abnormal cells form lumps or tumours.tumours.

3.3. What is the difference What is the difference between a benign and between a benign and malignant tumour? (2)malignant tumour? (2)

Tumours can be either benign (non-Tumours can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign tumour cells stay in one place in Benign tumour cells stay in one place in the body and are not usually life-the body and are not usually life-threatening.threatening.

Malignant tumour cells are able to Malignant tumour cells are able to invade the tissues around them and invade the tissues around them and spread to other parts of the body.spread to other parts of the body.

Cancerous cells that spread to other Cancerous cells that spread to other parts of the body are called metastases.parts of the body are called metastases.

The first sign that a malignant tumour The first sign that a malignant tumour has spread is often swelling of nearby has spread is often swelling of nearby lymph nodes, but cancer can lymph nodes, but cancer can metastasize to almost any part of the metastasize to almost any part of the body. body. 

Malignant tumours can be dangerous.Malignant tumours can be dangerous.

It is important to find them and treat It is important to find them and treat them quickly, before they spread.them quickly, before they spread.

4.4. How are cancers named? (2)How are cancers named? (2)

Cancers are named after the part of the Cancers are named after the part of the body where they start. body where they start.  For example, cancer that starts in the colon For example, cancer that starts in the colon

but spreads to the liver is called colon cancer but spreads to the liver is called colon cancer with liver metastases.with liver metastases.

1.4 Asexual Reproduction1.4 Asexual Reproduction- Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, and - Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, and

Some Animals Some Animals (text p 29-35)(text p 29-35)

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction – the formation of – the formation of a new individual that has a new individual that has identicalidentical genetic genetic information to its parent.information to its parent.

Reproduction

Asexual Sexual

Binary Fission Budding

Spore Formation Fragmentation

VegetativeReproduction

Conjugation Separate Sexes

Hermaphroditic

BacteriaBacteria – see p 29-30 – see p 29-301.1. Have no nuclear Have no nuclear

membrane membrane (prokaryotic)(prokaryotic)

2.2. Have only one Have only one chromosomechromosome

3.3. Reproduction Reproduction asexually by the asexually by the process of process of binary binary fissionfission..

http://www.microscopesblog.com/2010_09_01_archive.html

http://www.frankswebspace.org.uk/ScienceAndMaths/biology/pathogensBacteria.htm

Binary FissionBinary Fission4.4. Steps (see p 30)Steps (see p 30)a)a) cell wall rupturescell wall ruptures

b)b) single chromosome single chromosome gets copiedgets copied

c)c) cell grows longer cell grows longer and a chromosome and a chromosome moves to each end.moves to each end.

d)d) cell membrane cell membrane pinches off.pinches off.

e)e) cell wall grows to cell wall grows to surround both cells.surround both cells.

http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/pathology/bacteria.html

ProtistsProtists

1.1. Ex) paramecium, Ex) paramecium, amoeba, euglena, amoeba, euglena, vorticellavorticella

2.2. unicellular organisms unicellular organisms with a true nucleus with a true nucleus (eukaryotic).(eukaryotic).

3.3. mitosis takes place mitosis takes place creating two identical creating two identical cells.cells.

http://www.psmicrographs.co.uk/paramecium-sp--protozoa/science-image/80016644

FungiFungi

1.1. Ex) Moulds, yeast, Ex) Moulds, yeast, and mushroomsand mushrooms

2.2. filaments called hyphae filaments called hyphae grow over the surface of grow over the surface of food.food.

http://leavingbio.net/FUNGUS/Fungi2.htm http://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/fungi.html

http://www.phyterra.com/technology/about_yeast.html

http://www.digital-photography-school.com/how-to-photograph-mushrooms-toadstools-and-fungi

3. Have 3 methods of asexual 3. Have 3 methods of asexual reproduction reproductiona) Fragmentationa) Fragmentation

– – a small piece of a small piece of hyphae breaks away hyphae breaks away and grows into a new and grows into a new individual. It is individual. It is identical to its parent. identical to its parent. (fungi – p 32)(fungi – p 32)

Athletes Foot Fungi

http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm

b) Buddingb) Budding

- - a copy of the a copy of the nucleus is made. - nucleus is made. - The nuclei press The nuclei press against the cell against the cell membrane, forming a membrane, forming a bud which grows and bud which grows and breaks off. (hydra & breaks off. (hydra & yeast)yeast)

•http://coralreefmultimedia.org/reef/http://coralreefmultimedia.org/reef/shorts.pop?topic=Reproduction#shorts.pop?topic=Reproduction#

http://rushartsbiology.wikispaces.com/Visuals+-+Unit+5

c) Sporesc) Spores–– special cells called spores are stored in special cells called spores are stored in a case called a sporangium. The spores a case called a sporangium. The spores are released when ready and go through are released when ready and go through mitotic cell division if they land in suitable mitotic cell division if they land in suitable conditions. (bread mold – p 33)conditions. (bread mold – p 33)

http://leavingbio.net/FUNGUS/Fungi2.htm

AnimalsAnimals

1.1. IInvertebrates (without backbone) make nvertebrates (without backbone) make up 97% of animal speciesup 97% of animal species

2.2. Ex) Planaria (Flatworms) – divide in two Ex) Planaria (Flatworms) – divide in two and replace the parts that are missing.and replace the parts that are missing.

3.3. Ex) Sponges and hydras – reproduce by Ex) Sponges and hydras – reproduce by budding. see pg 35.budding. see pg 35.

• READ p 29-34 and do questions 1 – 6 on READ p 29-34 and do questions 1 – 6 on p 19 in notes pack.p 19 in notes pack.

1.5 Asexual Reproduction in 1.5 Asexual Reproduction in PlantsPlants

1.1. Plants have an amazing ability to repair Plants have an amazing ability to repair themselves using mitosis. themselves using mitosis.

2.2. They are often even able to regrow from They are often even able to regrow from a stump.a stump.

3.3. Recall: asexual means DNA is exactly Recall: asexual means DNA is exactly the same as its parent.the same as its parent.

MeristemMeristem1.1. Animals stop growing at an adult sizeAnimals stop growing at an adult size2.2. Plants grow until they die.Plants grow until they die.3.3. Meristem – unspecialized cells in the Meristem – unspecialized cells in the

stem and root tips which undergo stem and root tips which undergo mitosis very often.mitosis very often.

4.4. Meristem cells divide and promote Meristem cells divide and promote growth at the stem and root tips.growth at the stem and root tips.

Meristem (cont’d)Meristem (cont’d)

5.5. At some point some meristem cells At some point some meristem cells specialize to do only a small range of specialize to do only a small range of functions. These cells no longer functions. These cells no longer divide.divide.

6.6. Meristem are active at stems and root Meristem are active at stems and root tips, but can become active in other tips, but can become active in other parts of the plant IF repairs to the plant parts of the plant IF repairs to the plant are needed.are needed.

Methods of Methods of Plant Asexual ReproductionPlant Asexual Reproduction

CloningCloning The process of making identical offspring The process of making identical offspring

to the parent using a single cell or a small to the parent using a single cell or a small amount of tissue from the parent.amount of tissue from the parent.

Humans use “cuttings” or pieces of a Humans use “cuttings” or pieces of a plant stem to place into soil and produce plant stem to place into soil and produce many offspring identical to the parent.many offspring identical to the parent.

1. New Plants from Roots 1. New Plants from Roots

These plants can grow from just root These plants can grow from just root cuttings – pg 38 cuttings – pg 38

Growers can sell just the roots.Growers can sell just the roots. Eg. Dandelions, asparagus Eg. Dandelions, asparagus

2. New Plants from Stems2. New Plants from Stems

These plants grow from just the tips of These plants grow from just the tips of the runners – p 39 & BLM 1-29the runners – p 39 & BLM 1-29

E.g. strawberries (runners)E.g. strawberries (runners) Layering – A branch of the parent plant is Layering – A branch of the parent plant is

bent and covered with soil – BLM 1-30bent and covered with soil – BLM 1-30

3. Grafting3. Grafting

One part of a plant is cut and connected One part of a plant is cut and connected to a similar plant.to a similar plant.

The result is a plant that is part one type The result is a plant that is part one type and part another.and part another.

This method is used for apples, grapes This method is used for apples, grapes and roses.and roses.

4. Tissue Cultures4. Tissue Cultures take a few unspecialized cells from a take a few unspecialized cells from a

plantplant place the cells in a special growing place the cells in a special growing

solution perfect for growth.solution perfect for growth. the laboratory produces many identical the laboratory produces many identical

plants (1 from each sample)plants (1 from each sample)Text p 40Text p 40

4. Tissue Cultures (cont’d)4. Tissue Cultures (cont’d) useful for Chrysanthemums, orchids useful for Chrysanthemums, orchids

and pine trees.and pine trees. (Note – specialized cells have been (Note – specialized cells have been

altered to be able to carry out a few altered to be able to carry out a few specialties very well but cannot carry specialties very well but cannot carry out other functions.)out other functions.)

See BLM 1-26, 28, 29,30, 31 and See BLM 1-26, 28, 29,30, 31 and Do BLM 1-32Do BLM 1-32 & 1-33& 1-33

GraftingGrafting

YouTube - Grafting Apple Trees