unit 5 research project worthing college sports science noah peskett 2015

Unit 5 Research Project

Worthing College Sports ScienceNoah Peskett

2015

How does smoking affect the aerobic performance of performance level college aged

males?

P2: Carry out / P4: Produce

Abstract

AIM: To assess the effects of smoking on the aerobic performance of performance level college aged males? METHODS: 4 smokers and 16 non smokers aged between 17 and 18 years playing for Worthing Minors football team co-operated voluntarily in the study. Aerobic capacity was determined by Cooper's running test. RESULTS: The values of VO2max achieved by the smokers were significantly less than those achieved by the non-smokers. The subjects who were heavily dependent on nicotine had lower VO2max values than those less dependent. CONCLUSION: The inhalation of tobacco leads to an alteration in aerobic capacity.


Contents: GeneralPage 3 - Acknowledgements – IntroductionPage 5 – Literature ReviewPage 6 – Project HypothesisPage 7 – Method Page 8 – Data CollectionPage 9 – Data AnalysisPage 10- ResultsPage 11 – DiscussionPage 12 – ConclusionPage 13 – Review Part 1Page 14 – Review Part 2Page 15 – Review Part 3Page 16 – 20 – Future Recommendations


Contents: Appendices

Page 22 – Appendix 1Page 23 – Appendix 2Page 24 – Appendix 3Page 25 – Appendix 4


Contents: Figures and Tables

Page 30 – Figures and Tables 1 Page 31 - Figures and Tables 2Page 32 - Figures and Tables 3Page 33 - Figures and Tables 4Page 34 - Figures and Tables 5Page 35 – Figures and Tables 6


Acknowledgements

I would like to say thank you to, Steve Ripper manager of Worthing Minors under 18’s squad for letting me use part of his training session with the squad to complete the cooper run test with the players. I would like to thank the helpers who gave me a hand with recording the results of the run, and warming up the players before they started the cooper run. Also a big thank you to all the players that took part in the test as without them I wouldn't be able to do the research project in the first place.


IntroductionHow does smoking affect the aerobic performance of performance level college aged males?I chose this aim as I was really interested in actually finding out whether smoking has an affect on players aerobic capacity in football. Also wanted to show players that they would be better at the sport they play if they quit smoking or at least cut down. As they would be able to play at a higher intensity for longer throughout the game. Another reason is that I want to try and stop people from smoking in the first place as it is really bad for your general health not just your aerobic capacity. I want to reduce the number of young people smoking in sport by showing them results in black and white (not just something they have heard about with no evidence).What was the project timescale? My project timescale was 6 weeks. As in this time I needed to find participants to complete the cooper run test on. Complete smoking and PARQ questionnaires. Then the process of analysing the data had to be done, by working out the results of 20 different players V02Max’s from their cooper run test results. Putting them into graphs and taking the information from the smoking questionnaires to see if there is a correlation between poor V02MAX results and smoking.


Literature Review and References

https://worthingsportscience.wordpress.com/2015/03/03/unit-5-literacy-review-noah-peskett/




Project Hypothesis

The hypothesis for my project is, smoking will decrease the V02 Max score of a college aged performance level football player.Secondly: The amount of cigarettes smoked by the player will affect the amount of distance they can cover in the cooper run test.


MethodBefore the Cooper run could be started I had to give out PARQ questionnaire's to the participants to complete before running. See appendix 2 for the completed PARQ sheets. The cooper run test will be completed by 20 performance level college aged footballers. Myself and the three different helpers had a group of 5 each. We were going to spread the 4 groups over the length of the pitch starting at bottom of the pitch next to the goal on the line. So they all had space to run and so each helper and myself could keep track of how far each player had run. The pitch at the Glen Owen centre where we were doing the run is 100 metres long so the players are going to run up and down the pitch for 12 minutes to get their results. Then are cones laid out on the touch line for every 25 metres of the pitch so at the end the helpers can calculate the exact amount of metres they have run. Before the players start the cooper run each helper is going to do a warm up with the players so that they are all ready to take part in the run. The warm up will be for 5 minutes and then they will do the run for 12 minutes. So the whole thing only took up about 20 minutes of a training session as I had to collect the results off all the helpers at the end. To view a diagram of my method see appendix 1. After the Cooper run had been done I gave each of the players a smoking questionnaire for them to complete as I needed to find out who smoked out of the group of players and how much they smoked. See appendix 3 for the smoking questionnaire of the players who smoke.

P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques

Data CollectionI am collecting my quantitative data in the main test which is the cooper run by writing down the scores the participants in the run get, then put it into a table which will have the names of the 20 different participants on, and then the next column will have the score they get. The score will be the amount of distance they cover after 12 minutes of constant running. So someone may score 2500m in the 12 minutes for example. The qualitative data I collect will be on the questionnaire I give all the players asking them if they have any smoking habits and if so how much they smoke. Also the PARQ I give each participant will also be qualitative research as its asking about medical conditions and health and safety precautions. See appendix 2 for Parq questionnaire's. This would all be primary data I am collecting, as I am testing the participants myself with the assistants of a few helpers so therefore I am not using anyone else's results. See appendix


Data AnalysisThe data I collected from the 12 minute cooper run shows a significant difference between the amount of distance covered over 12 minutes and whether a player smokes or not. The four smokers in the 20 man sample where the ones who covered the least distance, and using the normative data provided on the Brian Mac website I could see that all four smokers fell into the Poor section of the table. See Figures and Graphs 5 for normative data table. Once I got the distance covered I used the Brian Mac website V02 max calculator to convert the metres run into a V02 Max score. See appendix 4 for a link to the Brian Mac V02 Max calculator. Once I had these scores I wanted to find out the average V02 max scores for the smokers and non smokers. For this I put the data into Excel and worked out the Mean, max, min, range ,mode and median for the 16 non smokers and the 4 smokers. See figures and tables 3 for the average V02 Max score Excel sheet. This gave me a clear idea of the overall score for a smoker and non smoker. I again used Excel to put the data into Spearman Rank Order so I could try and find a correlation between the two variables distance ran and the amount of cigarettes smoked. See figures and tables 4 for the Spearman Rank Order Excel sheet.I chose to analyse V02 max as it gives the most accurate idea of how good someone's aerobic capacity is, as this is the variable that would be affected by the smoking. I chose the Spearman Rank Correlation as this was an easy was to present my data to show how well the two variables correlated , unfortunately my data came out as very weak, but this is because my sample size was very small and didn’t have enough smokers in my sample. Although it did tell me other things like differences between the different ranks. I also found out other averages like mean, median and mode to get averages for the smokers and non smokers so that I could get an overall score as this then makes it easier to see that the smokers had a worse V02 max than the non smokers.


ResultsThe results I found from the cooper run test I made the 20 participants do shows that smoking might affect V02 max scores as the 4 smokers scored the worse in the 12 minute cooper run. Although there were less smokers in the sample than non smokers and I didn't take into account that the smokers may not train as much as some of the non smoking players. Although the difference in V02 max scores was very dramatic between the non smokers and smokers. Using the Excel sheet on figures and tables 3, you can see that there is a 9.19 difference in the mean average V02 max scores which for V02 Max is a very significant amount. See figures and tables 6 for Male V02 max score rating table. Using that table you can see that 9.19 is the difference between having a poor and excellent V02 max rating.Using the results for trying to find a correlation in distance ran in the cooper run and of cigarettes smoked is very hard as the sample size I had wasn't very big and I didn't really have enough smokers to find any kind of correlation as the spearman rank order says that there is a very weak correlation between my two variables. See tables and figures 4 for the Spearman rank order Excel sheet.


Discussion

I found in my results that the smokers had performed the worse in the cooper run test and in turn had the worst V02 max scores. My findings were what I was expecting as in my previous research every test ended up with the smokers doing the worst. See page 5 for link to my previous research. The only trend I found in my data was that the smokers all had the lowest V02 Max scores and all the smokers had a V02 max score below 40.0 and all the non smokers had a V02 max of over 40.0. I didn’t get any results I wasn’t expecting but I think that it is because my sample size wasn’t very big.


Conclusion How does smoking affect the aerobic performance of performance level college aged males?The key trends for my literacy review would be that the smokers always have a disadvantage when it comes to any cardio based exercise, as they always seem to have worse scores in any tests given. This could be down to a few factors, firstly I believe that smoking will affect the way in which you are able to perform at a high intensity for a prolong period of time. Secondly a reason for why someone might smoke in the first place is stress , stress could cause the smoker to not train as much meaning they aren't going to be able to perform as well as someone who trains more than them. My first hypothesis is supported by my results as the V02 max scores of the smokers are drastically lower than the scores of the non smokers so you can clearly see a difference in what smoking does to the V02 max of a college aged football smoker.My second hypothesis was a hard one for me to get results that support it as my sample size of smokers isn't big enough to find a correlation that will give me a clear indication that the amount of cigarettes smoked will affect the amount of distance covered by the smoker in the cooper run test.


Review (1/3)The first project conclusion met my aim really well and demonstrated that smoking will affect a footballers aerobic capacity, as my results from my cooper run showed that the smokers had the lowest V02 max scores of all the players in a college aged football team. See tables and figures page 3 for these results. Secondly my other conclusion didn’t really meet the aim as I couldn’t state from my results that a certain amount of cigarettes smoked a day would mean that a player performs 'X’ amount worse than someone who smokes non. Although what I did find out from my results was that the more cigarettes you smoke the worse your performance in a Cooper run test becomes. See figures and tables 4 for the evidence that the player who smokes the most cigarettes a day (Alex Gowling who smokes 20) ran the least amount of metres in the Cooper run test.

P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Review (2/3)The positives from my research project would be the way in which I conducted the test, managing a group of 23 people to get my Cooper run test done as quickly and efficiently without using up too much of my clubs training session. I was good at giving the players information on exactly how to do the test, and gave the helpers clear instructions on how to warm the players up and count the distance of how far each player has run. It only took us about 20/25 minutes to complete the test and gather all the information I needed which I would see a very efficient. Also the way in which I managed to gather all the questionnaire's I gave out, both the smoking questionnaire and the PARQ completed by each player was good. The way I planned the test was well thought out and planned as I managed to get all the players to run the Cooper run test at the same time and all the helpers to gather the information. See appendix 1 for the plan I made for the Cooper run test.


Review (3/3)There is many areas I could improve in my research project, the first major thing I would do is increase the size of my sample so that there is an equal amount of smokers and non smokers as then I would be able to find a better correlation between how many cigarettes smoked and metres run in the Cooper run test. Also the affect of smoking on V02 max scores would be more accurate with an equal sample size. Secondly I would make the participants do the Cooper run on a running track as my Cooper run wasn’t exactly the same as the one on the Brian Mac website so my results wont be completely accurate. This is also because the VO2 max calculator was based on the Cooper run being run in a circle on a running track not back and fourth on a football pitch. The reason I done the test on a football pitch is because I didn’t have the provision easily accessible so I thought I would improvise and get results that weren't as reliable but that is better than none.


Future Recommendations (1/4)My first proposal for my future research would be find an even number of smokers and non-smokers and have at least 10 of each so that I can make more accurate conclusions on the findings I get. I think that 10 of each is very realistic for me as I don’t have the capacity to be able to do tests on more than 20 people and using the facilities I have I wouldn’t be able to do a large scale test. The recommendation will improve my study as the results I get by having a larger scale will show a accurate difference between smoking and aerobic capacity. People benefiting from this recommendation would be people wanting to use the data from my test, and smokers who play football and this will hopefully want to make them quit. I would like to be to do this on a bigger scale to see if the results I find would be the same with a bigger population so for all under 18 teams in the West Sussex for example. As this would give me a lot harder evidence to say that smoking does affect the aerobic capacity of a college aged footballer. I think that this would be slightly unrealistic for me to achieve on my own but if other people where interested in this, I could team up with them and do the Cooper Run test on a much bigger scale to get extremely accurate results for an area like West Sussex or even the whole of Sussex. It would benefit smokers if we did this test on a larger scale as we could get the results and tell smokers using the evidence that they are not going to perform as well if they smoke and play football.

P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify

Future Recommendations (2/4)My second proposal for future research would be to do the Cooper run test on a 400m running track as then they wouldn't have to turn back on themselves every 100m like they had too in mine. This saves the person doing the test from losing unnecessary energy having to turn. Also the V02 max calculator was based on them running on a 400m circular running track so for those two reasons it means my data would be much more accurate if they were adjusted next time. The recommendation would improve my study as there the results I get will be a lot more accurate and fair. This recommendation would benefit people who smoke as if the test results are accurate they will see that smoking affects your aerobic capacity and it will make you perform a lot worse than if you weren't to smoke. Linking to my literature review, Tchissambou, et al. (2004) done a similar test to mine using the Cooper run test and they done it round a 400m running track and with a sample of 126 smokers, therefore they got much more reliable data which is why I would change this also in my own test. The data they found in there test where that the values of VO2max achieved by the smokers were significantly less than those achieved by the non-smokers. Which was exactly what I found in my test.


Future Recommendations (3/4)My third recommendation would be to do other tests for V02 max other than just the Cooper run test as the person as taking part in the test may not be motivated to run in a circle for 12 minutes. So I would do 3 other tests which I have selected from the Brianmac website and then take each participants highest score on each test as their overall V02 max score. The 3 other tests I would use are the VO2 max step text, the 2000m Row test and the treadmill V02 max test. As the results of the tests would be maximal you would take the best V02 max score as this is the most accurate way to get their V02 max score. I wouldn’t change the measure of V02 max as it is the best measure for smoking as it is proven to be affected by smoking.So therefore the other tests make it fairer for people who get bored just running in a circle and didn’t really compete in the test to their best.

Future Recommendations (4/4)The final recommendation I would like to make is that I would have liked to go into more detail about how much players smoke and if this has more of an affect on their aerobic performance. I from the 4 smokers I had doing my test it did show that the more the player smoked the worse their V02 Max was, therefore I would say that a future recommendation would be to get a bigger sample of smoker so 10 for example and get them all to do the Cooper run test and see if the amount they smoke affects their V02 max score. As I done it with only 4 people and that isn’t very fair or accurate. This recommendation would improve my study as it I would be able to tell the players if they cut down to just 5 a day from 20 a day for example they would increase their V02 max scores by ‘x’ amount. This would benefit the players as they wouldn't be more inclined to cut down on their smoking habits which will have a roll on affect on the NHS who will have less strain of people getting smoking related diseases.


Research Project Appendices

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

https://mail.aol.com/webmail/getPart?uid=25481&partId=2&saveAs=IMG_4609.jpeg

Appendix 3

https://mail.aol.com/webmail/getPart?uid=25503&partId=2&saveAs=IMG_2055.JPG




Appendix 4

http://www.brianmac.co.uk/gentest.htm

http://www.brianmac.co.uk/gentest.htm

Research Project Figures and Tables

Figures and Tables 1

Player Name Distance Ran in MetresGeorge Peskett 2525Aidan Gravett 2150Ben Sheppard 2825Kyle Ashworth 2700Zac Ripper 2350Alex Hollis 2100Martin Felton 2325Miles Bennett 2450Daniel Fadaju 2800Joe Hazeldine 2500Alex Growling 2025Ryan Durrant 2400James Curtis 2750Brandon Osborne 2525Oliver Hartfield 2450Adam Lelliot 2675Ryan Constable 2750Harry Finch 2250Josh Amos 2450Tom Armstrong 2550

Cooper Run Test Results


Player Name V02 Max ScoreGeorge Peskett 45.16Aidan Gravett 36.78Ben Sheppard 51.87Kyle Ashworth 49.07Zac Ripper 41.25Alex Hollis 35.66Martin Felton 40.69Miles Bennett 43.49Daniel Fadoju 51.31Joe Hazeldine 44.60Alex Gowling 33.98Ryan Durrant 42.37James Curtis 50.19Brandon Osborne 45.16Oliver Hartfield 43.49

Adam Lelliot 48.52Ryan Constable 48.52Harry Finch 39.01Josh Amos 43.49Tom Armstrong 45.72

VO2 Max Scores

Figures and Tables 3Average V02 Max Results for Smokers and non Smokers

Figures and Tables 4Spearman Rank Order for all participants


Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor

13-14 >2700m 2400-2700m 2200-2399m 2100-2199m <2100m

15-16 >2800m 2500-2800m 2300-2499m 2200-2299m <2200m

17-19 >3000m 2700-3000m 2500-2699m 2300-2499m <2300m

20-29 >2800m 2400-2800m 2200-2399m 1600-2199m <1600m

30-39 >2700m 2300-2700m 1900-2299m 1500-1999m <1500m

40-49 >2500m 2100-2500m 1700-2099m 1400-1699m <1400m

>50 >2400m 2000-2400m 1600-1999m 1300-1599m <1300m

Normative Data for Cooper run: Males

Figures and Tables 6Male V02 Max score rating table

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior

13-19 <25 25 - 30 31 - 34 35 - 38 39 - 41 >41

20-29 <24 24 - 28 29 - 32 33 - 36 37 - 41 >41

30-39 <23 23 - 27 28 - 31 32 - 36 37 - 40 >40

40-49 <21 21 - 24 25 - 28 29 - 32 33 - 36 >36

50-59 <20 20 - 22 23 - 26 27 - 31 32 - 35 >35

60+ <17 17 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 31 >31

unit 5 research project worthing college sports science noah peskett 2015

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