unit 6: primary sector
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 6: THE
PRIMARY
SECTOR
Definition
The Primary Sector consists of economic
activities tha obtain resources from
nature.
Agricultural space
People modify natural areas in order to
use them for crop agriculture, livestock
farming or forestry.
As a result of this transformation we have
an agricultural space.
Agricultural space
Factors
Phisical factors
Climate
Relief
Soil
Vegetation
Human factors
Population growth
Economic and technologicaldonditions
Land ownership
Farm size
Agricultural policy
Customs
PHISICAL FACTORS
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
Plants need to grow:
minimum temperatures: 10ºC-45ºC
Rainfall (900-1200 mm annually)
PHISICAL FACTORS
ADVERSE PHENOMENA
PHISICAL FACTORS
RELIEF
Sunny and
shady sides of
mountains.
Sunny south-
facing sides are
more appropiate
for crops.
Shady north-
facing sides
PHISICAL FACTORS
RELIEF
Exposure to the wind: strong winds can
damage crops.
PHISICAL FACTORS RELIEF
Incline of slopes: flat surfaces facilitate
agricultural work and verysteep slopes make it more difficult.
Gradients of terrain above10ºC make it impossible tocultivate the land.
Where it´s necessary, hardwork can transformmountainsides into cultivatedterraces.
PHISICAL FACTORS
RELIEF
Altitude:
for every 1000 m of altitude, temperatures fall
by 6ºC.
For this reason, after a certain altitude,
cultivation is no longer possible.
PHISICAL FACTORS
SOIL
Thickness
Deep soil is mor
appropiate for
the cultivation of
most crops
because roots
have more space
to expand.
PHISICAL FACTORS
SOIL
Nutrients
The more appropiate nutrients the soil has, the
better it is for agriculture.
PHISICAL FACTORS
VEGETATION
Vegetation provides the soil with humus, so the
more vegetation an area has, the more fertile the
soil will be.
LISTEN TO THE KEY WORDS ON PAGE 92
DO THE FOLLOWING EXERCICES:
Page 95
3, 4, 5
VOCABULARY descenso de la
población
tierra cultivada
elección de cultivos
maquinaria
fertilizantes
pesticidas
propiedad individual
municipio
cooperativa
propietario
arrendar una tierra
aparceros
jornaleros
minifundios
latifundios
gobierno nacional
instituciones internacionales
heredar
dividirse (las parcelas)
HUMAN FACTORS POPULATION GROWTH
The extension of agricultural space
depends on it:
The more population an area has, the more
agricultural space they need to produce
more food.
HUMAN FACTORS POPULATION GROWTH
The extension of agricultural space
depends on it:
A decrease in population means that
cultivated land is abandoned because:
there are not enough people to work the land
It is not necessary to produce so much
HUMAN FACTORS ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
A country´s economy and the demand for certain
products influence
The choice of crops
The technology used
Machinery
Fertilisers*
Pesticides*The composition of agricultural space
HUMAN FACTORS LAND OWNERSHIP
Cultivated landownership
One personIndividual ownership
Several people
Municipality
Cooperative*
company
HUMAN FACTORS LAND OWNERSHIP
Cultivated land work
The owner works the landdirectly
The owner transfers theland o other farmers who
lease itleasing*
The owner transfers theland to other farmers who
work it as shrecroppersSharecropping*
The owner can alsoemploy day labourers*
HUMAN FACTORS FARM SIZE
SMALLHOLDINGS
HUMAN FACTORS FARM SIZE
LARGE ESTATES
HUMAN FACTORS AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Measures and actions taken by:
National government
International institutions
These measures affect crop agriculture and
livestock farming.
HUMAN FACTORS CUSTOMS
In some regions the land children inherit
from their parents is not divide up:
HUMAN FACTORS CUSTOMS
In other regions, children inherit a piece of
their parent´s land:
Exercises 6 and 8
VOCABULARY Espacio cultivado Espacio habitado Tierra sembrada Finca Tierra/campo Forma geométrica Forma irregular
Límites de las fincas Campos cerrados Campos abiertos Setos Vallas de madera Granjas individuales
STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
STRUCTURE
Cultivatedspace
Inhabitedspace
STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
INHABITED SPACE: Small towns
STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
INHABITED SPACE: Villages
STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
INHABITED SPACE: Individual farms
STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
CULTIVATED SPACE
SIZE
Small
Less than 1 ha
Medium
1ha – 10ha
Large
More than 10 ha
1 ha = 10,000 m2
STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
CULTIVATED SPACE: SHAPE
Regular or geometrical
Irregular
STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
CULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
BOCAGE
• Small fields are
separated by
hedges, trees, stone
or wooden fences.
STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
CULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
OPENFIELD
• Fields are open
• Fields can only be
differentiated by
the type of crops
ore the way they
are used.
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 94
VOCABULARY Sistema de riego Rendimiento
Huertas
Consumo
Materias primas
Sistemas de cultivo
Agricultura de regadío
Agricultura de secano
Aspersores
Riego por goteo Riego a manta
• Monocultivo
• Policultivo
• Agricultura
intensiva
• Inversión de
capital
• Mano de obra
• Finalidad
comercial
• Agricultura
extensiva
• disponible
FARMING SYSTEMS
Dependingon the use of
water
Irrigatedagriculture
Rain-fedagriculture
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Crops receive water from man-made
irrigation systems.
Sprinklers
Drip irrigation
Flood irrigation
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Fruit trees
Cotton
Vegetables
Rice
FARMING SYSTEMS
Dependingon the variety
of species
MonocultureMixed
cropping
MONOCULTURE The cultivation of a single species in an
agricultural area.
Cereals
Cotton
Coffee
MIXED CROPPING The cultivation of several species in an
agricultural area.
Mixed crops grown by irrigated
agriculture include:
FARMING SYSTEMS
Depending onthe utilisation
of the soil
Intensiveagriculture
Extensiveagriculture
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE High capital investment (in tools,
machinery, equipment, etc)
A lot of workers (labour)
Maximum yield for commercial purposes
Market gardens of
Valencia and Murcia
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE High capital investment (in tools,
machinery, equipment, etc)
A lot of workers (labour)
Maximum yield for commercial purposes
EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE It does not use all the technological or
human resources (workers) available toobtain the maximum yield.
Production can be for sale:
E.g. on the
wheat plains in
the USA
It explots part
of the plot,
dedicating
the rest to
regeneration of
fertility.
EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE La tradicional no cultiva todo el suelo,
dejando una parte en barbecho, para evitar
su agotamiento;
en cambio, la agricultura extensiva moderna
no cultiva todo el suelo porque no es
necesario, pues las parcelas son grandes y se
emplean tecnicas modernas, ante la escasez
de mano de obra.
Exercises 9 and 10 on page 99
VOCABULARY Agricultura de subsistencia Técnicas antiguas Baja productividad Agricultor Agricultura itinerante o de
rozas Talar y quemar
Cenizas mijo Sorgo Agricultura intensiva de
Monzón
•Agricultura comercial•Altas inversiones•Riego por goteo•Alta productividad•Agricultura avanzada•Agricultura mediterránea•plantaciones.
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Agricultural activities create different
types of agricultural landscape.
Agricultural activities
Subsistenceagriculture
Commercialagriculture
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Subsitenceagriculture
Ancient techniques
Low productivity
Most products are forfarmer´s ownconsumption
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Slash-and-burn agriculture
To prepare the land, thevegetationis cut downand burnt, and theashes are used as fertiliser.
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Slash-and-burn agriculture is used to grow
millet sorghum tapioca
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Intensive agriculture of
Monsoon Asia
Rice is
grown on
small plots.
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Commercialagriculture
Highinvestment
Advancedtechniques
Drip irrigation, greenhouses,
fertilisers…
Highproductivity
High yield
Crops are produced for commercialpurposes
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREAdvanced agriculture of Europe
Flowers
Cereals
Market garden
products
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREMediterranean agriculture
Rain-fed agriculture
Wheat
Vines
Olives
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREMediterranean agriculture
Irrigated agriculture
VegetablesFruit trees
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREExtensive New World agriculture
Large farms employ few workers and use
a lot of machinery.
They mostly
grow cereals.
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREPlantations
Plantations are owned by big multinational companies.
Cocoa
Bananas Pineapples
Tea Coffee
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Interprete the map on page 97 about
World Agriculture.
Homework:
Exercise 13, page 99
Exercise 5, page 106