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U N I T 7

PARTIAL DENTURES AND RETENTION

The large majority of all vulcanite partial plates will not require clasps. They will obtain

their retention by adhesion and by the contact of the vulcanite against the natural teeth.

This form of retention is satisfactory for this type of denture.

A few all-vulcanite plates, a large number of combined metal and vulcanite, and all

skeleton dentures will require a varying number of clasps, occlusal rests and extensions

for retention. The design of these dentures will often require modification, either by an

extension or reduction of the base to secure proper retention. A denture made for an

upper jaw with only front teeth standing will tend to drop posteriorly. An extension of

the plate in the form of a continuous clasp will prevent this and hold it in place.

A denture having retention by clasps will often require further stabiliation by the use of

occlusal rests and cleats. !cclusal rests will prevent the tendency for a plate to develop

a side to side or rolling movement common in saddle type dentures.

SURGICAL TEMPLATES

A nice woman came to the office recently, and when " entered the room, it was obvious

she was in great emotional distress.

#he told me that she had recently experienced failure of a fixed partial denture. The

$%& had connected the maxillary right first molar to the right first premolar, replacing

the missing second premolar. #he said she had been told that the first molar had been

destroyed by caries, and it was subsequently removed. $ollowing healing, she had a

consultation with a surgeon who explained her options for therapy, which included no

replacement, a removable partial denture, a larger fixed partial denture, or denture

implants.

$ollowing appropriate considerations, she decided to have implants 'to be placed in thefirst molar and second premolar sites and restored as independent units(, which agreed

with the surgeon)s suggestion. The surgeon placed the implants and sent her to her

restorative dentist after an appropriate healing time and a second surgery for

uncovering.

At their first visit, the restorative dentist fabricated provisional restorations. According

to the patient, it took most of the day and numerous attempts to provisionalie her

implants.

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The patient said she did not look at the provisionals until she got home. *hen she did

she became very concerned with the esthetics of the restorations. +er biggest concernwas that the teeth were much longer than her teeth on the opposite side. A secondary

concern was food impaction on the palatal side of the provisionals.

y initial clinical examination confirmed that the provisionals were indeed longer than

the teeth on the oposite side. This was apparent clinically because of her high lip line.

&hotographs produced by the patient clearly demonstrated that the pontics on her fixed

partial denture were the same length as the teeth on the opposite side.

The patient was referred for radiographs of the area, including tomograms. These films

clearly demonstrated that the implants had been placed at an acute angle to the crest of

the ridge, thus resulting in the longer provisional restorations as well as the difficulty infabricating the provisionals. $urther evaluation of the radiographs revealed adequate

bone in the appropriate plane to have placed the implants in a more ideal orientation. A

telephone consultation with the surgeon led to the discovery that he had used neither

tomograms nor a template and had freehanded the placement of implants.

/ollecting the needed clinical and radiographic information takes time, as does the

fabrication of a surgical template, but if these steps had been taken this woman would

not be facing removal of the successfully integrated implants and placement of others at

the correct inclinations.

/ontacts with dental laboratories reveal that the case described here is not unusual and

that most misplaced implants occur when templates are not used. #urgical templates are

not always necessary, but when used, they make the surgery simpler for the surgeon,

simpler and less expensive for the restorative dentist, and the result more predictable for

the patient.

retention 'n( 'ri 0ten1n( retencija, fiksacija

vulcanite 'n( ' 0vlknait( kau2uk

require 'v( 'ri 0kwai( tra3iti, ahtevati, iiskivati

clasp 'n( 'kla4sp( kop2a, kukicaadhesion 'n( ' d 0hi43n( adheijaskeleton denture skeletirana protea, redukovana protea

varying 'adj( ' 0veri( rali2it

occlusal 'adj( 'o 0klul( oklualan, koji atvara otvor sa grinepovr1ine

rest 'n( 'rest( naslon

extension 'n( 'iks 0ten1n( ekstenija, produ3avanje

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reduction 'n( 'ri 0dk1n( redukcija, skra5ivanje, smanjvanje

secure 'v( 'si4kju( obebediti, osigurati

drop 'v( 'drop( spustiti se, spasticleat 'n( 'kli4t( ko2i5, klin

rolling 'adj( ' 0rouli( kotrljaju5i, valovitsaddle 'adj( ' 0s6dl( 'sedlo( sedlast

counteract 'v( ',kaunt0r6kt( spre2iti, neutraliovatidistress 'n( 'dis 0tres( nevolja, neda5a

failure 'n( ' 0feilj( neuspeh, nedostatak, gre1ka

fixed partial denture '$%&( fiksirane parcijalne protee

subsequently 'adv( ' 0sbsikwnt( kasnije, slede5e

remove 'v( 'ri 0mu4v( ukloniti, odueti

heal 'v( 'hi4l( le2iti, ile2itiremovable 'adj( koji se mo3e ukloniti 'ivaditi(

consideration 'n( 'k n ,sid0rei1n( ramatranje, obirrestorative dentist 'n( stomatolog koji se bavi popravkom uba

provisional 'adj( 'provi3nl( privremen, provioran

restoration 'n( ',rest0rei1n( obnavljanje, konerv.brinjav.ubaprovisionalie 'v( napraviti ne1to 1to je privremeno

impaction 'n( 'im 0pek1n( sabijanje, dodir, blokiranjepontic 'n( 'pon 0tik( ve1ta2ki ub na fiksiranoj parc. protei

reference 'n( '0ref'(rns( obave1tenje, podatak

tomogram 'n( ' 0tomougr6m( tomogramappropriate 'adj( '0proupriit( podesan, prikladan, odgovaraju5i

orientation 'n( 'o 0rientei1n(, orijentacija, pravacsurgical template 'n( hirur1ki 1ablon

'a thin transparent resin base shaped to duplicate

the form of the impression surface of an immediate

denture and used as a guide for surgical shaping

the alveolar process and its soft tissue covering to

an immediate denture(

face 'v( 'feis( suo2iti se sa

inclination 'n( ', inkli 0nei1n( naginjanje

misplaced 'adj( 'mis 0pleisd( stavljen na pogre1no mesto

predictable 'adj( ',pri 0diktebl( koji se mo3e predskaati, predvideti

Comprehension questions

Answer the following questions4

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7. +ow do vulcanite partial plates obtain their retention8

9. *hat plates require different retentions8

:. *hat types of denture will tend to drop8;. *hat will a denture having retention by clasps require8

. *hat did the surgeon suggest8

?. *hat was the final decision8

@. *hat happened with the provisionals8

7. *hat did clinical examination confirm8

77. *here was the patient referred for8

79. *hy is clinical and radiographic information important8

Revising Pst Per!e"t Tense

'Active form(

&ast &erfect Tense is used to express4

a. the first of the two past actions 'combined with #imple &ast Tense(

+e had taken his degree before he went to #outh Africa.

They had admitted him to hospital before his diagnose was set.

b. an action that happened before a stated past time

+e had finished his experiment before midnight.

+e had gone to see his doctor before noon.

c. a past situation before a time understood but not stated

#he had always been a most hard working person.

+e had always had very good grades.

Pst Per!e"t Continuous Tense

'Active form(

&ast &erfect /ontinuous Tense is used to express4

a. repeated past action implying continuity

+e had been trying to cut down on food for several months.

#he had been working in that hospital from time to time.

b. continuous past action completed before another past action

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The surgeon had been operating for some time before he noticed that something

was wrong.

The experiment had been going on when someone said that it was not worthwhile.

"n B#& 'edical Bnglish( these two tenses are used for

a. sequencing of past events, to distinguish the earlier of two past events

After we had diagnosed the patient, we prescribed the adequate doses of

medicaments.

" had been drinking for some time, when " came home " was ill, the patient

told his C&.

Bxercise 7. /omplete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in &ast &erfect.9. y friend Dohn was in a plane. +e was very nervous as he ..................... 'never,

fly( before.

:. The man was a complete stranger to him. +e ................ 'not, see( him before.

;. "t was my first patient. " .................. 'not, examine( one before that.

. The surgeon was very good. +e.................. 'finish( the operation before noon.

?. "t was #am)s first acupuncture treatment. +e .................. 'not be( to one before.

@. The nurse came into the ward and found out that the patient ...............'go@ home.

7. *hen " cam into the surgery the C& ................. 'already, leave(.

77. Anita had a problem with her chemistry classes. #he ................'not, study(

chemistry in her country.

Bxercise 9. Eead a situation and then write a sentence using &ast &erfect /ontinuous

forms.

7. +enry was watching television. +e was feeling very tired.

'heFworkFhard all day( +e ........................................................................

9. *hen Tom walked into the library, it was empty. Gut there was a smell of

cigarettes.

'somebodyFsmokeFthere( #omebody ........................................................:. *hen he came into the surgery, he was very red in the face.

'heFnot feel wellFall day yesterday( +e ....................................................

;. Dim was in his room studying. +e felt exhausted.

'heFstudyFall day yesterday too(HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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Bxercise :. Ise &resent #imple or /ontinuousJ &ast #imple or /ontinuousJ &resent

&erfect #imple or /ontinuous4 &ast perfect #imple or /ontinuous.

7. +e .....................'live( in Kondon when he was a child.9. +e .....................'live( in Kondon when the disaster occurred.

:. +e .....................'live( in Kondon for many years when the event took place.

;. +e admitted that he ...................'live( in Kondon at various times.

. ................ 'you, have( your medicine yet8

7?. *hy ......................... 'you, always, make( such idiotic mistakes8

7@. " .................... 'explain( this for hours4 doesn)t even one of you understand it

now.

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U N I T #

DENTAL DISEASES n$ TEET% PRO&LEMS

!ral health plays an important part in our well being. #everal dental diseases can cause

oral health problems affecting the teeth, gums or other tissues and parts of the mouth.

They may range in severity from a simple mouth ulcer to a common tooth cavityor up

to a deadly mouth cancer. %ental diseases may cause pain and compromise our ability

to chew, smile or speak properly. +owever, most of the dental health problems can be

prevented with simple measures such as following proper daily oral hygiene and

regularly visiting a dentist.

Dental plaque is an almost invisible film of bacteria that accumulates on the teeth and

gums. "t is the cause of the main dental diseases4 tooth decay andgum disease.

Dental calculus 'or dental tartar( is a hard layer of mineral deposits created on the teeth

by hardened dental plaque. "t causes inflammation of the gums, gum recession and gum

disease

Tooth decay, also called Mdental caries) or Mcavities), is a disease causing the progressive

destruction of the tooth structure and is one of the main causes of tooth loss. The chief

immediate cause of decay of the teeth is the stagnation of food in the interstices, where

it undergoes a chemical changes which bring about destruction of the outer enamel.

*hen the decay spreads it leaves a cavity which is a danger to the general health N it

leads to the increase and multiplication in the mouth of dangerous microbes.

Gum disease, or periodontal disease, is a serious inflammatory disease of the gums and

bone around the teeth. Gleeding or receding gums are the main signs of periodontal

disease.

Tooth abscess is an accumulation of pus at the area around a tooth root or in the gums,

as a result of a tooth or gum infection. "t is a painful condition that may lead to tooth

loss.

Toothache is a sign of dental problems. Tooth pain can be a symptom of many differentdental conditions. The person should visit hisFher dentist without delay for an

examination to prevent any complications.

Tooth loss can occur when one or more teeth fall out or they are extracted due to dental

diseases such as tooth decay and gum disease, or lost due to tooth injuries or mouth

trauma.

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!ther dental problems include teeth injuries, bad breath, functional problems e.g. TD

disorders, aesthetic problems e.g. yellow teeth and pathological conditions affecting the

human mouth.

Dent' tretments

Tooth Decay Treatments:

root canal therapy, dental fillings, dental crowns, dental bridges, dentures, dental

implants

Gum Disease Treatments:

tooth scaling O tooth planning, antibiotic treatment, gum surgery, pocket depth

reduction, soft tissue 'gum( grafts, periodontal bone grafts.

affect 'v( '0fekt( oboleti

ulcer 'n( ' 0lsr(, ulcer, grilicaplaque 'n( 'pla4k( plak

calculus 'n( ' k l)kjuls( ubni kamenactartar 'n( 'ta4t( ubni kamenacimmediate 'adj( 'i)mi4djt( neposredan, trenutanstagnation 'n( 'stg )nei1n( stagnacija, mirovanje, adr3avanjeundergo 'v( ',nd gou)podneti, pretrpetispread 'v( 'spred( 1iriti 'se(, ra1iriti 'se(

increase 'n, v( 'in)kri4s( pove5anje, pove5ati 'se( pro1iriti 'se(multiplication 'n( ',mltipli )kei1n( multiplkacija, mno3enje, umno3avanje

periodontal disease 'n( 'perio)dontl di)i4( parodontopatija

tooth abscess 'n( 'tu4)bsis( ubni apscespus 'n( ' ps( gnojtoothache 'n( ')tu4eik( uboboljaTD disorder 'n( 'ti4 em d3ej dis)o4d( poreme5aj temporomand.globafilling 'n( ' )fili( punjenje, plombascaling 'n( 'skeili( kireta3a, skidanje naslaga sa uba

planning 'n( ' pleini( ravnanjegraft 'n( 'gra4ft( transplantat, kalem, graft

Comprehension questions

Answer the following questions4

7. *hat can cause oral health problems8

9. *hat can dental diseases cause8

:. +ow can dental diseases be prevented8

;. *hat is dental plaque8

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=. *hat is tooth decay8

>. *hat is the chief immediate cause of tooth decay8

?. *hat is the so-called gum disease8@. *hat is tooth abscess8

7. *hen can tooth loss occur8

77. *hat are treatments for dental tooth diseases8

79.*hat are treatments for gum diseases8

Revising Simp'e (uture Tense

'Active forms(

#imple $uture Tense is used to express4

a. simple statements of future facts.The license board will test the candidates tomorrow.

Tim will be 97 years old next month.

b. opinions, assumptions, speculations, beliefs, doubts, hopes, fears about the

future

" don)t think they will submit the diagnosis until next week.

" sincerely hope he will be well enough to travel.

" suppose she will go to see the doctor.

c. habitual actions in the future

Paccination will start again in $ebruary.

*e shall be examined before we start to work.

d. often with verbs of perception or emotion

They)ll be sorry they did not investigate the side effects of the new drug.

*e shall hear all about his symptoms.

e. as the main clause of a likely condition with i!

"f they start that experiment, they will find it is worth while.

f. assumptions about certain present factsThe patient4 *ho is that man over there8

The nurse 4 That will be %r. #mith.

Revising (uture Continuous Tense

'Active forms(

$uture /ontinuous Tense is used to express4

a. an arranged action that will be taking place at a certain time in the future

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%r Ashwood will be appealing on behalf of the +ealth $und on TP next

*ednesday.

'Alternative with &resent /ontinuous Tense, see &resent Tenses(

Revising (uture Per!e"t Tense

'Active forms(

$uture &erfect Tense is used to express4

a. an action that will take place in the future and will end by a certain time or an

action in the future

They will have finished that experiment by tomorrow afternoon.

" shall have gone by the time you come.

b. for assumptions based on known facts

The chemical waste from the factory will have polluted that water.

That drink will have made you sick.

Revising (uture Per!e"t Continuous Tense

'Active forms(

$uture &erfect /ontinuous Tense is used to express4

a. an action which began before a certain future time but will not have been

completed by then

Gy next $ebruary he will have been researching into the causes of air pollution

for two years.

Gy noon " shall have been working for six hours.

Some other )*s to e+press !uturit*

a. Qormal pure 'or colourless future is expressed by #+AKK '7stperson(,

*"KK 'other persons( plus infinitive.

The purest futures are the least personal ones, especially when futureaction is made to depend upon some external factors

Bxcept in questions *"KK-form is commonly heard for all persons.

" will have time to go and see the doctor.

This will not last much longer.

#hall " see you next time8

b. 'be( going to R infinitive

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This form does not normally express simple futurity but colors the future

with intention or a feeling of certainty in the mind of the speaker

$irm intention

They are going to decontaminate that lake.

" am going to check my blood pressure tomorrow.

Bxtreme probability

That species is soon going to be extinct.

The little girl is surely going to fall, she is not careful at all.

c. &resent /ontinuous Tense for $uture

"t is used for definite future and the time that is fairly immediate.

*e are traveling to #pain tonight, ary told her friend.They are buying new equipment soon.

d. #imple &resent Tense for $uture

"t is used when we are talking about the events that are on a timetable, or

something similar

*hat time does the train live8

Are you on duty next weekend8

The autumn term starts on !ctober 7st.

e. "mperative withwill you

"nstead of an order the Bnglish use this form to ask someone

kindly to do something

!pen your mouth, will you8

#tand up, will you8

Bxercise 7. Ise shallFwill in the following sentences.

7. Ann ................ 'be( 9 next month. #o she decided she wanted to travel to

Burope.

9. " believe " .................... 'give up( my job at #t.ary)s hospital, " am not

satisfied there.

:. Telephone me this evening " ................ 'be( at home.;. Dohn thinks %anny ................ 'pass( the exam.

. *e .................. 'go( for the annual check up, as usual.

?. +e ................... 'prove( good, " am sure of that.

@. " am not sure we ..................... 'be( there on time.

7. " do not believe the doctor ................ 'send( me to the rehabilitation center.

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Bxercise 9. use $uture /ontinuous forms for arrangements.

7. Lou ..................... 'come( tomorrow, won)t you8

9. " can not go to the match. " .................... 'watch( the match on TP.:. Lou will recognie her. #he ..............'wear( a red dress.

;. At 79 o)clock tomorrow morning " ................ .... 'listen( to his lecture.

. " ................. 'not travel( by car, it is rather a long journey.

?. ....................... 'you, use( your car tonight8

@. *e ........................ 'shop( all afternoon, if it doesn)t rain.

7. They........................ 'study( all week, because they have started late.

Bxercise :. Ise $uture &erfect forms for the verbs in brackets.

7. %r #mith .................. 'finish( his work by the time you arrive.9. " am afraid " .................... 'go( when you get there.

:. *hen your train arrives the celebration .................... 'begin(.

;. Qext onday she ..................... 'be( in hospital exactly one month.

. y friend Eoger ..................... 'start( his internship by the beginning of the next

term.

?. *hen we get there he ....................... 'begin( his rounds.

@. The lab ...................... 'do( your blood tests by the time you arrive.

7. " ................... 'collect( all my test results by the beginning of the vacation.

Bxercise ;. Ise $uture &erfect /ontinuous forms for the verbs in brackets.

7. The dentist ........................... 'repair( his tooth for two hours by the time his wife

arrives.

9. "n Danuary we .......................... 'study( for our exams for three or four months.

:. Gy next year %r #mith ......................... 'work( as a C& for ? years.

;. Gy next month the team ....................... 'experiment( for a whole year.

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=." ................... to come on onday, but " ....................... on Tuesday if that is all

right with you.

>.Ket me see your dog. +e .................... to have an operation " am afraid.?Lou ...................... to take him to the vet, as " cannot help him any more.

@!h, %octor, you know how unhappy he ......................., he prefers you to r.

Grown, the vetS

7*ell then, " ...................... my license and start treating dogsS

Bxercise =. Ask questions about timetables, programs etc.using #imple &resent for

$uture

7. *hat time ...................the film ................................ 8

9. *hen ................ the train for Girmingham ................8

:. *hat time ..............the basketball match .................8

;. *hen .................. the autumn term .......................... 8. Translate into Bnglish.

7. olim vas, da li je doktor eli kod ku5e8 Qije, jo1 se nije vratio.

9. +o5ete li da navratite u vreme kada doktor ordinira8

:. #vakako navrati5u posle pet sati.

;. !tvori usta eri, ho5e1 li8

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#ome parafunctional habits 'bruxism and clenching( may also contribute to attrition.

*hile the prevalence of bruxism is unclear, studies report between @ method that initially divided wear into degrees. Eecent authors

have patterned their subjective scoring method after Groca, and it depends primarily on

the amount of exposed dentin on the occlusal table to derive their methodology.

#ubsequent methods have utilied photographic and planimetric methods to address

quantitative criteria. A more recent method by ayhall and ageyama combined three-

dimensional and digital imagery for describing molar wear.

The value of tooth wear surveys comes into question when one wants to know the

progress of attrition, since the data is a cumulative record. "t is here where longitudinalstudies play a vital role in describing the disease process. Infortunately, these studies

are rare largely because wear occurs slowly. Pertical loss of enamel rarely exceeds

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%ental attrition has been used in archeology and the forensic sciences to estimate human

age. *hile there are some measurement methods that have been suggested by authors,

estimation should be based upon several teeth or the entire dentition. #eligman and&ullinger concluded that attrition has a multifactorial etiology with age and canine

guidance having significant influence 'in addition to parafunction including crowding,

occlusal slides, cross bites, chewing habits and diet(.

attrition 'n( ' a Mtri1n( otiranje, trvenjederive 'v(rom 'di 0raiv( dobijati i, postati od

age-related 'adj( koji je u vei sa staro15u

polished 'adj( ' Mpoli1d( ugla2an, poliran

facet'n( 'fas Met( povr1inica, mala ravnina

rate 'n( 'reit( brina, ramera, odnos

slurry 'n( 'slri( mrljahasten'v( ' hei Msn( 3uriti se, ubravati

coarse 'adj( 'ko4 s( grub

snuff 'n( ' snf( burmut

silica'n( ' Msilik ( silicijum dioksid '#i!9(

particle 'n( ' Mpa4 tikl( 2estica, deli5, komad

bolus 'n( ' bolus( alogaj

demastication 'n( ', di Mm6stikei1n( demastikacija

bruxism 'n( 'bruksim( 1kripanje ubima

clenching 'n( ' klen2( stegnuti, stisnuti

distinguish 'v( ' dis Mtigwi1( ralikovati, rasponavaticontend 'v( ' ,k n Mtend( braniti, podr3avati

render 'v( ' Mrend( na2initi, u2initi

vulnerable 'adj( ' vlnrbl( ranjiv, povredljiv

labeling 'n( ' Mleibl( etiketiranje, imenovanje

survey'n( ' Ms4 vei( pregled, anketa

prevalence 'n( ' Mprevlns( preovlaVivanje, biti rasprostranjenscore 'v( 'sko4( aparati, igrepsti

subsequent 'adj( ' Msbsikwnt( kasniji ,slede5i

table 'n( ' Mteibl( tabela

planimetric 'adj( ' ,pl6ni Mm6trik( planimetri2an 'odnosi se na ravan

address 'v( ' M dres( obratiti seforensic 'sciences( 'adj( 'forenik( sudski

forensic medicine sudska medicina

estimation 'n( ' ,esti Mmei1n( procena, prora2un

etiology 'n( ' ,i4ti Mld3i( etiologija, grana med. koja istra3uje

uroke bolesti

crowding 'n( ' kraudi( sabijanje

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slide 'n( 'slaid( mikroskopska plo2ica, klianje, spu1tanje

cross bite'n( 'kros bait( agri3aj kada ubi prelae jedni preko drugih

Comprehension questions.

Answer the following questions4

7. *hat is dental attrition8

9. *hat is its first manifestation8

:. *here does tooth wear occur8

;. *hat parafunctional habits may also contribute to attritionF

. *hat is the difference between American and Buropean literature8

?. *hat was Groca)s method8

@. *hy does the value of tooth wear surveys come into question8

7. *hat is the occurrence and pattern of tooth wear related to8

Revising "on$ition's

/onditional clauses begin with i!/i! not/un'ess

7. Pery probable

ifFif notF unless R &resent Tense R #imple $uture

"f she takes the trouble to diet, she)ll lose weight.

"f he doesn)t take more exercise, he)ll soon be ill again.

These people will have trouble with their health, unless they are careful.

*ill he have to go to the hospital if he overstrains his heart8

Qote 4 a. not is not used in a clause together with unless

b. the position of if and the main clause are interchangeable, but a question

usually begins with the main clause

c. a comma is needed when if clause comes first.

9. &ossible but unlikely

"fFif notFunlessR #imple &astF/ontinuous R &resent /onditionalF/ontinuous

"f the patient ate less, he would be in better condition.

They would be working all day if they were taking part in those experiments.

+e wouldn)t give up smoking unless the doctor insisted.

:. "mpossible

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Eefers to an action, which if done, would affect a present or past situation

&resent situationifFif notFunless R &ast &erfect R &resent /onditional

"f he had taken the doctor)s advice, he wouldn)t be in hospital now.

"f she hadn)t worked so hard, she wouldn)t be so tired today.

&ast situation

ifFif notFunless R &ast &erfect R &erfect /onditional

"f you hadn)t taken part in that experiment, you wouldn)t have got the prie.

"f she had learnt Bnglish, she would have been in Bngland a long time ago.

;. *ishes and Advice

The #ubjunctive of the verb to be ! "resent #onditionalis often used to express

wishes and advice.

Qote4 were is used for all persons singular and plural

"f " were rich, " would not be here now.

"f " were him, " wouldn)t work so hard.

"f you were me, what would you do to help your patients8

Qote 4 unfulfilled wishes or advice can also be expressed with &ast perfect of the

verb to be ! "erect #onditional

"f ")d been him, ")d have given up drinking.

"f only ")d been more careful, " wouldn)t have been in such a mess.

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. +e will improve his health if he ............... 'take care( of his life-style.?. "f you are not careful, there ........... 'be( an accident.

@. The registrar ................. 'take( the data if you wish to see the specialist.

7. "f you do not feel well, you ............. 'go( to your C&.

Bxercise 9. $inish the sentence with a clause of your own 'possible but unlikely(

7. "f he didn)t go to hospital next week, he ...........................................................

9. Ann wouldn)t lend me her book if ....................................................................

:. "f you stopped smoking, you .............................................................................

;. " would be very frightened if .............................................................................

. "f the doctor had done a radical cut, she ...................... 'not undergo( another

operation.?. "f they had diagnosed correctly, he ....................... 'not be( in hospital now.

@. /hemotherapy would have been advisable if the patient ................... 'be( in such

a condition.

7.*ould there have been improvement if the doctor .................... 'try( a new

therapy8

U N I T 01

TOOT% -EAR. Erosion

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The term erosion is derived from the Katin verb erosum 'to corrode( which describes the

process of gradual destruction of a surface, usually by a chemical or electrolyticprocess. %ental erosion is defined as the loss of tooth structure by a nonbacterial

chemical process. The solubility of enamel is p+ dependent, and the rate at which

apatite precipitates depends on certain factors, such as calcium binding in saliva. #aliva

contains calcium and phosphate ions and exists in a supersaturated state at neutral p+

with respect to enamel hydroxyapatite. As the p+ of saliva decreases, it crosses the

saturation line at a point known as the critical p+. #ince the critical p+ of enamel is

approximately

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under extrinsic 'exogenous(, intrinsic 'endogenous(, or idiopathic 'unknown(. Bxtrinsic

etiology of dental erosion can further be subdivided into environmental, diet,

medication, and lifestyle.

Bnvironmental erosion occurs when individuals are exposed to acids in their work place

or during leisure activities, although health and safety laws have most likely reduced

this risk. The process predominantly affects the labial surfaces of maxillary or

mandibular incisors. #urveys in industrial environments have demonstrated that workers

exposed to acid fumes and aerosols experience more dental erosion compared to acid-

free department employees. Among groups studied were battery factory workers

exposed to sulfuric acid, galvaniing factory workers exposed to hydrochloric acid, and

workers in etching and cleaning process involving those acids. !ther occupations that

may increase the risk of dental erosion include munitions manufacturing, commercial

printing, and laboratory workers. #ome case reports have shown competitive swimmersat gas-chlorinated pools suffering from dental erosion. !ne study reported that

professional wine tasters had an associated increased risk of tooth erosion due to the

frequent exposure to wines with erosive potential 'p+ range of :. to :.=(. Although the

latter is an occupation, it is also related to diet N a factor that has received the most

attention.

The extrinsic etiology of diet has been extensively investigated, but the actual evidence

linking a particular acidic food or beverage, as the primary agent is limited.

erosion 'n( ',i Mrou3n( eroija, nagrianje

solubility 'n( ' ,so4 ljubiliti( rastvorljivost

dependent 'adj( 'di Mpendnt( avisan odprecipitate 'v( 'pri Msipiteit( talo3iti, ubrati

binding 'adj( 'baindi( koji veuje, poveuje

saliva 'n( ' sMlaiv( pljuva2kasaliva ejector sisaljka a pljuva2ku 'kod ubarske stolice(

saturated 'adj( ' Ms62reitid( asi5en

hydroxyapatite 'n( ',haidroksi)6ptait( hidroksiapatit

intermittent 'adj( 'in Mtmitnt( isprekidan, na mahove

matrix 'n( ' Mmeitriks( matrica, kaluppl. matricesgastric 'adj( ' Mg6strik( gastri2an, 3eluda2ni

bulimia 'n( ' Mbulimia( bulimija, preterana glad

glaed 'adj( 'Mgleid( ugla2an

dull matted 'adj( ' dl m6tid( neugla2an, be sjaja

reflux 'n( ' Mri4 flks( odliv

perimolysis 'n( 'peri Mmolaisi( perimolia ' eroija lingvalnih

povr1ina prednjih i oklualnih povr1ina

adnjih uba putem dekalifikac. kiselinomW

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scooped-out 'adj( 'sku4pt ut( ivaVen pomo5u lopatice, idubljen

honeycomb 'n( ' Mhnikoum( sa5e

latent 'adj( 'Mleitnt( latentan, prikriven

peritubular'adj( ',peri Mtubjul( peritubularanextrinsic 'adj( ',eks Mtrinsik( spoljni

intrinsic 'adj( ',in Mtrinsik( unutra1nji

idiopathic 'adj( 'idio)p6Xik( idiopatski, samoniklog porekla

munition 'n( 'mju Mni1n( municijaextensively 'adj( ' iks Mtensivli( prostrano, obimno, opse3no

beverage 'n( 'bev Mrid3( napitak, pi5e

W this is often seen in patients who have anorexie

Comprehension questions

Answer the following questions4

7. *hat is dental erosion8

9. *hat does it depend on8

:. *hat is it clinically8

;. *hat did annerberg describe8

. *hat does environmental erosion predominantly affect8?. *ho is mostly affected by this kind of erosion8

@. +ow does diet affect erosion8

7. /ompare erosion with attrition.

Revising the Pssive 2oi"e

The &assive Poice has a very special and important place in the Bnglish language and it

is not only the alternative way to express active actions.

The &assive is formed with4

a. The corresponding form of the verbto be ! "ast "articipleof the main verb.

The following tenses are most commonly used in the &assive.

"nfinitive to be helped

#imple &resent " am helped

&resent /ontinuous " am being helped

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&resent &erfect " have been helped

#imple &ast " was helped

&ast /ontinuous " was being helped&ast &erfect " had been helped

#imple $uture " shall be helped

$uture &erfect " shall have been helped

b. auxiliaries and modals ' should, may, can, etc( R &assive "nfinitive

shouldFmayFcan be helped

The &assive is used4

a. *hen the interest of the speaker or writer is directed more to the predicate i.e. to

the activity expressed by the verb than to the active subject.

Bnglish is spoken all over the world.

b. *here the Agent is known or understood, so there is no need to refer to it.

Paccination will be performed immediately.

+is tooth was filled two days ago.

c. *hen the object of the action assumes more importance in the speaker)s mind

than the Agent.

/hanges in the procedure were announced by the Goard.

Bxperiments on human beings may be done only if they give their consent.

d. *hen the Agent is unknown or referred to as they, someone, etc.

" was offered a scholarship. 'They offered me a scholarship(

They are taken to hospital. '#omeone took them to hospital(

e. #ome verbs as4 say, know, think, etc. normally take the "nfinitive after a verb in

the &assive.

+e is known to be a very good dental surgeon.

Those germs are thought to be extremely dangerous.

$owever i reerring to a previous action use "erect %ninitive instead o the

%ninitive.

+e is known to have been a very good dental surgeon.

Those germs are thought to have been extremely dangerous.

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Bxercise 7. Turn the following sentences into the &assive.

7. +e hurt his arm in an accident.9. #ome people treat their children very badly. 'some children(

:. The doctor has told you to come as early as possible.

;. Lou must write your name on the top of the form.

. *e can reduce the risk from contaminated water by boiling it.

?. &eople will have to prepare food very carefully if they want to be healthy.

@. They have written much on the subject of fluorine-free water.

7. They will perform the transplantation as soon as possible.

77. They sent him for the doctor.

79. #omebody told them to leave the room.

Bxercise 9. "nsert the correct &assive &resent Tense form of the verb4 adopt, orm,

ma&e, expose ,compose, divide, embed, anestheti'e, perorm andsituate.

7. The teeth ....................... in the alveolar processes.

9. The forehead ....................... by two frontal bones.

:. The movements of the jaw ......................... possible because of articulations.

;. The crown ........................ above the gingival line.

. asticatory forces .......................... into two main types.

?. The word anesthesia ......................... on Creek word.

@. *hen tissues .................................. they loose weight.

7. A healthy lifestyle ............................... by many people today.

Bxercise :. "nsert the correct &assive Poice form.

7. The patients .......................... 'examine( this morning.

9. All serious cases ........................... 'examine( daily by %r. Dones.

:. Bvery morning the boys ........................ 'tell( what they had to do.

;. The man ........................ 'operate on( when the lights went out.

. The life of man .................... 'change( by the "ndustrial Eevolution in the

nineteenth century.

?. +e .................... 'see( the very moment he entered.

@. Bverything ...................... 'do( correctly before they arrived.

7. +e ...................... 'prevent( to come to work yesterday.

77. The door.................... 'open( before the professor ended his lecture.

79. +is tooth ....................... 'pull out( before he realied what was going on.

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7:. The experiment ........................ 'finish( before you arrive.

7;. The out patients ward ....................... 'open( tomorrow morning.

7

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