UNIT IV- THE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD

Part One: Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny The idea the Americans

would expand to the Pacific Ocean started with Thomas Jefferson (Lewis and Clark expedition)

Americans believed their movement westward and southward was destined and ordained by God

An editor of a newspaper called it “manifest destiny” Westward movement was obvious

What do you see in the picture?

The Frontier Draws Settlers The Panic of

1837 convinced people that they were better off with a fresh start in the West

Tons of land out west Farming and

mining for gold!!

Trails to the West Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from

Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Oregon Trail- Started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon Fertile soil, lots of rainfall Traveled in wooden-wheeled

Conestoga wagons Walked, and pushed handcarts

Trip took months, many died of disease Caravans provided protection against

Indian attacks and loneliness By 1844, about 4,000 Americans

settled in Oregon

Mormon Movement- Utah- Led by Brigham Young- Mormons migrated across the Great

Plains and the Rocky Mountains to establish the colony of New Zion on the shore of the Great Salt Lake.

- Migrated due to religious persecution- Prospered as farmers and traders- Successful in irrigating desert region

California- In 1848, workers at John Sutter’s

sawmill found flecks of gold in the American River.

- 1848: population around 14,000- 1849: population around 100,000- 1852: population around 200,000- California Gold Rush- fortune seekers

known as “forty-niners” fled to the area in search of gold

- Most were unmarried men (only 5% of the population were women, 10% Chinese)

- Brought commercial prosperity and an increase in gold findings elsewhere.

(http://telly.com/A1XZE)

Expansion in Texas

Mexico offered land grants to Americans settlers, but cultural conflicts eventually led to Texas rebelling against the Mexican government to gain its independence.

In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged Americans settlers to move into Texas

Mexican government gave land grants: To prevent border violations by horse

thieves and protect against Indian attacks

Americans pledged to obey Mexican laws and observed Roman Catholicism

Stephen Austin– took the first group of 300 families of American settlers to Texas

Tension between Mexico and Americans living in TX grew over cultural differences and slavery Many southerners moving in

and bringing slaves Mexico abolished slavery in

1824 Mexico seals its borders in 1830 Austin wanted greater self-

government for Texas but was unsuccessful

Mexican President, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna imprisoned Austin for inciting revolution

The Alamo (1836) –Spanish mission in San Antonio

used as a fort Attacked by Santa Anna’s Mexican

army All 187 Texan defenders of the Alamo

were killed by the Mexican army William Travis –commander of Texas

forces at the Alamo Jim Bowie -famous gambler known for

side knives Davy Crockett –famous woodsman from

Tennessee “Remember the Alamo!”= war cry

for Texans fighting for independencehttp://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/the-alamo

)

-March 2, 1836- Texans declare their independence from Mexico

-1845- Texas joins the Union

THE WAR WITH MEXICO

California tried to rebel against Mexico but is unsuccessful

President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California but Mexico refuses Rebels declared their independence from Mexico

War started with Mexico over the southern border of Texas Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked US

forces that were positioned there led by Gen. Zachary Taylor War was declared May 1846

Many Americans supported war due to the belief in Manifest Destiny

Encouraged economic opportunities and land for farming

America Gains the Spoils of War

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo –officially ended the Mexican-American War

Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

Mexican Cession –California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories ceded from Mexico to the U.S.

Gadsden Purchase established the current boundaries of the lower 48 states

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession

SectionalismThe issue of slavery dominated U.S. politics in

the 1850s.

Part Two: Pre-Civil War

Economy based on manufacturing and industrialization

Railroad construction very common

Urbanization (growth of cities)

Immigration from European countries was common

Economy based on agriculture and slavery –cotton was the major cash crop (King Cotton)

Primarily a rural region of plantations and small farms

Lack of railroads and industry

No significant European immigration to the South

North South

Differences Between North and South

STOP AND THINK! How did the economy in the North differ

from that in the South?

• Extension of slavery- Biggest problem• North and West thought it was wrong• South in favor because of cotton• South thought that the North and West were

against the extension of slavery because they wanted to decrease the power of the South

STOP AND THINK!!! What impact did the growth of cotton

have on the system of slavery?

Events Leading Up to the Civil War

Missouri Compromise• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state

• At this time, the US had 10 slave state and 10 free states

• Under the leadership of Henry Clay• Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri

as a slave state- keeps the balance• Missouri Compromise drew a line through the

Louisiana Purchase along the 36th parallel• Slavery allowed below the line, but not above (except

for Missouri)• This was an attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in

the western territory

STOP AND THINK! How did the Missouri Compromise

temporarily settle the debate over slavery?

How did the Missouri Compromise promote Sectionalism?

Slavery in the Territories Wilmot Proviso –def. –plan to ban

slavery from expanding into lands won from Mexico during the Mexican War

Sparked sectional conflict over slavery issue –North vs. South

California applied for statehood as a free state

Gold Rush of 1849 led to an explosion in California’s population

Upset Southerners –demanded that slavery be allowed to expand West

The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay (aka “The Great

Compromiser”) -wanted to avoid conflict between North and South, developed a compromise

California = free state New Mexico and Utah

territories would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery issue

Popular sovereignty– the residents of a territory would vote for or against slavery

New Mexico and Texas border dispute settled in favor of New Mexico, but Texas received debts paid by federal government

Slave trade in Washington D.C. was abolished Very popular in the North, very controversial in

the South New Fugitive Slave Law passed in order to return

escaped slaves to plantations in the South Very popular in the South, very controversial in

the North

Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Main Idea: Proslavery factions in the South and antislavery factions in the North disagreed over the treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to the territories. This resulted in increased sectionalism between the regions.

Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad

Fugitive Slave Law Northerners angered by the new

Fugitive Slave Law-part of the Compromise of 1850

Runaway slaves could NOT testify in court and no trial by jury

Helping an escaped slave resulted in fines and jail time

The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad

was a secret network of abolitionists who would help fugitive slaves escape to the North and Canada

Harriet Tubman–former slave and “conductor” on the underground railroad

Made 19 trips and helped 300 people to freedom

Nicknamed “Moses” of her people for her efforts

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/harriet-tubman-and-the-underground-railroad

)

Abolitionism• Movement to end slavery• William Lloyd Garrison- publisher of

the Liberator and abolitionist newspaper• Demanded immediate

emancipation (freeing of slaves) with no payment to slaveholders

• Frederick Douglass- ex-slave, speaks publicly about his experience as a slave

• Harriet Beecher Stowe• Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”

(1852)• Strong reactions from the North

and South• Message: Slavery not just a

political and economic issue but is now a moral issue

Tensions in Kansas Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 –Stephen Douglas’ plan to

organize territories in the West Popular sovereignty-settlers in the

territories would vote for or against slavery in both Kansas and Nebraska

Repealed the Missouri Compromise–Kansas and Nebraska were both north of the 36 30’ parallel line (slavery had been banned North of that line)

Sectional tensions exploded –Northerners resented the idea that slavery could expand to lands where slavery had been banned

Led to the formation of the Republican Party

“Bleeding Kansas”• Settlers poured in from the

North and South- Kansas ready to become a state• Thousands of people from

slave state Missouri crossed into Kansas and voted illegally for slavery to be allowed

• Violence raged through Kansas• Some 200 people were killed

Stop and think! Why was popular sovereignty

controversial?

Why did Kansas become a center of controversy over the issue of slavery?

The Birth of the Republican Party

Main Idea – In the mid-1850s, the issue of slavery and other factors split political parties and led to the birth of new ones, including the Republican Party.

New Political Parties

Whig Party–collapsed by 1854 due to conflicts over slavery

Know Nothing Party (American Party) –established 1854 Members believed in nativism–

def. –favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants

anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

Republican Party Established in1854 Opposed to the

expansion of slavery into western territories

Supported by many people in the North as a result of “Bleeding Kansas”

Slavery and Secession

Main Idea –A series of controversial events heightened the sectional conflict that brought the nation to the brink of civil war.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott Decision(1857) Background: Dred Scott –African

American slave from Missouri who sued for his freedom because his master had moved him to the free state of Illinois

Roger B. Taney(Chief Justice) -ruled that African Americans were not citizens

Missouri Compromise line was unconstitutional because it violated property rights

Sectionalism exploded –decision hated by North and cheered by South

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM7onFP9vUQ)

Stop and think! What was the significance of the Dred

Scott decision?

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Lincoln challenged Douglas to a

series of debates on slavery in the western territories as part of their senate race in 1858

Douglas won the senate race, but Lincoln became known throughout the North as a possible presidential candidate in 1860

Douglas believed in popular sovereignty and that slavery would pass away on its own

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry

(1859) John Brown –abolitionist who wanted

to lead a slave revolt in the South Harpers Ferry –federal armory and

arsenal Brown’s goal was to capture weapons

for slaves and lead revolt John Brown was captured and hanged

for treason Sectionalism between North and

South exploded In the South, John Brown was viewed

as an evil murderer In the North, some people viewed

Brown as a heroic martyr, others agreed with his views but thought that he was too radical in his actions

Election of 1860 Candidates

Abraham Lincoln(Republican)

Stephen Douglas(Northern Democrat)

John C. Breckenridge(Southern Democrat)

John Bell(Constitutional Union Party)

Lincoln wins! Lincoln won electoral

college but only won 39% of popular vote

He won all northern states

He won no southern states

South was upset at Lincoln’s election –led directly to secession crisis

http://www.history.com/topics/1860-election/videos#abraham-lincoln

Secession Crisis (1860-1861) South Carolina –

seceded from the Union as a result of Lincoln’s election

Followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

Confederate States of America

(CSA)–Confederacy created by southern states that seceded from the Union

Emphasized states rights

Devoted to the protection of slavery

Jefferson Davis = former senator who became the president of the Confederacy

Now that we have discussed all the events leading to the Civil War, what is the main cause of the Civil War and why?

Main Idea –The secession crisis ultimately resulted in the American Civil War between the North and the South from 1861-1865.

The Civil War’s Greatest Mythhttp://www.history.com/topics/frederick-douglass/videos#civil-wars-greatest-myth)

Part Three: The Civil War Begins

Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter–an island fort in Charleston, South Carolina South Carolina demanded that the U.S. army surrender the

fort April 12, 1861 –South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter, U.S.

forces surrendered Opening confrontation of the Civil War, led Lincoln to call

for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and preserve the Union

Caused Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy

Ft. Sumter (http://video.pbs.org/video/1832507650/)

Choosing Sides: Lee http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsW5GHRR02k&feature=related)

Northern Strategy- Anaconda Plan

Anaconda Plan–Union strategy for victory in the Civil War• Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent trade• Union would take control of the Mississippi River, cutting the Confederacy into two parts• Union armies would capture Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia• Most difficult objective due to the leadership of Robert E. Lee-Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia who opposed secession but felt loyalty to his home state of Virginia

Confederate Strategy

• Fight until enemy gives up

• Defensive strategy• Stand your

ground!

More States Secede• Four more states secede- Virginia, North

Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas

• Western counties of Virginia were antislavery so they seceded from Virginia- admitted into the Union as West VA in 1863

• Four remaining slave states remained in the Union

• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri

Battle of Bull Run• July 21, 1861- was the first

major bloodshed of the war• Lincoln ordered 30,000

soldiers to move from DC to capture Richmond

• Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by Confederate troops

• Battle went back and forth but eventually the Confederates won• General “Stonewall” Jackson led

confederates- “There is Jackson standing like a stone wall”

• Union troops retreated to D.C.h

ttp://www.history.com/videos/first-battle-of-bull-run#first-battle-of-bull-run)

Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam

(Sharpsburg, MD)–September 17, 1862

George B. McClellan (U.S.) vs. Robert E. Lee (C.S.) in Maryland

Bloodiest single day in American History –23,000 casualties

Lee’s army retreated to Virginia, Lincoln able to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-antietam#the-battle-of-antietam)

The Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln -January 1, 1863h

ttp://www.history.com/videos/lincolns-legacy-of-emancipation#lincolns-legacy-of-emancipation)

Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states (states that had seceded and were still in rebellion against the U.S. government)

Turning Point in the War Made the end of slavery a Northern war

aim/goal Discouraged European powers (like Great

Britain and France) from supporting the Confederacy

Allowed for the enlistment of African-American soldiers in the Union Army

After the Proclamationhttp://www.history.com/videos/after-the-emancipation#after-the-emancipation

)

Stop and Think!! How did the Emancipation Proclamation

change the course of the Civil War?

LIFE DURING WARTIME AND THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE

Main Idea –The Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society. Key Northern victories such as Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy. The North’s eventual win in the Civil War preserved the Union.

African Americans Fight for Freedom

African American soldiers –allowed to enlist following the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation

Represented 10% of entire Union army by the end of the war

Discrimination was common

Paid less than white troops Segregated units with

white officers

African American Slaves Seized

opportunity presented by the approach of Union armies to escape from slavery and achieve freedom

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

Mainly due to high casualties in battle, poor living conditions, and disease

Camp life –lonely, boring, repetitive Lack of sanitation, poor quality

food, lack of proper medical care Warfare –brutal battles fought with

outdated tactics and advanced weapons led to high casualties

Many soldiers were killed, even more returned home wounded or crippled

Many soldiers often kept wartime diaries and sent letters home to record the harsh realities of civil war soldier life

The North Takes ChargeBattle of Gettysburg Battle of Gettysburg –July 1-3, 1863

(Pennsylvania) Robert E. Lee and the Army of

Northern Virginia invaded the North Union victory –Lee’s army forced to

retreat to Virginia 51,000 casualties in 3 days –largest

battle of the Civil War Turning point of the Civil War in the

Union’s favor •Gettysburg: •Pickett’s Charge •Chamberlain’s Charge: History

Channel & Gettysburghttp://www.history.com/videos/chamberlain-at-gettysburg#chamberlain-at-gettysburghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqT8PMBtIKI&feature=related

Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Vicksburg

–July 4th, 1863 Ulysses S. Grant

(Union) captured Vicksburg on the Mississippi River

Union controlled all of the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy in half

The Gettysburg Address Lincoln attended the dedication of

the national cemetery in Gettysburg

Gettysburg Address –Lincoln’s 2 minute speech

Said that the United States was one nation, not a federation of independent states

Lincoln identified the reasons for fighting the Civil War

To preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal”

To preserve a nation that was dedicated ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

The Confederacy Wears Down

Lincoln made U.S. Grant the commander in chief of Union forces in 1864

Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked Atlanta

Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864

Grant captured Richmond in April 1865 Both Atlanta and Richmond were

destroyed Appomattox –April 9th, 1865 Lee surrendered his army to U.S. Grant –

urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again

Marked the end of the Civil War with a Northern victory and an end to the Confederacy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy3nO-P_j9E&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PLA5401D4D797674C7)

http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse#surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse

The War’s Impact Long and costly war concluded with: Northern victory = preservation of the Union Southern defeat = end to states’ rights and

secession arguments Emancipation of the slaves Federal government stronger than individual

state governments Destruction of Southern economy(http://www.history.com/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war#legacy-of-the-civil-war)

Legacy of the War The War Changes the Nation

PoliticalEconomicalSocial

Political Changes Federal

government viewed as supreme to state governments•Secession no longer an option for states

Economic Changes

Northern and Midwestern states had booming economies•Based on business, manufacturing and industrial growth•Railroads were built in increasing numbers•Transcontinental Railroad (from East to West) was completed by 1869

http://www.history.com/topics/transcontinental-railroad/videos#transcontinental-railroad

)

Economies of Southern states were devastated•Slavery was abolished, eliminating the #1 labor source in agriculture•Many cities were destroyed –including Richmond and Atlanta•Most railroads and many farms were destroyed•Confederate money was worthless

Northern Economy Southern Economy

Social Changes Many veterans on

both sides had permanent disabilities

13th Amendment–abolished slavery in the United States

War Changes Lives Ulysses S. Grant

Urged northerners not to be harsh with former Confederates

Elected President of the United States in 1868 and 1872

Advocated rights for freedmen (former slaves)

http://www.history.com/videos/president-ulysses-s-grant-the-celebrity#president-ulysses-s-grant-the-celebrity)

Robert E. Lee Urged southerners to

reconcile and rejoin the Union

Served as President of Washington College (now Washington and Lee)

Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future

http://www.history.com/videos/robert-e-lee#robert-e-lee

)

Frederick Douglass Supported full equality

for African-Americans Encouraged federal

government to take action that would protect the rights of freedmen in the South

Advocated for the passage of the 14thand 15th Amendments

Served as ambassador to Haiti

Abraham Lincoln Assassinated 5 days

after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House

Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington DC

Never had a chance to implement his plans for Reconstruction

http://www.history.com/videos/the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination#the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination)