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United States Department of Agriculture
Forest Service
Agriculture Handbook 607
September 1984
Tropical Timbersof the WorldMartin Chudnoff Forest Products Technologist (retired) Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wis.
Reprint 2007
All rights reserved.Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
ImpressumVerlag KesselEifelweg 3753424 Remagen-OberwinterGermany
Homepage: www.VerlagKessel.dewww.forestrybooks.comwww.forstbuch.de Tel.: 0049-2228-493Fax: 0049-1212-512382426E-Mail: [email protected]: 3-935638-82-5
The photo on the cover was obtained from the tropical rain forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most canopy trees are dipterocarp species for producing nice timber. We have been monitoring their dynamics from the view point of forest conservation and canopy biology.From Dr. Tomoaki Iche of Kochi University, Japan.
Acknowledgment
Sincere thanks to Dr. Robert C. Koeppen of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products and Engineering Research Staff, for review of the technical data and nomenclature in this work.
Requests for copies of illustrations contained in this handbook should be directed to the Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, P.0. Box 5130, Madison, WI 53705.
Foreword
Few days go by at the Forest Products Laboratory without questions from around the world about properties and uses of tropical woods. Interspersed with the queries about such U.S. species as Douglas-fir and white oak are requests about arariba from Brazil, sipo from Ivory Coast, or kapur from Malaya.
Such questions come logically to the Forest Products Laboratory, because it is the official wood identification arm of the Federal government. In the more than 70 years the laboratory has been answering such questions, research concentration has been primarily on determining properties and uses for U.S. species. But as lumber imports from the tropics are increasing, so are questions about foreign woods. As international trade increases, people need more Information on exotic species, their properties, and what woods can be substituted for those no longer available.
To answer these questions, information has to be gleaned from publications by other scientists around the world. The average person who needs technical data does not have access to the hundreds of rare publications that contain the information. Even if such documentation were pulled together from a variety of sources, the seeker might discover the information was given in several languages and often based on nonuniform test methods, descriptions, or measurements. How can one compare and choose?
To fill this need, Martin Chudnoff has compiled information on the better known tropical species, put the data on a common basis, and assembled it in a brief, useful form. To accomplish this, he drew on his training as a forester and wood technologist and his many years of forest products research in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
This volume is the product of his dedicated work.
Max A. DavidsonForest Products Laboratory, retired
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Contents
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................1Filling a Need ..............................................................................................................................2Reporting Format .........................................................................................................................4Literature Cited–Introduction ....................................................................................................10
Part I – Tropical American Species .................................................................................................. 11Tree and Wood Characteristics ................................................................................................13Literature Cited–Tropical American Species ...........................................................................172
Part II – African Species .................................................................................................................177Tree and Wood Characteristics ..............................................................................................179Literature Cited–African Species .............................................................................................290
Part III – Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species .........................................................................293Tree and Wood Characteristics ..................................................................................................296Literature Cited–Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species ..........................................................412
Part IV – Comparative Tables of Properties and End Uses ............................................................417Explanatory Notes for Table IV–1.–Physical and Mechanical Properties ...............................418Explanatory Notes for Table IV-2.–Uses ..................................................................................425Literature Cited–Properties and End Uses .............................................................................426Table IV–1 ................................................................................................................................428Table IV–2 ................................................................................................................................434
Appendix A.– Selected Forest Products Reference Material ..............................................441Appendix B.– Generic Synonyms ........................................................................................443Appendix C.– Generic Groupings ........................................................................................445Appendix D.– Derivation of Comparative Toughness Values in Table IV–1 .........................447Appendix E.– Kiln Schedules ...............................................................................................449
Index of Trade and Important Common Names ............................................................................451Index of scientific names ................................................................................................................465
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1
Hartwood lumber being air-dried at a large industrial complex in South America. The lumber will be further dried in a kiln before it is processed for export markets.
Introduction
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Filling a NeedOver the past two decades U.S. lumber imports from the tropics have increased fourfold. Plywood trade, mostly from Asian sources, has soared fortyfold and now equals our domestic production. Log imports, though, have decreased drastically from about 100 million board feet (log scale) in the 1950‘s to 30 million currently. Much of the world timber trade now is in the form of processed material. A wide array of tropical wood species and species groupings are now available to U.S. processors. Many are already well known on the European markets. This surge in supplies from overseas includes softwoods, hardwoods, decorative species, and utility woods.
An extensive body of foreign literature describes the properties of tropical woods, but much of this literature is not readily available to interested users. In this country the Forest Products Laboratory has issued “Information Leaflets” or “Forest Wood Series” reports on some species of importance, but few are in print. The most recent comprehensive document, “properties of Imported Tropical Woods,” (3) contained a description of about 100 tropical genera.
Because of the ever-increasing demand for reference material, we have prepared this more extensive data source. Parts I–Tropical America, II–Africa, and III–Southeast Asia and Oceania contain concise descriptions of tree and timber characteristics for about 370 tropical species or generic groupings. The actual number of botanical entities, however, is many more. Almost all the information was compiled from world literature. This required an extensive search of abstracts and then an amassing of a rather formidable documentation. Focus has been on species already highly favored in international trade.
The worldwide literature was translated, interpreted, reduced, and synthesized. Only a small part of the information presented in this volume is based on research conducted by the USDA Forest Service.
Species are listed alphabetically by scientific name and are grouped according to regional origin–Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia and Oceania. Each of these parts supplies condensed information about particular species or species grouping. Technical data and descriptive information presented here follow the format used by R. H. Farmer (2)
Part IV classifies the physical and mechanical property data from parts I, II, and III into groupings that permit comparisons even though methods of testing may have been quite different. A guide to several major use categories is also included. All data are presented in table form that allows rapid scanning or easy transfer to card sorts or input to a computer retrieval system. A summary reference sheet attached to the table can be used to decode physical and mechanical properties classified in table IV-I.
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Modern logging equipment, including portable high lead rigging, is now in use throughout the tropics where tree size and species concentrations are economically favorable.
Five appendixes supply additional Information. Appendix A is a partial list of forest products references, almost all of which were used in this compilation. They are divided into those with worldwide coverage and those specific to Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Appendix B is a list of generic synonyms. If a particular species or species grouping cannot be found in the text, this list of name changes should be checked.
Appendix C may be helpful where more than one genus makes up a trade grouping. For example, the name Neesia may be known, but the data are filed under Durio and Neesia.
Appendix D furnishes Information on the derivation of comparable toughness values given in table IV–1.
Appendix E offers tables that can be used to assemble the dry kiln schedules suggested for the various timbers.
If only the trade name of a wood is known, the Index of trade names can be used to obtain cross references to scientific names and entry to the species descriptions. For a listing of the thousands of common names used in the producing countries, see the catalog prepared by Boutlje (1).
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Scientific Names Species information is arranged alphabetically by generic name within the three main tropical regions. Where more than one species is described within a genus, the material is presented alphabetically according to specific name or group trade name. Where two or more species in a genus make up a commercial grouping, the composite is designated by spp. (e.g., Peltogyne spp).
We have attempted to use currently accepted nomenclature, but well-known synonyms are also given (e.g., Ochroma pyramidale syn. Ochroma lagopus or Nauclea diderrichii syn. Sarcocephalus diderrichii). Some commercial timber groupings may include more than one genus (e.g., the wood marketed as Resak includes Cotylelobium spp. and Vatica spp.).
Many genera are native to more than one region (e.g., Podocarpus, Pterocarpus, Terminalia), but Ceiba pentandra, Symphonia globulifera, Andira inermis and Rhizophora mangle are the only species listed that are indigenous to two or more regions. However, many species from one region have been introduced into the other two, either as ornamentals or for the production of such products as timber, tannin, latex, gums, and resins. Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, is native to Brazil but is most extensively cultivated in Africa and Asia. Teak, Tectona grandis, is a favored plantation species in tropical America and West Africa but is native to Southeast Asia. The information on these and other exotics is arranged in their region of origin.
To further complete botanical affinities, family names are also given. Plants developing woody tissue are classified in about 250 families. Species and species groupings in this compilation can be placed in some 70 families. The largest number, by far, belongs to the Leguminosae, followed by Meliaceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae. Nineteen species or species grouping of the 4 gymnosperm or softwood families of Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Podocarpaceae are also included.
Trade and Other Common NamesThe scientific name is followed by one or more trade names. These come into use after years of marketing on national and international levels. Sometimes the trade name is merely a repetition of the generic name (e.g., afzelia, albizzia, alstonia). Often when there is a superficial similarity to a Temperate Zone timber, but no botanical affinity, names such as Queensland-maple and silky-oak are used. Honduras mahogany, is a trade name for Swietenia macrophylla because shipments, at first, were mostly centered in Honduras. Yet the name applies to timber now harvested from Mexico southward to eastern Bolivia. The name mahogany, with a geographical modifier, also refers to species of Khaya from Africa and to botanically unrelated species of Shorea from the Philippines.
A few other common names, mostly of local use only, are also given. Some woods may have dozens of such names, changing from country to country and from district to district within countries. All of the trade names, but only a few of the common names, are indexed in this volume.
DistributionInformation on growth ranges and site preferences is given. Gregarious species are also noted. Most of the species or species groups described here are found growing between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, some 50° of latitude. Included are a few species growing outside of the tropical belt (e.g., Nothofagus spp. and Fitzroya cupressoides native to Chile and Argentina and some eucalypts from Australia).
Most of the species described are available to world markets only in rather small volumes. To obtain larger supplies for a particular end use, it may be necessary to accumulate timbers having similar characteristics from several botanical groupings. Even those species growing in pure Stands over large areas may be limited in supply. For example, Parana-pine forests have been heavily cut over in Brazil, and the area is being restocked mainly with exotics. Virola spp., once abundant for plywood production in the Guianas, must now be imported from other regions to meet their veneer needs. Okoume, a highly favored plywood species on the European market, is no longer available from the First Zone (mostly coastal) of Gabon. Because of this transient characteristic of the resource, we have not attempted to indicate current or future availability of the species listed.
Distribution within the tropics is highly variable. Some species are found in coastal tidelands (red
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mangrove, Rhizophora mangle), swamp forests (ramin, Gonystylus bancanus or banak, Virola spp.), on low coastal plains, and along riverbanks (cativo, Prioria copaifera or mora, Mora excelsa). Others are established on low-temperature, high-mountain sites (roble, Quercus spp. or Benquet pine, Pinus insularis). All of the above species occur in rather pure forest stands, but this is not typical of the tropical forest as a whole. Where there are no special atmospheric, geological, topographic, or edaphic conditions, individuals of the most common species found in lowland tropical forests are widely dispersed, seldom making up 10 percent of the volume, and often much less.
The TreeTree form and size are emphasized under this heading. Some specialty woods are milled from
very small stems (e.g., African blackwood, Dalbergia melanoxylon and West Indian satinwood, Zanthoxylum flavum). Other timbers come from trees that soar to heights of 150 to 200 feet and have log diameters of 8 feet and more (e.g., okoume, Aucoumea klaineana or kapur, Dryobalanops spp.). Trunks of many species have buttresses that may reach heights of 15 to 25 feet (e.g., obeche, Triplochiton scleroxylon or mora, Mora spp.).
The WoodGeneral Characteristics: This section stresses the appearance of wood of individual species
and species groupings. Heartwood colorations, unusual changes on exposure to light or air, and differentiation, if any, from sapwood are described. Woods with high luster or golden cast due to the way light is reflected are noted. If anatomical elements are large and irregular, the wood is described as having coarse and uneven texture. If these same features are small and evenly distributed, the texture is fine and uniform. Grain defines the arrangement or alinement of wood tissue-straight, spiral, or interlocked. Interlocked grain is most common in tropical timbers and is due to an alternating right- and left-hand spiraling of the grain. If quartersawn, this produces a ribbon or roey figure. Other grain irregularities, enhanced by various sawing or slicing techniques, can develop other kinds of figure (e.g., curly, feather, fiddleback, etc.). Distinctive scents and tastes are also noted. Silica percentages, if significant, are given. The literature suggests that there is little blunting of cutting tools unless silica accumulations are above 0.5 percent.
Almost all woods have constituents that are allergenic or toxic to someone, including our native white pine and paper birch. Most people, though, are unaffected by most woods. Dust generated in woodworking may irritate skin and mucous membranes and even cause nosebleeds and respiratory disorders. Timbers that are particularly toxic are noted. Woods with gummy, oily, or resinous exudates are also indicated.
Weight: Specific gravity or density may be related to important wood attributes such as mechanical strength, shrinkage, paper-forming properties, and cutting forces required in machining. Often in assessing the use potential of a species, specific gravity receives first attention.
Basic specific gravity is the ratio of wood density to the density of water at 4° C and is calculated from the ovendry weight and volume in the green condition. This may range from less than 0.1 for balsa, Ochroma pyramidale to about 1.1 for lignumvitae, Guaiacum spp. Density calculated from weight and volume when air dry, usually at a moisture content of 12 percent, is also given. This may range from about 10 to 80 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) for commercial species.
Mechanical Properties: lt must be emphasized that the mechanical properties presented here by species are taken from the world literature. Sampling and testing procedures have varied considerably. Values are given so that comparisons between species can be made as well as selection for targeted end uses. However, the data reported may not be acceptable to regulatory bodies as a basis for assigning design properties. Such interests are beyond the scope and intent of this document.
Sources from which the strength data were obtained are listed in the Literature Cited sections at the end of each geographical part.
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Data are given for strength tests in the green and dry condition. These include bending strength (modulus of rupture), stiffness in bending (modulus of elasticity), compression parallel to the grain (maximum crushing strength), Janka side hardness, and toughness (based on either the Amsler or the FPL-Madison type machines).
Most test results reported here are based on the ASTM D 143 procedures using either 2-inch or 1-inch specimens, British Standard No. 373 using 2-centimeter material, or Norme Francaise B51-007, B51-008, and other standards in this series, also a 2-centimeter standard. In the French data, modulus of rupture was calculated using beam depth to the 10/6 power instead of the square of the depth used to obtain U.S. and British bending strength values. The data based on French standards were adjusted to be comparable in this presentation. There are other differences in testing methods. At the Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas, São Paulo, bending strength is based on beams 2 by 2 by 30 centimeters, center-loaded over a 24-centimeter span. Modulus of elasticity, though, is calculated from test beams 6 by 6 by 100 centimeters, center-loaded over an 84-centimeter span.Drying and Shrinkage: Note is made of the response of individual woods to air-drying and kiln-drying and whether or not there is degrade due to checking, warp or collapse.
Percent shrinkage values (volumetric, radial, tangential) from the green to ovendry condition or green to air-dry condition are given. Movement ratings indicate dimensional stability in service and are based on the sum of percent radial and percent tangential dimension changes corresponding to a change in exposure from 90 to 60 percent relative humidity. Ratings used are:
Small Under 3.0 percent Medium 3.0 to 4.5 percent Large Over 4.5 percent
Appendix E presents a series of tables that can be assembled into kiln schedules where these are suggested for particular species or species groupings. lf no kiln schedules are found in the literature, none are recommended.
Highly perishable cuangare (Dialyanthera spp.) and banak (Virola spp.) logs harvested from coastal lowlands in southwest Colombia are ready for pond storage
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If natural durability is good and turnover is frequent, logs can be held in “dry” storage until processed.
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Working Properties: Much of the information given on working properties of individual species is highly subjective. Described are ease of working with hand and machine tools, tendencies to torn or chipped grain, smoothness of finish cut, dulling of cutters, and ease of veneering. Nailing, screwing, or gluing characteristics may be included as well as steambending properties if well suited for this purpose. lf working the wood is reputed to cause skin or mucous membrane irritations, this is mentioned again.Durability: Resistance of the wood to attack by decay fungi, insects, and marine borers is described. Ratings are based on laboratory assays, field stake tests, or performance under actual use conditions.
Heartwood decay resistance classifications are based on ground contact and are:
Classification (2) Approximate service life YearsVery durable More than 25Durable 15-25Moderately durable 10-15Nondurable 5-10Perishable Less than 5
Sapwood of all species will rate perishable. If not in ground contact and kept dry, all woods could be free of rot and have an extended service life. Consideration must also be given to vulnerability to attack by Lyctus beetles, subterranean and dry-wood termites, and other insects. lf data are available, resistance to such attack is reported here. Weathering characteristics and performance under particular kinds of chemical exposure may also be noted.Preservation: Treatability of sapwood and heartwood using either open tank or pressurevacuum processes is described. Ratings may range from permeable, where 15 to 20 pcf and more of preservative solutions are absorbed with complete or deep chemical penetration to extremely resistant if absorption is only 2 to 3 pcf or less and lateral penetration is superficial. There is no standard treatability test. Ratings may be based on laboratory trials using a wide range of specimen sizes, with or without end coatings, or actual commercial treating plant experience.Uses: Suitability of a wood for particular applications may be based on indigenous uses in underdeveloped regions or perhaps long experience in export trade but with little or no experience
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on U.S. markets. As an example, Jongkong, Dactylocladus stenostachys, is treated with oil and used for shingles in Sarawak. This wood may not be marketable elsewhere for the same purpose. Demand exists overseas for woods particularly suitable for produce boxes, which are rarely used in the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, the lists of uses indicate the properties and working characteristics of the wood and may suggest applications still not realized. Often trees formerly classified as uneconomic or weed species are now in high demand an world markets. Use categories, then, should not be considered restrictive.
Sash gang saws are used in Surinam for log breakdown. About 30 species are classified as available in quantity from the region, yet only 3 species make up 90 percent of the lumber exports.
In Guyana band mills are preferred for log breakdown and resaw.
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150
273
-8
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lf a tree is noted for the yield of products other than wood (gums, latex, fiber, tannins, nuts and fruits, etc.), this is also indicated.
Additional ReadingThe species descriptions are based on a compilation of world literature. Presentations are rather concise to fit the format used. Material for a few species is based on only one or two sources; more often dozens were used. Usually three or four references are cited and listed at the end of each regional section.
Several thousand documents, many of them long out of print, were consulted to develop this data base. For those with an interest to read further, a few comprehensive references are given in appendix A.
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Literature Cited–Introduction
1. Boutlje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers: Names and technical literature. Swedish For. Prod. Res. Lab. STFI–meddelande Serie Anr 611. Stockholm.
2. Farmer, R. H. (Editor). 1972. Handbook of hardwoods. H. M. Stationery Office, London.3. Kukachka, B. F. 1970. Properties of imported tropical woods. USDA Forest Service Res. Pap.
FPL-125. Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, Wis.
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Part I–Tropical American Species1
Planalto forest south of Santarém in the Rio Curuá-Una region, Brazil. About 60 percent of the volume is in species considerably denser than U.S. commercial woods (basic specific gravity over 0.70).
1 Numbered references listed under Mechanical Properties and Additional Reading for each species appear in Literature Cited–Tropical American Species, beginning on p. 172.
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Tree and Wood Characteristics
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Alexa imperatricis Haiari
Family: LeguminosaeOther Common Names: Haiariballi (Guyana).Distribution: Found in the Venezuelan Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and the Brazilian Amazon region. Often dominant on the light-colored sands of the northwest and upper Mozaruni district and the Pakaraima Mountains in Guyana.
The TreeUnbuttressed, well formed, with small oval crowns. Grows to 36 in. in diameter and 100 ft high on favorable sites, but are usually 20 to 24 in. in diameter and less than 100 ft high. The bole is cylindrical and often 70 ft long.
The WoodGeneral Characteristics: Heartwood brownish yellow but occasionally somewhat darker; not sharply differentiated from the light yellow to grayish-yellow sapwood, 3 to 4 in. wide. Luster is medium to low; generally straight grained; rather coarse textured; odorless and tasteless when dry.Weight: Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) reported to be 0.46 to 0.55 in Guyana; 0.41 in the Venezuelan Guiana. Air-dry density about 32 pcf.Mechanical Properties: (1-in. standard)
Janka side hardness is 690 lb and the Forest Products Laboratory toughness is 118 in.-lb (5/8-in. specimen).Drying and Shrinkage: Lumber has a marked tendency to collapse during seasoning. Close piling for air-drying and the use of high humidities and low temperatures during the early stages of kiln-drying are suggested. Veneers are slow to dry. Jet-drying of 1/16-in. veneer at 285° F resulted in buckling, collapse, and splitting. Kiln schedule T2-C2 is suggested for 4/4 stock and T2-C1 for 8/4. Shrinkage green to ovendry: radial 4.0%; tangential 8.5%; volumetric 11.7%. Movement of seasoned wood is classified as large.Working Properties: Haiari is reported to work easily and finish satisfactorily. Nail withdrawal resistance is higher than would be expected from its density. Rotary cutting trials of 1/16-in. veneer gave smooth surfaces and uniform thickness; rough cutting occurred in 1/8-in. veneer. Reported to have rather unfavorable gluing properties when made into plywood.Durability: Reported to be highly resistant to decay, but freshly cut logs are very susceptible to damage by pin-hole borers.Preservation: Both sapwood and heartwood very easy to treat. Absorptions over 9 pcf with uniform penetration obtainable by hot and cold bath as well as pressure-vacuum systems.Uses: Haiari is suitable for interior construction, boxes, crating, general construction, plywood, and other uses requiring an easily worked wood of moderate strength.
Additional Reading (24), (46), (60)
Moisture content Bending strength Modules of elasticity Maximum crushing strengthPsi 1,000 psi Psi
12% (24) 10,590 1,580 5,620
427
Summary Reference Sheet for Decoding Table IV-1
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A1,
34
74
67
- 1-
55
42
Lirio
dend
ron
tulip
ifera
Yello
w-p
opla
rU
SA
1, 4
2-3
33
22
2-
34
43
Pin
us s
trobu
s 2
Eas
tern
whi
te p
ine
US
A1,
32
22
11
11
12
33-
4P
inus
taed
a 2
Lobl
olly
pin
eU
SA
33
43
42
2-
33
2-3
3-4
Pse
udot
suga
men
zies
ii 2
Dou
glas
-fir
US
A3
34
44
32
13
33
4Q
uerc
us a
lba
Whi
te o
akU
SA
14
53
44
42
45
24
Que
rcus
rubr
aN
orth
ern
red
oak
US
A1,
34
44
34
4-
34
42
Trop
ical
Tim
bers
of t
he W
orld
Aca
cia
mel
anox
ylon
Aus
t. bl
ackw
ood
AS
1, 2
44-
54-
55
34
22
43
4A
caci
a m
ollis
sim
aB
lack
wat
tleA
S1
45
55
-6
3-
-5
2A
dina
cor
difo
liaH
aldu
AS
1, 3
44
23-
52
43
23
3-4
-A
fzel
ia s
pp.
Afz
elia
AF
35
5-6
3-4
6-7
-6
11
11
4A
gath
is s
pp.2
Kau
nA
S1,
33
3-4
3-4
2-3
-2-
3-
32
3-4
1A
lbiz
ia le
bbek
Kok
koA
S2
34-
54
4-7
34-
5-
12
34
Alb
izia
falc
atar
iaB
atai
AS
1, 3
22
21
21
12
25
3A
lbiz
ia s
pp.
Alb
izzi
aA
F1,
2, 3
3-4
2-4
2-3
3-
2-4
11
13
4A
lexa
impe
ratri
cis
Hai
ari
AM
13-
43
32
22
33
41
1A
lsto
nia
cong
ensi
s an
d A
. boo
nei
Als
toni
aA
F1
21-
21-
21-
21
1-
22
51
Als
toni
a sp
p.P
ulai
AS
12
22
14
1-
22
51
Am
bura
na c
eare
nsis
Am
bura
naA
M1
3-4
3-4
23
22
-1
1-2
3-
Am
oora
spp
.A
moo
raA
S3
3-5
--
43
3-
--
3-
Ana
card
ium
exc
elsu
mE
spav
eA
M1
32
21
11
-1
23-
53
Ana
dena
nthe
ra m
acro
carp
aC
urup
ayA
M3
67
57
77
23
31
4A
ndira
iner
mis
Ang
elin
AM
34-
56-
75-
66
-5
-3
53
4A
ndro
stac
hys
john
soni
iM
ecru
sse
AF
35
6-
6-
7-
42
14
Ani
ba s
pp.
Lour
oA
M1
46
57
35
-3
31
4A
ning
eria
spp
.A
ning
eria
AF
1, 3
32-
52-
32-
43
2-4
-2
35
1A
niso
pter
a sp
p.M
ersa
wa
AS
13-
44-
63-
54-
56
32
34
34
Ant
noce
phal
us c
hine
nsis
Cad
amA
S1
23
22-
33
21
12
51
Ant
iaris
spp
.A
ntia
risA
F1
22
1-2
1-2
11
12
35
1A
peib
a sp
p.D
uru
AM
11-
21
11
-1
-1
25
1A
rauc
aria
ang
ustif
olia
2P
aran
a-pi
neA
M1,
33
43
3-4
22
22
35
2A
rauc
aria
spp
. 2H
oop-
pine
AS
1, 3
33-
43-
42-
42-
42
12
25
1A
rtoca
rpus
spp
.K
elda
ngA
S1,
23-
54
2-3
3-5
44
-1
21-
53
Asp
idos
perm
a sp
p.A
raca
nga
AM
1, 3
5-6
76-
77
3-5
6-7
-4
41-
32
Asp
idos
perm
a sp
p.P
erob
a ro
saA
M1,
24
43
43
6-
22
34
Ast
roni
um g
rave
olen
sC
onca
lo a
lves
AM
35
5-6
4-5
72
7-
33
14
Auc
oum
ea k
lain
eana
Oko
ume
AF
32
32
2-
1-
32
53
Aut
rane
lla c
ongo
lens
isM
ukul
ungu
AF
35
75
74-
6-
34
31
4A
zadi
rach
ta s
pp.
Nee
mA
S3
43-
42
3-4
-5
12
32-
44
Bag
assa
gui
anen
sis
Bag
asse
AM
15
75
73
6-
43
14
Bai
kiae
a in
sgni
sN
koba
koba
AF
15
66
6-
62
23
43
Bai
kiae
a pl
uriju
gaR
hode
sian
-teak
AF
35
42
6-
71
11
14
Bai
llone
lla to
xisp
erm
aM
oabi
AF
35
75
73-
7-
14
31
4B
alan
ocar
pus
spp.
Che
ngal
AS
25
76
7-
7-
--
14
Bal
four
oden
dron
ried
elia
num
Pau
mar
fimA
M1
4-5
6-
57
--
34
43
Bei
lsch
mie
dia
taw
aTa
wa
AS
14
54
5-
5-
--
41
Ber
linia
spp
.B
erlin
iaA
F3
44-
52-
44
24
23
43
3B
erth
olle
tia e
xcel
saB
razi
l-nut
tree
AM
14
53
32
4-
24
1-2
4B
isch
ofia
java
nica
Bis
hopw
ood
AS
33-
55
34-
52
4-
35
2-5
3B
omba
cops
is q
uina
taP
ocho
teA
M3
33-
43
2-3
22
-2
21-
24
Bom
bax
spp.
Bom
bax
AF
1, 3
2-3
1-3
1-2
1-2
11
13
45
2-4
Bow
dich
ia s
pp.
Suc
upira
AM
35
6-
76
--
43
1-
Bra
chyl
aena
hut
chin
sii
Muh
uhu
AF
1, 4
55
36
-7
12
21
4B
rach
yste
gia
spic
iform
isM
tund
uA
F1,
35
64
6-
62
33
44
Bra
chys
tegi
a sp
p.O
kwen
AF
1, 2
3-4
3-4
2-3
2-4
-3-
52
22
34
Bro
sim
um s
pp. (
Alic
astru
m g
roup
)C
apom
oA
M1
4-6
34
5-
4-5
-4
45
-B
rosi
mum
spp
. (U
tile
grou
p)C
ow tr
eeA
M1
2-3
45
5-
3-
23
5-
Buc
hena
via
capi
tata
Yello
w s
ande
rsA
M1
44
34
24
-1
23
4B
ucid
a bu
cera
sJu
caro
AM
1, 4
6-
--
--
-3
32
3B
uckl
andi
a po
puln
aP
ipli
AS
33
3-5
2-4
2-5
-4
--
-4-
5-
Bul
nesl
a ar
bore
aVe
raw
ood
AM
46
--
--
--
--
14
Bur
kea
afric
ana
Bur
kea
AF
2-3
4-6
--
--
-1
11
14
429
Nam
eU
ses
Con
stru
ctio
n
Hea
vyLi
ght
Mar
ine
Use
Cro
sstie
sJo
iner
y/m
ilwor
kFl
oorin
gS
hake
s/sh
ingl
es
Rec
on-
stitu
ted
Pro
duct
s 1
Ply
woo
dD
ecor
ativ
e ve
neer
s
Furn
iture
/ca
bine
t-w
ork
Turn
ery
Car
ving
sM
usic
al
inst
ru-
men
ts
Tool
ha
ndle
sVa
ts/ta
nks
Coo
p-er
age
Box
es/
crat
esS
peci
alty
ite
ms
Eig
ht U
.S. s
peci
es fo
r com
paris
onA
cer s
acch
arum
xx
xx
xx
xx
Car
ya o
vata
xx
xx
xLi
riode
ndro
n tu
lipife
rax
xx
xx
xx
Pin
us s
trobu
s 1
xx
xx
xx
xP
inus
taed
a 2
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xP
seud
otsu
ga m
enzi
esii
2x
xx
xx
xx
xx
xO
uerc
us a
lba
xx
xx
xx
xx
Que
rcus
rubr
ax
xx
xx
xTr
opic
al T
imbe
rs o
f the
Wor
ldA
caci
a m
elan
oxyl
onx
xx
xx
xx
Aca
cia
mol
lissi
ma
xx
Adi
na c
ordi
folia
xx
xx
xA
fzel
ia s
pp.
xx
xx
xx
Aga
this
spp
.2x
xx
xx
xA
lbiz
ia le
bbek
xx
xx
Alb
izia
falc
atar
iax
xx
xA
lbiz
ia s
pp.
xx
xA
lexa
impe
ratri
cis
xx
xA
lsto
nia
cong
ensi
s an
d A
. boo
nei
xx
xx
xA
lsto
nia
spp.
xx
xx
xA
mbu
rana
cea
rens
isx
xx
Am
oora
spp
.x
xx
xx
xA
naca
rdiu
m e
xcel
sum
xx
xx
xA
nade
nant
hera
mac
roca
rpa
xx
xx
xx
And
ira in
erm
isx
xx
xx
xA
ndro
stac
hys
john
soni
ix
xx
xA
niba
spp
.x
xx
xA
ning
eria
spp
.x
xx
Ani
sopt
era
spp.
xx
xx
xA
ntno
ceph
alus
chi
nens
isx
xx
xx
xA
ntia
ris s
pp.
xx
xx
xA
peib
a sp
p.x
Ara
ucar
ia a
ngus
tifol
ia 2
xx
xx
xA
rauc
aria
spp
. 2x
xx
xx
xx
Arto
carp
us s
pp.
xx
xx
xx
Asp
idos
perm
a sp
p. A
raca
nga
xx
xx
xx
Asp
idos
perm
a sp
p. P
erob
a ro
sax
xx
xx
xx
Ast
roni
um g
rave
olen
sx
xx
xx
Auc
oum
ea k
lain
eana
xx
xx
xA
utra
nella
con
gole
nsis
xx
xx
xx
Aza
dira
chta
spp
.x
xx
xB
agas
sa g
uian
ensi
sx
xx
Bai
kiae
a in
sgni
sx
xx
Bai
kiae
a pl
uriju
gax
Bai
llone
lla to
xisp
erm
ax
xx
xx
xB
alan
ocar
pus
spp.
xx
xx
xB
alfo
urod
endr
on ri
edel
ianu
mx
xx
xB
eils
chm
iedi
a ta
wa
xx
xx
xx
Ber
linia
spp
.x
xx
Ber
thol
letia
exc
elsa
xx
xx
xB
isch
ofia
java
nica
xx
xx
Bom
baco
psis
qui
nata
xx
xx
xB
omba
x sp
p.x
xx
Bow
dich
ia s
pp.
xx
Bra
chyl
aena
hut
chin
sii
xx
xB
rach
yste
gia
spic
iform
isx
xx
Bra
chys
tegi
a sp
p.x
xx
xB
rosi
mum
spp
. (A
licas
trum
gro
up)
xx
xB
rosi
mum
spp
. (U
tile
grou
p)x
xx
xx
Buc
hena
via
capi
tata
xx
xx
xB
ucid
a bu
cera
sx
xB
uckl
andi
a po
puln
ax
xx
Bul
nesl
a ar
bore
ax
xB
urke
a af
rican
ax
xx
x
Tabl
e IV
-2.–
Use
s fo
r var
ious
trop
ical t
imbe
rs o
f the
wor
ld, c
ompa
red
to e
ight
U.S
. spe
cies
430
Bur
sera
sim
arub
aG
umbo
-lim
boA
M1
1-2
11-
21
-1
-1
15
1B
yrso
nim
a sp
p.S
erre
tteA
M3
45-
64
62
5-
34
42
Cab
rale
a ca
nger
ana
Can
gera
naA
M3
44
-4
2-
-2
31
-C
aesa
lpin
ia s
pp.
Par
tridg
ewoo
dA
M3,
46
--
--
--
--
14
Cal
litris
gla
uca
2W
hite
cyp
ress
-pin
eA
S1
43
24
1-2
4-
21
1-
Cal
ophy
llum
bra
silie
nse
San
ta m
aria
AM
33
54
3-5
34
23
32-
34
Cal
ophy
llum
spp
.B
inta
ngor
AS
33-
44
34-
52
5-
22
43
Cal
ycop
hyllu
m c
andi
diss
imum
Deg
ame
AM
15
75
65
6-
34
4-
Cam
pnos
perm
a pa
nam
ensi
sS
ajo
AM
12
23
2-
1-
--
51
Can
angi
um o
dora
tum
Can
anga
AS
1, 3
21
21
21
-2
35
-C
anar
ium
sch
wei
nfur
thii
Afri
can
cana
rium
AF
32-
32-
32
1-2
12
23
35
4C
anar
ium
spp
.K
edon
dong
AS
1, 3
2-3
--
-3
--
43
54
Car
apa
guia
nens
isC
rabw
ood
AM
34
54-
54-
52
41
23
2-4
4C
arap
a pr
ocer
aA
frica
n cr
abw
ood
AF
34
--
--
-1-
2-
-3
4C
arin
iana
pyr
iform
isA
lbar
coA
M3
33-
43
33
31
12
24
Car
yoca
r spp
.P
iqui
aA
M1
56
45
36
-4
41
-C
asea
ria b
atis
com
bei
Mui
rung
iA
F1,
33-
43
33
-2
-1
35
1C
assi
pour
ea m
alos
ana
Pill
arw
ood
AF
14
5-6
35-
6-
4-5
24
55
4C
asta
nops
is s
pp.
Ber
anga
nA
S1,
24
32
2-
--
--
53
Cas
uarin
a sp
p.C
asua
rina
AS
36
74-
77
27
-5
55
3C
atos
tem
ma
spp.
Bar
omal
liA
M1,
33-
43-
54-
63-
53
23
45
51
Cec
ropi
a pe
ltata
Trum
pet-w
ood
AM
12
1-2
21
11
-1
25
2C
edre
la s
pp.
Spa
nish
-ced
arA
M3
2-4
33
2-3
22
13
23
4C
edre
la s
pp.
Toon
AS
33
32-
32-
32
2-3
-2
23
2C
edre
linga
cat
enae
form
isC
edro
-ran
aA
M1,
33
--
--
--
--
3-
Cei
ba p
enta
ndra
Cei
baA
M, A
F1,
31-
21
11
11
11
25
1C
eltis
spp
.A
frica
n ce
ltis
AF
14
3-7
4-5
2-7
-5
24
55
2C
entro
lobi
um s
pp.
Ara
rba
AM
1, 3
4-5
5-6
54-
64
3-
12
13
Cep
halo
spha
era
usam
bare
nsis
Mta
mba
raA
F3
34
53
-2
34
55
2C
hlor
opho
ra e
xcel
saIro
koA
F1,
24
3-4
33-
52-
34
11
11
4C
hiro
roph
ora
tinct
oria
Fust
icA
M1
57
47
47
-2
21
4C
hlor
oxyl
on s
wie
teni
aE
ast I
ndia
n sa
tinw
ood
AS
16
54
7-
7-
43
1-
Chu
kras
ia ta
bula
risC
hick
rass
yA
S1,
34
23
3-
41
22
44
Cin
nam
omum
spp
.C
inna
mon
woo
dA
S1,
32-
33
-2
1-
2-
-2-
4-
Cla
risim
a ra
cem
osa
Oiti
cica
am
arel
aA
M1
43-
65
63
4-5
11
22-
43
Chl
atro
tropi
s sp
p.A
rom
ata
AM
2, 3
67
77
-7
-3
33
-C
ombr
etod
endr
on m
acro
carp
umE
ssia
AF
35
5-6
3-5
4-7
37
34
52-
34
Cop
aife
ra s
pp.
Cop
aiba
AM
33-
43-
76
2-7
46
-3
41-
43-
4C
ordi
a m
illen
iiW
est A
frica
n co
rdia
AF
1, 3
22
21
12
12
13
3C
ordi
a sp
p.C
ordi
aA
S1,
2, 4
3-4
--
--
--
12
2-5
-C
ordi
a sp
p. (A
lliod
ora
grou
p)Fr
eijo
AM
13
3-4
3-4
2-4
2-3
31
23
2-3
3C
ordi
a sp
p. (G
eras
cant
hus
grou
p)C
anal
ete
AM
34-
65-
63
35
71
33
1-
Cor
dyla
afri
cana
Cor
dyla
AF
15
33
5-
52
54
14
Cot
ylel
obiu
m s
pp.
Res
akA
S3
4-6
5-7
54-
55
5-
34
1-2
3C
oum
a m
acro
carp
aC
ow tr
eeA
M1,
33
5-
4-5
-3
-2
25
-C
oura
tari
spp.
Mah
otA
M1,
33
4-6
3-4
4-5
23
-3
32-
41
Cra
toxy
lon
arbo
resc
ens
Ger
ongg
ang
AS
32-
31
21
-1
-3
35
1C
roto
n m
egal
ocar
pus
Mus
ine
AF
1, 2
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-4
3-
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1C
rypt
ocar
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pp.
Ros
e-m
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AS
33-
54-
73-
63-
72-
35-
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33
2-4
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Mex
ican
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AM
1, 3
33-
42
2-
1-
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Cyb
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iiP
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AM
12
32
21
21
22
2-4
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kan
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36
6-7
5-6
76
7-
44
14
Cyn
oden
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2, 3
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6-7
77
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44
3C
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57
4-5
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72
33
2-
Cyn
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ra s
pp.
Kek
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S3
66-
75-
66
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-3
35
2D
acry
dium
spp
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imu
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1, 3
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32
2-
2-
45
53
Dac
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saG
omm
ier
AM
33-
44
34
-3
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24
4D
acry
odes
spp
.A
djou
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AF
34-
55-
64-
64-
61-
6-
-5
44
3D
acty
lokl
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ste
nost
achy
sJo
ngko
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32-
43
1-4
12
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35
-D
albe
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Indi
an ro
sew
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AS
45
52-
36
-7
11
21
-D
albe
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mel
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Afri
can
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F4
67
77
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albe
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64
6-
7-
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1-
Dal
berg
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Coc
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oA
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--
--
1-
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albe
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ste
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Hon
dura
s ro
sew
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AM
45-
6-
--
--
1-
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-D
anie
llla
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Oge
aA
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32-
32-
32
12
22
45
2-3
Den
drop
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arb
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sA
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tree
AM
13
2-3
31
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45
1D
ialiu
m d
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Eyo
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45-
64-
74-
66-
72-
7-
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31
4D
ialiu
m g
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Juta
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M3
67
67
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41
4D
ialiu
m s
pp.
Ker
anji
AS
3, 4
67
6-7
77
7-
55
33
Nam
eM
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l pro
perti
esO
ther
pro
perti
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Geo
grap
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Col
orD
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tiffn
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Cru
shin
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Har
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sM
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Trea
tabi
lity
Sci
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alre
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stre
ngth
stre
ngth
ness
men
tR
ad.
Tan.
(hea
rtwoo
d)(h
eartw
ood)
431N
ame
Use
s
Con
stru
ctio
n
Hea
vyLi
ght
Mar
ine
Use
Cro
sstie
sJo
iner
y/m
ilwor
kFl
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gS
hake
s/sh
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es
Rec
on-
stitu
ted
Pro
duct
s 1
Ply
woo
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ecor
ativ
e ve
neer
s
Furn
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/ca
bine
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Turn
ery
Car
ving
sM
usic
al
inst
ru-
men
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Tool
ha
ndle
sVa
ts/ta
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Coo
p-er
age
Box
es/
crat
esS
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ite
ms
Bur
sera
sim
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xx
Byr
soni
ma
spp.
xx
xx
Cab
rale
a ca
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ana
xx
xx
Cae
salp
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spp
.x
xC
allit
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lauc
a 2
xx
xx
xC
alop
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m b
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xx
Cal
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xx
Cal
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xx
xC
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xx
xx
xx
Can
angi
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xx
xC
anar
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sch
wei
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xx
xx
xC
anar
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spp
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xx
xx
Car
apa
guia
nens
isx
xx
xx
xC
arap
a pr
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ax
xx
Car
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na p
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xx
xx
xC
aryo
car s
pp.
xx
xx
Cas
earia
bat
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mbe
ix
xx
Cas
sipo
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mal
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ax
xC
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pp.
xx
xC
asua
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spp.
xx
Cat
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mm
a sp
p.x
xx
xx
Cec
ropi
a pe
ltata
xx
xC
edre
la s
pp. S
pani
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xx
xx
xx
Ced
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spp
. Too
nx
xx
xC
edre
linga
cat
enae
form
isx
xC
eiba
pen
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rax
xx
xx
xC
eltis
spp
.x
xx
xC
entro
lobi
um s
pp.
xx
xx
xx
xC
epha
losp
haer
a us
amba
rens
isx
xx
xx
Chl
orop
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exc
elsa
xx
xx
xC
hiro
roph
ora
tinct
oria
xx
xx
xx
xC
hlor
oxyl
on s
wie
teni
ax
xx
xx
Chu
kras
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bula
risx
xx
xx
Cin
nam
omum
spp
..
xx
Cla
risim
a ra
cem
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xx
xC
hlat
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pis
spp.
xx
xC
ombr
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endr
on m
acro
carp
umx
xC
opai
fera
spp
.x
xx
xx
Cor
dia
mill
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xx
Cor
dia
spp.
xx
xx
Cor
dia
spp.
(Alli
odor
a gr
oup)
xx
xx
xx
Cor
dia
spp.
(Ger
asca
nthu
s gr
oup)
xx
xx
xC
ordy
la a
frica
nax
xC
otyl
elob
ium
spp
.x
xx
xx
xC
oum
a m
acro
carp
ax
xx
xx
xC
oura
tari
spp.
xx
xx
xC
rato
xylo
n ar
bore
scen
sx
xx
xx
Cro
ton
meg
aloc
arpu
sx
xC
rypt
ocar
ya s
pp.
xx
xx
xC
upre
ssus
lusi
tani
ca 2
xx
Cyb
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x do
nell-
smith
iix
xx
Cyl
icod
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s ga
bune
nsis
xx
xx
Cyn
oden
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spp
.x
xx
Cyn
omet
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lexa
ndri
xx
xx
Cyn
omet
ra s
pp.
xx
Dac
rydi
um s
pp. 2
xx
xx
xx
xD
acry
odes
exc
elsa
xx
xD
acry
odes
spp
.x
xx
xD
acty
lokl
adus
ste
nost
achy
sx
xx
xx
Dal
berg
ia la
tifol
iax
xx
xx
Dal
berg
ia m
elan
oxyl
onx
xx
xD
albe
rgia
nig
rax
xx
xx
Dal
berg
ia re
tusa
xx
xD
albe
rgia
ste
vens
onii
xx
xx
Dan
ielll
a og
eax
xx
xx
Den
drop
anax
arb
oreu
sx
xx
xx
xD
ialiu
m d
inkl
agei
xx
xD
ialiu
m g
uian
ense
xx
xx
Dia
lium
spp
.x
xx
x
432
Dia
lyan
ther
a sp
p.C
uang
are
AM
32
2-3
3-4
1-
1-
34
52
Dic
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uian
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sB
asra
locu
sA
M3
4-5
64
53
41
34
1-2
4D
idel
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bre
vipa
nicu
lata
Sap
oA
F1
44
2-4
44
--
24
33
Did
ymop
anax
mor
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Mor
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oA
M1
2-3
3-4
4-5
31
2-3
-4
45
3D
illen
ia s
pp.
Sim
poh
AS
33-
54-
53
2-5
23-
5-
22
42-
3D
ipsp
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spp
.A
frica
n eb
ony
AF
46
76
5-7
47
-5
51
4D
iosp
yros
spp
.E
ast I
ndia
n eb
ony
AS
44-
53-
63-
42-
65
6-
44
1-
Dip
lotro
pis
purp
urea
Suc
upira
AM
15
76-
77
47
-3
31-
33
Dip
tero
carp
us s
pp.
Ker
uing
AS
2, 3
45-
74-
55-
73
52-
35
53
2D
ipte
ryx
odor
ata
Tonk
aA
M1
67
77
57
-3
31
3D
iste
mon
anth
us b
enth
amia
nus
Ayan
AF
14
5-6
35-
63
41
22
33
Dra
cont
omel
um s
pp.
Pal
dao
AS
1, 3
3-4
3-5
3-4
3-4
73-
4-
23
4-
Dry
obal
anop
s sp
p.K
apur
AS
34
54-
65-
6-
42
35
34
Dua
bang
a sp
p.M
agas
AS
1, 3
21-
22
1-
1-2
11
15
2D
urio
spp
.D
uria
nA
S3
3-4
2-3
2-3
1-2
-2
-3
34
1D
yera
cos
tula
taJe
luto
ngA
S1
22
21
-1
11
25
1E
kebe
rgra
ruep
pelli
ana
Eke
berg
iaA
F1
32
-1
-3
21
35
1E
ndia
ndra
pal
mer
ston
iiO
rient
alw
ood
AS
1, 2
, 34
--
--
--
34
4-
End
ospe
rmum
spp
.G
ubas
AS
12
--
--
--
22
51
Ent
endr
ophr
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a an
gole
nse
Ged
unoh
orA
F3
33
2-3
3-4
23
13
33
4E
ntan
drop
hrag
ma
cand
olle
iK
osip
oA
F1,
34
3-4
44-
53
-2
54
33
Ent
andr
ophr
agm
a cy
lindr
icum
Sap
ele
AF
34
54
53
52
33
33
Ent
andr
ophr
agm
a ut
ileU
tile
AF
34
43
4-5
24
23
23
4E
nter
olob
ium
cyc
loca
rpum
Gua
naca
ste
AM
1, 3
21
11
-2
11
22
-E
nter
olob
ium
sch
ombu
rgki
iTi
mba
uba
AM
16
6-7
6-7
75
7-
24
14
Epe
rua
spp.
Wal
laba
AM
35
65
7-
7-
23
14
Ery
thro
phle
um iv
oren
seM
issa
nda
AF
35
4-7
3-6
4-7
37
14
41
4E
ryth
roxy
lum
man
iiLa
nda
AF
33
4-
44
--
--
33
Esc
hwei
lera
spp
.M
anba
rkla
kA
M1,
37
4-7
3-7
3-7
4-7
4-7
-4
51
4E
ucal
yptu
s de
glup
taD
eglu
pta
AS
32-
43
32
11
-2
34
-E
ucal
yptu
s di
vers
icol
orK
arri
AS
35
66
74
73
55
24
Euc
alyp
tus
glob
ulus
Blu
egum
AS
15-
65-
75-
66-
74-
55-
73
55
33
Euc
alyp
tus
mar
gina
taJa
rrah
AS
35
54
52-
36
25
51
4E
ucry
phia
cor
difo
liaU
lmo
AM
33
33
3-
--
34
51
Eug
enia
spp
.K
elat
AS
1, 3
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
2-3
3-5
-3
33
4E
usid
erox
ylon
zw
ager
iB
elia
nA
S2,
3, 4
67
67
-7
-3
31
4E
uxyl
opho
ra p
arae
nsis
Pau
am
arel
loA
M4
55
46
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-4
34
-Fa
gara
mac
roph
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Eas
t Afri
can
satin
woo
dA
F1,
44-
65-
74
5-7
--
--
-4
3Fa
garo
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ang
olen
sis
Maf
uA
F2,
44
54
5-
42
22
34
Fagr
aea
spp.
Tem
busu
AS
15-
66-
77
6-7
47
-1
11
4Fi
tzro
ya c
upre
ssoi
des
2A
lerc
eA
M3
22
22
-2
-2
22
-Fl
inde
rsia
spp
.Q
ueen
slan
d-m
aple
AS
13
3-4
33-
41
2-
44
4-
Gam
beya
afri
cana
Long
uiA
F3,
44
64-
56-
73
--
44
51
Gar
cini
a sp
p.K
andi
sA
S3
5-6
--
--
--
24
1-4
-G
enip
a am
eric
ana
Jagu
aA
M1,
34
4-5
33-
43
5-
34
51
Glu
ta s
pp.
Ren
gas
AS
34
3-5
3-4
5-
5-7
-1
23
3G
mel
ina
arbo
rea
Gm
elin
aA
S1,
33
21-
21
-2
11
13-
43
Gon
iom
a ka
mas
siK
amas
siA
F1
57
57
-7
--
-2
4G
onys
tylu
s sp
p.R
amin
AS
14
64
5-7
34
33
45
1G
ossw
eile
rode
ndro
n ba
lsam
iferu
mA
gba
AF
1, 3
2-3
2-3
1-2
1-3
12
11
12
3G
loss
ypio
sper
mum
pra
ecox
Wes
t Ind
ian
boxw
ood
AM
15
--
--
--
--
5-
Gou
pia
glab
raK
opie
AM
35
54-
55-
72
6-
33
34
Gre
ville
a ro
bust
aS
ilky-
oak
AS
13
2-4
22
13
-2
33
1G
uaia
cum
spp
.Li
gnum
vita
eA
M4
6-
-7
37
--
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4G
uare
a ce
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aG
uare
aA
F3
34-
53
4-5
33
12
22-
34
Gua
rea
spp.
Cra
man
tee
AM
33-
43-
53
3-4
23-
41
23
24
Gui
bour
tia a
rnol
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aM
uten
yeA
F1,
34
75-
77
3-7
-2
44
33
Gui
bour
tia e
hie
Ova
ngko
lA
F1,
25
5-6
5-6
55
--
45
33
Gui
bour
tia s
pp.
Bub
inga
AF
35
6-7
5-7
6-7
3-7
--
55
33
Hel
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tylis
tom
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saLe
che
perr
aA
M2
57
67
57
-4
45
4H
eriti
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spp.
Men
gkul
ang
AS
34
54
5-
41
12
52
Hev
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rasi
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ara
rubb
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eA
M3
3-
--
--
12
52
Hib
iscu
s el
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Blu
e m
ahoe
AM
44
--
--
--
--
1-
Hol
opyx
idiu
m ja
rena
Jara
naA
M3
5-6
76
77
7-
54
1-
Hom
aliu
m s
pp.
Afri
can
hom
aliu
mA
F1
56
5-6
5-6
27
-5
53
2H
omal
ium
spp
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urm
a la
ncew
ood
AS
1, 3
55-
65
3-7
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7-
11
2-3
3H
opea
spp
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45
4-5
5-
3-4
12
22
4H
umiri
a ba
lsam
ifera
Taur
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AM
1, 3
56
55
25
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51-
2-
Hur
a cr
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ura
AM
12
21-
21
11
21
15
1
Nam
eM
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nica
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ther
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perti
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Geo
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Col
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tiffn
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Cru
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Har
dnes
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Trea
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lity
Sci
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alre
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stre
ngth
stre
ngth
ness
men
tR
ad.
Tan.
(hea
rtwoo
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eartw
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433N
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Use
s
Con
stru
ctio
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Hea
vyLi
ght
Mar
ine
Use
Cro
sstie
sJo
iner
y/m
ilwor
kFl
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hake
s/sh
ingl
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Rec
on-
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ted
Pro
duct
s 1
Ply
woo
dD
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ativ
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neer
s
Furn
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bine
t-w
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Turn
ery
Car
ving
sM
usic
al
inst
ru-
men
ts
Tool
ha
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sVa
ts/ta
nks
Coo
p-er
age
Box
es/
crat
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ms
Dia
lyan
ther
a sp
p.x
xx
xx
Dic
oryn
ia g
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sx
xx
xD
idel
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bre
vipa
nicu
lata
xx
xx
xD
idym
opan
ax m
orot
oton
ix
xx
xx
Dill
enia
spp
.x
xx
xD
ipsp
yros
spp
. Afri
can
ebon
yx
xx
xD
iosp
yros
spp
. E. I
ndia
n eb
ony
xx
xx
Dip
lotro
pis
purp
urea
xx
xx
xD
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roca
rpus
spp
.x
xx
xD
ipte
ryx
odor
ata
xx
xx
xx
Dis
tem
onan
thus
ben
tham
ianu
sx
xx
xD
raco
ntom
elum
spp
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xx
xx
Dry
obal
anop
s sp
p.x
xx
xx
Dua
bang
a sp
p.x
xx
Dur
io s
pp.
xx
xD
yera
cos
tula
tax
xE
kebe
rgra
ruep
pelli
ana
xx
xx
End
iand
ra p
alm
erst
onii
xx
xx
End
ospe
rmum
spp
.x
xx
xx
xE
nten
drop
hrag
ma
ango
lens
ex
xx
xE
ntan
drop
hrag
ma
cand
olle
ix
xx
xx
Ent
andr
ophr
agm
a cy
lindr
icum
xx
xx
xE
ntan
drop
hrag
ma
utile
xx
xx
Ent
erol
obiu
m c
yclo
carp
umx
xx
Ent
erol
obiu
m s
chom
burg
kii
xx
xx
Epe
rua
spp.
xx
xx
Ery
thro
phle
um iv
oren
sex
xx
xE
ryth
roxy
lum
man
iix
xx
xE
schw
eile
ra s
pp.
xx
xx
xE
ucal
yptu
s de
glup
tax
xx
xE
ucal
yptu
s di
vers
icol
orx
xE
ucal
yptu
s gl
obul
usx
xx
xE
ucal
yptu
s m
argi
nata
xx
xx
Euc
ryph
ia c
ordi
folia
xx
xx
Eug
enia
spp
.x
xx
xE
usid
erox
ylon
zw
ager
ix
xx
xx
xx
Eux
ylop
hora
par
aens
isx
xx
Faga
ra m
acro
phyl
lax
xx
xFa
garo
psis
ang
olen
sis
xx
xx
Fagr
aea
spp.
xx
xx
xx
Fitz
roya
cup
ress
oide
s 2
xx
xx
xx
Flin
ders
ia s
pp.
xx
xx
xG
ambe
ya a
frica
nax
xx
xx
Gar
cini
a sp
p.x
xx
Gen
ipa
amer
ican
ax
xx
xG
luta
spp
.x
xx
xx
Gm
elin
a ar
bore
ax
xx
xx
Gon
iom
a ka
mas
six
xG
onys
tylu
s sp
p.x
xx
xx
xG
ossw
eile
rode
ndro
n ba
lsam
iferu
mx
xx
xx
Glo
ssyp
iosp
erm
um p
raec
oxx
xx
xG
oupi
a gl
abra
xx
xx
Gre
ville
a ro
bust
ax
xx
xx
xG
uaia
cum
spp
.x
xG
uare
a ce
drat
ax
xx
xx
Gua
rea
spp.
xx
xx
xG
uibo
urtia
arn
oldi
ana
xx
xx
Gui
bour
tia e
hie
xx
xx
Gui
bour
tia s
pp.
xx
xH
elic
osty
lis to
men
tosa
xx
xx
Her
itier
a sp
p.x
xx
xx
Hev
ea b
rasi
liens
isx
xH
ibis
cus
elat
usx
xx
xH
olop
yxid
ium
jare
nax
xx
Hom
aliu
m s
pp. A
frica
n ho
mal
ium
xx
xH
omal
ium
spp
. Bur
ma
lanc
ewoo
dx
xx
xH
opea
spp
.x
xx
xx
xH
umiri
a ba
lsam
ifera
xx
xx
Hur
a cr
epita
nsx
xx
xx
434
Hye
roni
ma
alch
orne
oide
sS
urad
anA
M3
4-5
5-6
55-
63
6-
45
1-3
2H
ymen
aea
cour
baril
Cou
rbar
ilA
M3
5-6
6-7
4-7
6-7
47
-3
41
4H
ymen
olob
ium
exc
elsu
mP
ara-
ange
limA
M1
44-
64
54
6-
33
1-2
2In
tsia
biju
gaM
erba
uA
S3
55-
75-
65-
73-
45-
61
11
34
Irvin
gia
gabo
nens
isO
baA
F1
57
67
4-
-5
52
4Iry
anth
era
spp.
Kiri
kaw
aA
M1,
2, 3
2-4
4-5
4-6
3-6
23
-4
43-
4-
Isob
erlin
ia s
chef
fleri
Mba
rika
AF
34-
55
45
-5
23
44
3Ja
cara
nda
copa
iaC
opai
aA
M1
22-
32-
41
11
-3
35
1Ju
glan
s sp
p.N
ogal
AM
43
22
2-
--
12
-4
Julb
erna
rdia
glo
biflo
raM
uwa
AF
35-
67
57
-7
23
22
4Ju
nipe
rus
proc
era
2A
frica
n pe
ncil
ceda
rA
F3
33
22
-2
-2
22
4K
haya
gra
ndifo
liola
Afri
can
mah
ogan
yA
F3
44
34
2-3
41
33
34
Kha
ya iv
oren
sis
Afri
can
mah
ogan
yA
F3
33
2-3
32
31
22
34
Kla
ined
oxa
gabo
nens
isE
veus
sA
F2
67
77
6-
-5
51
3K
oom
pass
ia m
alac
cens
isK
empa
sA
S3
56
66
-6
14
33
1K
oord
ersi
oden
dron
pin
natu
mR
angg
uA
S3
57
57
-6
14
53-
44
Lage
rstro
emia
spp
.P
yinm
aA
S3
44
34-
53
3-
33
34
Lecy
this
spp
.S
apuc
aia
AM
34-
64-
74-
77
6-7
7-
43
14
Lica
nia
spp.
Mar
ishb
alli
AM
1, 2
5-6
75-
77
47
-5
54
3Li
caria
spp
.K
anee
lhar
tA
M1,
35-
67
77
57
-4
31
-Li
tsea
spp
.M
edan
gA
S4
32-
43-
42-
42
2-
23
2-5
3Lo
ncho
carp
us s
pp.
Bla
ck c
abba
ge-b
ark
AM
.1,
34-
56-
76-
74-
76
72
24
2-4
3Lo
phira
ala
taE
kki
AF
3, 4
67
6-7
77
72
55
14
Loph
opet
alum
spp
.P
erup
okA
S1,
33
2-3
22
2-
-2
25
4Lo
voa
trich
ilioi
des
Afri
can-
wal
nut
AF
13
33
33
21
23
34
Lueh
ea s
pp.
Est
ribei
roA
M1,
33
3-4
43
43
-2
35
1Ly
silo
ma
spp.
Sab
icu
AM
1, 4
44
4-
54
-1
31
-M
acha
eriu
m s
pp.
Cav
iuna
AM
45
5-
44-
5-
-1
31
-M
achi
lus
spp.
Mac
hilu
sA
S1,
33
22
1-
2-
12
3-
Mae
sops
is e
min
iiM
usiz
iA
F1,
43
2-3
2-3
2-3
-2
12
25
1M
agno
lia s
pp.
Mag
nolia
AM
43-
43-
43-
44
23
-2
31-
23
Mam
mea
afri
cana
Obo
toA
F3
4-5
6-7
56-
71-
4-
35
52
3M
angi
fera
spp
.M
ango
AS
1, 2
, 33-
44-
53-
43-
44
31
11
42
Man
ilkar
a bi
dent
ata
Bul
letw
ood
AM
36
77
75
7-
54
14
Man
soni
a al
tissi
ma
Man
soni
aA
F1,
43-
44-
53
3-5
2-5
42
33
14
May
tenu
s sp
p.C
arne
d‘a
nta
AM
34-
56
57
27
-3
44
1M
elal
euca
qui
nque
nerv
iaB
road
-leav
ed te
a-tre
eA
S3
4-5
--
-4
--
34
2-
Mel
ia a
zeda
rach
Per
sian
lila
cA
S3
35
24
5-
-4
42
-M
esua
ferr
eaG
anga
wA
S3
67
67
47
-4
42
-M
etro
side
ros
colli
naO
hia
AS
35
65
54
73
55
43
Mic
helia
spp
.C
ham
paca
AS
13
2-3
2-3
2-3
-2
-2
23
-M
icro
berli
nia
braz
zavi
lens
isZe
bran
oA
F1,
45
5-7
55-
77
--
55
24
Mic
roph
olis
spp
.G
rum
ixav
aA
M1
4-5
4-7
73-
62
5-
44
3-
Mill
ettia
spp
.P
anga
pan
gaA
F2,
45
5-7
4-6
6-7
4-7
51
22
14
Mitr
agyn
a ci
liata
Abu
raA
F1,
33
32-
32-
31
21
34
42
Mon
opet
alan
thus
hei
tzii
Ado
ung
AF
33
42
33
--
33
33
Mor
a ex
cels
aM
ore
AM
35-
67
67
47
-5
51-
23
Mor
us m
esoz
ygia
Difo
uA
F1
57
57
3-
12
24
4M
usan
ga c
ecro
pioi
des
Afri
can
cork
woo
dA
F1
1-2
1-2
1-2
11
--
13
53
Myr
istic
a sp
p.D
arah
dar
ahA
S1,
33-
4-
-3
-3
-3
35
1M
yrox
ylon
bal
sam
umB
alsa
mo
AM
35-
66-
75
6-7
57
-2
21
4N
aucl
ea. d
ider
richi
eO
pepe
AF
14
4-5
45-
63
51
34
12
Nec
tand
ra s
pp.
Can
elo
AM
43-
43-
53
3-5
23
-2
22-
44
Nes
ogor
doni
a pa
pave
rifa
Dan
taA
F3
4-5
63-
46
57
24
42
4N
otho
fagu
s sp
p.R
auli
Coi
gue
AM
33
3-5
3-4
3-5
-3
12
32-
42
Not
hofa
gus
spp.
Tasm
ania
n-m
yrtle
AS
33-
43-
53-
42-
52-
34
-2
22-
43
Och
rom
a py
ram
idal
eB
alsa
AM
1, 3
11
11
-1
12
35
3O
cote
a ro
diae
iD
emer
ara
gree
nhea
rtA
M4
67
77
-7
25
51
4O
cote
a ru
bra
Det
erm
aA
M3
43-
44
2-3
1-2
2-
23
1-2
4O
cote
a us
amba
rens
isE
ast
Afri
can
cam
phor
woo
dA
F1
33-
43
3-4
-3
12
21
4O
ctom
eles
sum
atra
naB
inua
ngA
S1,
32
21-
21-
21
11
45
52
Ody
ende
a sp
p.O
nzan
gA
F1
21
11
1-
-2
25
2O
lea
hoch
stet
teri
Eas
t Afri
can
oliv
eA
F4
57
67
-7
35
53-
42
Ong
okea
gor
eA
ngue
ukA
F1
54-
73-
55-
71-
2-
-3
52
3O
rmos
ia s
pp.
Bar
acar
aA
M1,
33-
54-
63-
53-
63
3-5
-2
35
2O
xand
ra la
nceo
lata
Wes
t Ind
ian
lanc
ewoo
dA
M1
67
6-
--
-5
54
-O
xyst
igm
a ox
yphy
llum
Tchi
tola
AF
34
4-5
34
24
14
52-
41
Pal
aqui
um s
pp.
Nya
toh
AS
1, 4
3-4
3-4
3-4
1-4
-3-
4-
33
44
Par
asho
rea
spp.
Whi
te s
eray
aA
S1,
33
3-4
3-4
3-4
32-
31
13
3-4
4
Nam
eM
echa
nica
l pro
perti
esO
ther
pro
perti
es
Geo
grap
hic
Col
orD
ensi
tiyB
endi
ngS
tiffn
ess
Cru
shin
gTo
ugh-
Har
dnes
sM
ove-
Shr
inka
geD
urab
ility
Trea
tabi
lity
Sci
entifi
cC
omm
erci
alre
gion
stre
ngth
stre
ngth
ness
men
tR
ad.
Tan.
(hea
rtwoo
d)(h
eartw
ood)
435N
ame
Use
s
Con
stru
ctio
n
Hea
vyLi
ght
Mar
ine
Use
Cro
sstie
sJo
iner
y/m
ilwor
kFl
oorin
gS
hake
s/sh
ingl
es
Rec
on-
stitu
ted
Pro
duct
s 1
Ply
woo
dD
ecor
ativ
e ve
neer
s
Furn
iture
/ca
bine
t-w
ork
Turn
ery
Car
ving
sM
usic
al
inst
ru-
men
ts
Tool
ha
ndle
sVa
ts/ta
nks
Coo
p-er
age
Box
es/
crat
esS
peci
alty
ite
ms
Hye
roni
ma
alch
orne
oide
sx
xx
xx
xx
xH
ymen
aea
cour
baril
xx
xx
xx
Hym
enol
obiu
m e
xcel
sum
xx
xIn
tsia
biju
gax
xx
xx
xIrv
ingi
a ga
bone
nsis
xx
Iryan
ther
a sp
p.x
xx
xx
xx
Isob
erlin
ia s
chef
fleri
xx
Jaca
rand
a co
paia
xx
xx
xx
Jugl
ans
spp.
xx
Julb
erna
rdia
glo
biflo
rax
xJu
nipe
rus
proc
era
2x
xx
xx
Kha
ya g
rand
ifolio
lax
xx
xK
haya
ivor
ensi
sx
xx
xK
lain
edox
a ga
bone
nsis
xx
xx
Koo
mpa
ssia
mal
acce
nsis
xx
xx
Koo
rder
siod
endr
on p
inna
tum
xx
xx
Lage
rstro
emia
spp
.x
xx
xLe
cyth
is s
pp.
xx
xx
xLi
cani
a sp
p.x
xx
Lica
ria s
pp.
xx
xx
Lits
ea s
pp.
xx
xx
xLo
ncho
carp
us s
pp.
xx
xx
Loph
ira a
lata
xx
xx
Loph
opet
alum
spp
.x
xx
xLo
voa
trich
ilioi
des
xx
xx
Lueh
ea s
pp.
xx
xx
xx
xLy
silo
ma
spp.
xx
xx
xx
Mac
haer
ium
spp
.x
xx
xM
achi
lus
spp.
xx
xx
xx
Mae
sops
is e
min
iix
xx
xM
agno
lia s
pp.
xx
xx
xM
amm
ea a
frica
nax
xx
Man
gife
ra s
pp.
xx
xx
xM
anilk
ara
bide
ntat
ax
xx
xx
xx
Man
soni
a al
tissi
ma
xx
xx
May
tenu
s sp
p.x
xx
Mel
aleu
ca q
uinq
uene
rvia
xx
xx
Mel
ia a
zeda
rach
xx
xx
Mes
ua fe
rrea
xx
Met
rosi
dero
s co
llina
xx
Mic
helia
spp
.x
xx
xx
xM
icro
berli
nia
braz
zavi
lens
isx
xx
xM
icro
phol
is s
pp.
xx
xx
xM
illet
tia s
pp.
xx
xx
xM
itrag
yna
cilia
tax
xx
xx
Mon
opet
alan
thus
hei
tzii
xx
xx
Mor
a ex
cels
ax
xx
Mor
us m
esoz
ygia
xx
xx
Mus
anga
cec
ropi
oide
sx
xM
yris
tica
spp.
xx
xM
yrox
ylon
bal
sam
umx
xx
xx
Nau
clea
. did
erric
hie
xx
xx
xx
Nec
tand
ra s
pp.
xx
xx
Nes
ogor
doni
a pa
pave
rifa
xx
xx
xx
xx
Not
hofa
gus
spp.
Rau
li, C
oigu
ex
xx
xN
otho
fagu
s sp
p. T
asm
ania
n-m
yrtle
xx
xx
xx
xx
xO
chro
ma
pyra
mid
ale
xO
cote
a ro
diae
ix
xx
xx
Oco
tea
rubr
ax
xx
xx
xx
xx
Oco
tea
usam
bare
nsis
xx
xx
Oct
omel
es s
umat
rana
xx
xx
Ody
ende
a sp
p.x
xx
Ole
a ho
chst
ette
rix
xx
xO
ngok
ea g
ore
xx
xO
rmos
ia s
pp.
xx
Oxa
ndra
lanc
eola
tax
xx
Oxy
stig
ma
oxyp
hyllu
mx
xx
Pal
aqui
um s
pp.
xx
xP
aras
hore
a sp
p.x
xx
x
436
Par
atec
oma
pero
baW
hite
per
oba
AM
3, 4
45
33-
55
5-
23
13
Par
inar
i exc
elsa
Sou
gue
AF
34-
55-
74-
56-
73
63
55
43
Par
inar
i spp
.B
urad
aA
M1,
35
6-7
66-
73
6-
45
3-5
1P
elto
gyne
spp
.P
urpl
ehea
rtA
M4
5-6
6-7
5-7
73-
76-
71
22
14
Pen
tace
spp
.Th
itka
AS
1, 3
44
33-
4-
3-4
-2
2-
3P
enta
cme
spp.
Whi
te Ia
uan
AS
1, 3
3-5
3-6
33-
62
2-
33
2-4
2P
eric
opsi
s el
ata
Afro
rmos
iaA
F1,
24
3-6
3-4
5-6
25
12
21
4P
erse
a sp
p.Li
ngue
AM
33-
43-
43
33
3-
34
43
Pho
ebe
poro
saIm
buia
AM
2, 4
44
33
23
-1
22
-P
hyllo
styl
on b
rasi
liens
isS
an D
omin
go-b
oxw
ood
AM
15
--
--
--
--
--
Pin
us c
arib
aea
2C
arib
bean
pin
eA
M1,
32-
52-
51-
54-
55
4-
53
32
Pin
us in
sula
ris 2
Ben
guet
pin
eA
S1,
33
3-5
3-4
3-4
21-
2-
33
52
Pin
us m
erku
sii 2
Mer
kus
pine
AS
14
65
52
2-
--
4-
Pin
us o
ocar
pa 2
Oco
te p
ine
AM
34
55
42
3-
33
33
Pin
es p
atul
a 2
Pat
ula
pine
AM
13
42-
42-
4-
--
33
51
Pip
tade
nia
pitti
eri
Car
bone
roA
M1,
34
5-7
4-5
5-6
-5
-3
34
2P
ipta
deni
astru
m a
frica
num
Dah
oma
AF
14
54
4-5
45
22
42
3P
iratin
era
guia
nens
isLe
tterw
ood
AM
3, 4
6-
--
--
--
-1
-P
ithec
ello
bium
sam
anS
aman
AM
2, 4
32
22
13
-1
11-
2-
Pla
ncho
nia
spp.
Put
at p
aya
AS
3, 4
44-
53-
44
2-3
42
55
44
Pla
tym
isci
um s
pp.
Treb
olA
M3,
45-
65-
76-
75-
73
6-7
-1
11
4P
odoc
arpu
s sp
p. 2
Pod
ocar
pA
M1
2-4
2-5
2-4
1-3
12
11
23-
51
Pod
ocar
pus
spp.
2To
tara
AS
1, 3
2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4
11-
3-
22
2-4
3P
odoc
arpu
s sp
p. 2
Pod
oA
F1
33
23
-3
11
25
1P
oga
oleo
saO
voga
AF
32
22
21-
2-
-1
35
-P
omet
ia s
pp.
Kas
aiA
S3
44-
53-
44-
52
4-6
-4
33
2P
ouls
enia
arm
ata
Mas
tate
AM
12
11
--
1-
23
5-
Pra
dosi
a sp
p.C
hupo
nA
M1,
35
65
44
6-
35
2-
Prio
ria c
opai
fera
Cat
ivo
AM
1, 2
2-3
22
11
2-
12
41
Pro
tium
spp
.K
urok
aiA
M1,
33-
43-
53-
43-
53
2-4
-3
35
3P
seud
osam
anea
gua
chap
ele
Gua
chap
ele
AM
14
32
32
3-
11
1-2
4P
seud
osin
dora
pal
ustri
sS
epet
irA
S2,
34
4-6
43-
5-
4-5
12
34
4P
tero
carp
us a
ngol
ensi
sM
unin
gaA
F1,
2, 3
3-4
42
4-
51
11
2-3
3P
tero
carp
us d
albe
rgio
ides
And
aman
pad
auk
AS
34
53
6-
5-
21
12
Pte
roca
rpus
indi
cus
Nar
raA
S1,
33-
44
34-
52-
43-
41
11
1-
Pte
roca
rpus
mac
roca
rpus
Bur
ma
pada
ukA
S3
57
47
-7
-2
21
4P
tero
carp
us s
oyau
xii
Afri
can
pada
ukA
F3-
44-
54-
63-
44-
52-
4-
12
21
3P
tero
carp
us s
pp.
San
gre
AM
12-
42-
52-
42-
44
1-4
-2
35
1P
tero
gyne
nite
nsA
men
doim
AM
35
5-
45
--
22
3-
Pte
rygo
ta s
pp.
Pte
rygo
taA
F1
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-4
32
45
42
Pyc
nant
hus
ango
lens
isIlo
mba
AF
1, 3
33
22
2-
-3
45
1P
ygeu
m a
frica
num
Mue
riA
F3
45
35
-6
--
-5
3Q
uale
a sp
pM
andi
oque
raA
M3
3-4
5-6
5-6
4-7
33-
6-
34
31-
2Q
uerc
us s
pp.
Rob
leA
M1,
34-
65-
76
--
5-7
-5
52
4R
heed
ia s
pp.
Pac
unA
M1,
35
6-
56
-3
35
2-4
2R
hizo
phor
a m
angl
eM
angl
e C
olor
ado
AM
36
76-
77
-7
-4
52
4R
icon
oden
dron
heu
delo
tiiE
rimad
oA
F1
11
11
1-
-1
15
1S
anta
lum
alb
umS
anda
lwoo
dA
S1,
2, 3
55
-4
-5
--
-1
-S
apiu
m s
pp.
Lech
ero
AM
13
33-
42-
31
2-
23
51
Sch
ima
spp.
Nee
dlew
ood
AS
34
44
4-
4-
34
43
Sch
inop
sis
spp,
Que
brac
hoA
M3
64-
74
5-
--
--
1-
Scl
erol
obiu
m s
ppD
jedo
eA
M2,
33
3-4
3-4
2-3
32
-3
42-
43
Sco
rodo
carp
us b
orne
ensi
sK
ulim
AS
35
54
5-
4-
34
33
Sco
ttelll
a co
riace
aO
doko
AF
14
54
5-
32
12
51
Scy
phoc
epha
llum
och
ocoa
Sor
roA
F3
33
2-4
1-3
1-
-2
15
2S
hore
a sp
p.B
alau
gro
upA
S3
56-
75
65
52
55
44
Sho
rea
spp.
Dar
k re
d m
eran
ti gr
oup
AS
2, 3
43-
43
2-4
42-
31
23
33
Sho
rea
spp.
Ligh
t red
mer
anti
grou
pA
S,
1, 2
, 32-
33-
43-
42-
32
21
34
43-
4S
hore
a sp
p.W
hite
mer
anti
grou
pA
S1
3-4
43
3-
3-4
-2
34
2-4
Sho
rea
spp.
Yello
w m
eran
ti gr
oup
AS
13
43
4-
-1
24
44
Sic
king
ia s
pp.
Ara
riba
AM
23-
44
-3
2-
-1
43
1S
imar
ouba
am
ara
Sim
arou
baA
M1
22
21
11
-1
25
1S
onne
ratia
spp
.P
erep
atA
S1,
23-
43
23
--
-1
23
-S
pond
ias
mom
bin
Jobo
AM
12
22
1-3
11-
2-
11
51
Sta
udtia
stip
itata
Nio
veA
F1,
35
75
72-
4-
14
31
4S
terc
ulia
ape
tala
Chi
cha
AM
1, 3
21-
21
11
1-2
-2
45
1-2
Ste
rcul
ia o
blon
gaYe
llow
ste
rcul
iaA
F1
45
46
44
23
54
4S
ferc
ulia
pru
riens
Ste
rcul
iaA
M1
33
3-4
3-5
22-
33
35
52
Ste
rcul
ia rh
inop
etal
aB
row
n st
ercu
liaA
F3
47
46
46
35
53
4
Nam
eM
echa
nica
l pro
perti
esO
ther
pro
perti
es
Geo
grap
hic
Col
orD
ensi
tiyB
endi
ngS
tiffn
ess
Cru
shin
gTo
ugh-
Har
dnes
sM
ove-
Shr
inka
geD
urab
ility
Trea
tabi
lity
Sci
entifi
cC
omm
erci
alre
gion
stre
ngth
stre
ngth
ness
men
tR
ad.
Tan.
(hea
rtwoo
d)(h
eartw
ood)
437N
ame
Use
s
Con
stru
ctio
n
Hea
vyLi
ght
Mar
ine
Use
Cro
sstie
sJo
iner
y/m
ilwor
kFl
oorin
gS
hake
s/sh
ingl
es
Rec
on-
stitu
ted
Pro
duct
s 1
Ply
woo
dD
ecor
ativ
e ve
neer
s
Furn
iture
/ca
bine
t-w
ork
Turn
ery
Car
ving
sM
usic
al
inst
ru-
men
ts
Tool
ha
ndle
sVa
ts/ta
nks
Coo
p-er
age
Box
es/
crat
esS
peci
alty
ite
ms
Par
atec
oma
pero
bax
xx
xx
Par
inar
i exc
elsa
xx
Par
inar
i spp
.x
xP
elto
gyne
spp
.x
xx
xx
xx
xP
enta
ce s
pp.
xx
xx
Pen
tacm
e sp
p.x
xx
xx
xx
Per
icop
sis
elat
ax
xx
xP
erse
a sp
p.x
xx
xx
xP
hoeb
e po
rosa
xx
xx
xP
hyllo
styl
on b
rasi
liens
isx
xx
Pin
us c
arib
aea
2x
xx
xx
xx
Pin
us in
sula
ris 2
xx
xx
xx
Pin
us m
erku
sii 2
xP
inus
ooc
arpa
2x
xx
xx
Pin
es p
atul
a 2
xx
xx
Pip
tade
nia
pitti
eri
xx
xx
xP
ipta
deni
astru
m a
frica
num
xx
Pira
tiner
a gu
iane
nsis
xx
Pith
ecel
lobi
um s
aman
xx
xP
lanc
honi
a sp
p.x
xx
Pla
tym
isci
um s
pp.
xx
xx
xx
Pod
ocar
pus
spp.
2 P
odoc
arp
xx
xx
xx
Pod
ocar
pus
spp.
2 To
tara
xx
xx
xx
Pod
ocar
pus
spp.
2 Pod
ox
xx
xx
Pog
a ol
eosa
xx
xx
Pom
etia
spp
.x
xx
xx
xP
ouls
enia
arm
ata
xx
Pra
dosi
a sp
p.x
xx
xP
rioria
cop
aife
rax
xx
xP
rotiu
m s
pp.
xx
xx
Pse
udos
aman
ea g
uach
apel
ex
xx
xx
xP
seud
osin
dora
pal
ustri
sx
xx
xx
xP
tero
carp
us a
ngol
ensi
sx
xx
xx
Pte
roca
rpus
dal
berg
ioid
esx
xx
xP
tero
carp
us in
dicu
sx
xx
xP
tero
carp
us m
acro
carp
usx
xP
tero
carp
us s
oyau
xii
xx
xx
xx
Pte
roca
rpus
spp
.x
xx
xP
tero
gyne
nite
nsx
xx
xP
tery
gota
spp
.x
xx
xP
ycna
nthu
s an
gole
nsis
xx
xP
ygeu
m a
frica
num
xx
xQ
uale
a sp
px
xx
xx
Que
rcus
spp
.x
xx
xx
xx
Rhe
edia
spp
.x
xx
xR
hizo
phor
a m
angl
ex
xx
Ric
onod
endr
on h
eude
lotii
xx
xx
San
talu
m a
lbum
xx
xx
Sap
ium
spp
.x
xx
xx
Sch
ima
spp.
xx
xx
Sch
inop
sis
spp,
xx
Scl
erol
obiu
m s
ppx
xx
Sco
rodo
carp
us b
orne
ensi
sx
xS
cotte
llla
coria
cea
xx
xx
Scy
phoc
epha
llum
och
ocoa
xx
xx
Sho
rea
spp.
(Bal
au g
roup
)x
xx
Sho
rea
spp.
(Dar
k re
d m
eran
ti gr
oup)
xx
xx
xS
hore
a sp
p. (L
ight
red
mer
anti
grou
p)x
xx
xx
Sho
rea
spp.
(Whi
te m
eran
ti gr
oup)
xx
xx
xS
hore
a sp
p. (Y
ello
w m
eran
ti gr
oup)
xx
xx
xS
icki
ngia
spp
.x
xx
xS
imar
ouba
am
ara
xx
xx
xS
onne
ratia
spp
.x
xx
xS
pond
ias
mom
bin
xx
xx
Sta
udtia
stip
itata
xx
xx
xS
terc
ulia
ape
tala
xx
xx
Ste
rcul
ia o
blon
gax
xx
xS
ferc
ulia
pru
riens
xx
xx
Ste
rcul
ia rh
inop
etal
ax
xx
438
Stro
mbo
sia
glau
cesc
ens
var.
luci
daA
lma
AF
1, 3
67
57
7-
-5
51
4S
war
tzia
fist
uloi
des
Din
aA
F1,
2, 3
67
5-6
75
--
32
14
Sw
artz
ia s
pp.
Wam
ara
AM
2, 3
, 46
76-
77
57
32
31
-S
wie
teni
a m
acro
phyl
laH
ondu
ras
mah
ogan
yA
M3
3-5
32-
33
12-
31
21
24
Sw
into
nia
spp.
Mer
pauh
AS
1,3
43-
54-
52-
43-
4-
24
1-2
Sym
phon
ia g
lobu
lifer
aM
anni
AM
, AF
1, 4
45-
65
5-6
34
-4
52
3S
ynca
rpia
glo
mul
ifera
Turp
entin
eA
S3
57
57
2-4
4-5
-5
51
-Ta
bebu
ia s
pp. (
Lapa
cho
grou
p)Ip
eA
M4
67
77
77
15
41
4Ta
bebu
ia s
pp. (
Rob
le g
roup
)R
oble
AM
13-
44
33-
42
3-
22
1-3
3Ta
bebu
ia s
pp (W
hite
-ced
ar g
roup
)W
hite
-ced
arA
M1,
34
5-6
4-5
52
4-
33
41
Tarr
ietia
util
isN
iang
onA
F3
3-4
4-5
3-4
4-5
33-
42
33
24
Tect
ona
gran
dis
Teak
AS
1, 2
44-
52-
33-
52
3-4
11
21
4Te
rmin
alia
am
azon
iaN
argu
sta
AM
1, 3
4-5
6-7
5-7
6-7
35-
7-
54
1-3
4Te
rmin
alia
bia
lata
Whi
te c
hugl
amA
S1,
44
44
3-
4-
43
3-4
4Te
rmin
alia
cat
appa
Indi
an a
lmon
d w
ood
AS
33-
4-
--
--
-3
25
2Te
rmin
als
ivor
ensi
sld
igbo
AF
1, 3
33
33
23
12
22
4Te
rmin
alia
pro
cera
Whi
te b
omba
yA
S1,
23-
44
34
-3
12
24
2Te
rmin
alia
sup
erba
Afa
raA
F1,
43
3-4
32-
31
-1
32
44
Term
inal
ia to
men
tosa
com
plex
Indi
an la
urel
AS
1, 2
, 45
4-5
3-4
4-5
-.7
-3
33
3Te
stul
ea g
abon
ensi
sIz
ombé
AF
3, 4
44-
53-
44-
61
--
22
13
Tetra
berli
nia
tubm
ania
naE
kop
AF
34
55
6-
--
45
32
Tetra
gast
ris s
pp.
Sal
iA
M4
4-6
5-6
4-5
5-6
46-
7-
34
1-2
4Te
tram
eles
nud
iflor
aTh
itpok
AS
12
--
--
--
--
5-
Tetra
mer
ista
gla
bra
Pun
ahA
S1,
34
--
--
--
55
3-4
3Ti
eghe
mel
la h
ecke
liiM
akor
éA
F3
44-
53
4-6
14
14
41
4Tr
ipla
ris s
pp.
Long
Joh
nA
M1,
33-
44-
64
42-
33-
6-
24
43
Trip
loch
iton
scle
roxy
lon
Obe
che
AF
12
21-
21
11
12
25
3Tr
ista
nia
spp.
Bru
sh b
oxA
S3
5-6
6-7
5-6
6-7
4-7
6-7
-4
42
4Tr
ophi
s sp
p.R
amón
AM
1, 2
3-4
3-
21
2-
--
51
Turr
eant
hus
afric
anus
Avod
iréA
F1
34-
63-
43-
52-
33
13
34
4U
paca
spp
.S
ugar
plu
mA
F3
4-5
5-6
3-6
42-
4-
-4
51-
33
Upu
na b
orne
ensi
sU
pun
batu
AS
26
--
--
--
11
24
Vata
irea
spp.
Bitt
er a
ngel
imA
M4
43-
63-
52-
3-
3-5
-2
32-
34
Viro
la s
pp.
Ban
akA
M1,
32-
42-
32-
41-
21
1-2
-3
45
1Vi
tex
doni
ana
Vite
xA
F1
2-3
11
1-
21
12
52
Vite
x sp
p.Fi
ddle
woo
dA
M1,
44
4-5
3-5
4-7
24
-2
21-
34
Vite
x sp
p.M
olav
eA
S1,
3, 4
4-5
5-6
3-4
3-6
34
1-2
33
1-
Voch
ysia
spp
.Ye
mer
iA
M1,
32-
42-
32-
32
11-
2-
25
41
Voua
capo
ua a
mer
ican
aW
acap
ouA
M2,
35-
67
57
46
-3
31
4W
alla
ceod
endr
on c
eleb
icum
Ban
uyo
AS
14
--
--
--
--
--
Wid
drin
gton
ia w
hyte
i 2M
lanj
e ce
dar
AF
13
--
--
--
--
1-
Xyl
ia x
yloc
arpa
Pyi
nkad
oA
S3
5-6
5-7
4-5
5-7
47
22
31
4Za
ntho
xylu
m fl
avum
Wes
t Ind
ian
satin
woo
dA
M1
5-
--
--
--
-4
-
Nam
eM
echa
nica
l pro
perti
esO
ther
pro
perti
es
Geo
grap
hic
Col
orD
ensi
tiyB
endi
ngS
tiffn
ess
Cru
shin
gTo
ugh-
Har
dnes
sM
ove-
Shr
inka
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urab
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Trea
tabi
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xx
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440
441
Appendix A.–Selected Forest Products Reference Material
WorldwideBegemann, H. F. 1963-69. Lexikon der Nutzhölzer. 4 Vol. Holz-Verlag, Mering.Farmer, R. H. (Editor). 1972. Handbook of hardwoods. H. M. Stationery Office, London.Kribs, D. A. 1968. Commercial foreign woods on the American market. Dover Publ. Inc., New York.Kukachka, B. F. 1970. Properties of imported tropical woods. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv. Res. Pap.
FPL 125. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wis.Lavers, G. M. 1967. The strength properties of timbers. Forest Prod. Res. Bull. No. 50. H. M.
Stationery Office, London.Normand, D. 1971. Forêts et bois tropicaux. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.Sallenave, P. 1955-71. Propriétés physiques et mécaniques des bois tropicaux. Centre Technique
Forestier Tropical Publ. No. 8, 23, 33. Nogent-sur-Marne.Titmuss, F. H. 1971. Commercial timbers of the world. Technical Press Ltd., London.U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1973. Veneer species of the world. Compiled by Working Party on Slicing
and Veneer Cutting (J. F. Lutz, chairman). U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv., For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wis.
Tropical AmericanArôstegui, V. A. (Coordinator). 1976. Estudio tecnológico de maderas del Peru (Zona Pucallpa) Vol.
I. Características tecnológicas y usos de la madera de 145 especies del pais. Univ. Nac. Agraria, La Molina.
Erfurth, T., and Rusche, H. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. B. Wood species from South American tropical moist forests. FAO FO:MISC/75/29-1. Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1970. Estudio de preinversión para el desarrollo forestal de la Guyana Venezolana. Informe Final. Tomo III Las maderas del area del projecto. FAO Rep. FAO/SF:82 VEN 5. Rome.
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas. 1956. Tabelas de resultados obtidos para madeiras nacionais. Bol. Inst. Pesqu. téc., Sao Paulo, No. 31.
Llach, C. L. n.d. Report on wood testing programme carried out for UNDP/SF Project 234. Inventory and forest demonstrations, Panama. IICA, Turrialba, Costa Rica, Part Ill. Physical and mechanical properties of 113 species. FAO, Rome.
Longwood, F. R. 1972. Present and potential commercial timbers of the Caribbean – with special reference to the West Indies, the Guianas, and British Honduras. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. No. 207.
Record, S. J., and Hess, R. W. 1943. Timbers of the new world. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven (reissued Arno Press, New York).
Rendle, B. J. (Compiler). 1969. World timbers. Vol. 2. North and South America. Ernest Benn Ltd., London.
Wangaard, F. F., et al. 1949-55. Properties and uses of tropical woods. Tropical Woods 95, 97, 98, 99, 103. School For., Yale Univ.
442
AfricaBolza, E., and Keating, W. G. 1972. African timbers – the properties, uses, and characteristics of
700 species. Div. Build. Res., CSIRO, Melbourne.Bryce, J. M. 1967. The commercial timbers of Tanzania. For. Div. Moshi.Erfurth, T., and Rusche, H. 1976. The marketing of tropical wood. A. Wood species from African
tropical moist forests. For. Dep. FAO, Rome.Fouarge, J., Gerard, G., and Sacré, E. 1953. Bois du Congo. Institut national pour I’étude
agronomique du Congo belge. Brussels.Jay, B. H. 1972. Timbers of West Africa. Timber Research and Develop. Assoc., High Wycombe.Kryn, J. M., and Forbes, E. W. 1959. The woods of Liberia. U.S. For. Prod. Lab. Rep. No. 2159.Rendle, B. J. (Compiler). 1969. World timbers. Vol. I. Europe and Africa. Ernest Benn Ltd., London.Spalt, H. A., and Stern, W. L. 1956-59. Survey of African Woods. Tropical Woods 105, 107, 110.
School For., Yale Univ.
Southeast Asia and OceaniaBolza, E. 1975. Properties and uses of 175 timber species from Papua New Guinea and West Irian.
Div. Build. Res., CSIRO, Melbourne.Burgess, P. F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 6, Forest Dep. Sandakan. Desch, H. E. 1941-54. Manual of Malayan Timbers. 2 Vol. Malayan Forest Rec. 15.Erfurth, T., and Rusche, H. 1975. Study on southeast Asian wood species. In Research and
marketing of southeast Asian timbers and timber products symposium, Nov. 1974, Philippines. FO:MISC/75/24.
Hart, G. 1955. Timbers of southeast Asia. Timber Devel. Assoc., London.Kartasujana, L., and Martawijaya, A. 1973-75. Commercial woods of Indonesia – their properties
and uses. For. Prod. Res. Inst. Rep. No. 3 and No. 56 (Indonesia).Lee, Y. H., and Chu, Y. P. 1965. The strength properties of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forester
28(4):307-319.Meijer, W., and Woods, G.H.S. 1964. Dipterocarps of Sabah. Sabah For. Rec. No. 5. For. Dep.
Sandakan.Pearson, R. S., and Brown, H. P. 1932. Commercial timbers of India. 2 Vol. Gov. of India. Central
Publ. Br., Calcutta.Rendle, B. J. (Compiler). 1970. World timbers. Vol. 3. Asia and Australia and New Zealand. Ernest
Benn Ltd., London.Reyes, L. J. 1938. Philippine woods. Commonwealth of the Philippines Dep. Agric. and Comm.
Tech. Bull. No. 7. Manila.Singapore: Timb. Export Ind. Board. 1973. Species of tropical hardwood timber. Principal uses and
their equivalent woods. Timber Export Industry Board, Singapore.Stadelman, R. C. 1966. Forests of southeast Asia. The author, Memphis, Tenn.
443
Appendix B.–Generic Synonyms
Older scientific name 1 Newer scientific name Region of origin 2
Afrormosia elata ............................ Pericopsis elata ....................................................AFBrosimum guianensis ..................... Piratinera guianensis .............................................AMChrysophyllum africanum .............. Gambeya africana ................................................AFCistanthera papaverifera ............... Nesogordonia papaverifera ...................................AFCoumarouna odorata .................... Dipteryx odorata ...................................................AMFagara flava .................................. Zanthoxylum flavum ...............................................AMKnema spp ..................................... Myristica spp ..........................................................ASLibidibia spp ................................... Caesalpinia spp .....................................................AMPayena spp .................................... Palaquium spp .......................................................ASPiptadenia spp ................................ Anadenanthera spp ...............................................AMPiptadenia africana ......................... Piptadeniastram africanum ....................................AFPrunus africanum ........................... Pygeum africanum .................................................AFSamanea saman ............................ Pithecellobium saman ............................................AMSarcocephalus diderrichii ............... Nauclea diderrichii .................................................AFTabebuia donell-smithii ................... Cybistax donell-smithii ...........................................AMTarrietia spp. ................................... Heritiera spp ..........................................................AS1 Scientific names in the first column have been changed to those currently used in the second column. 2 Tropical America (AM); Africa (AF); Southeast Asia and Oceania (AS).
444
445
Appendix C.–Generic Groupings
To locate genus 1 See generic grouping Region of origin 2
Chrysophyllum ................................ Cynodendron ......................................................AMKnema ............................................ Myristica .............................................................. ASMelanorrhoea ................................. Gluta ................................................................... ASNeesia ............................................ Durio ................................................................... ASPayena spp .................................... Palaquium spp .................................................... ASSindora ........................................... Pseudosindora ................................................... ASVatica .............................................. Cotylelobium ....................................................... AS1 More than one genus marketed together.2 Tropical America (AM); Africa (AF); Southeast Asia and Oceania (AS).
446
447
Appendix D.–Derivation of Comparative Toughness Values in Table IV-1
Studies have been made to measure the effect of machine type, specimen size, and moisture content on toughness. Vilelal compared results using the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) toughness testing machine and the Mohr and Federhaff pendulum impact machine (similar to the Amsler machine). Specimens were 1.6 by 1.6 by 24 centimeters long loaded over a 20centimeter span equivalent to the 5/8- by 5/8- by 10-inch specimen loaded over an 8-inch span. Twenty tropical hardwood species with a sampling of 10 trees per species were evaluated in the green condition and at a moisture content of 12 percent.Average toughness (kg-m) for all species combined for each machine type tested green and dry was:
Green Dry
FPL machine 1.82 2.25
Amsler-type machine 1.88 1.67
FPL/Amsler .97 1.35
Vilela did not compare the effect of specimen volume between supports.Gerhards2 made such tests using the FPL machine. Six North America species were tested in the green and dry condition. There was little effect of moisture content and all toughness values combined gave a ratio of:
Based on the Vilela and Gerhards results, the following conversion factors were developed: FPL 5/8-inch green x 1.25 =FPk 5/8-inch dry FPL 5/8-inch green x 1.80 =FPL 2-centimeter green FPL 5/8-inch dry x 1.80 =FPL 2-centimeter dry FPL 2-centimeter green x 1.00 =Amsler 2-centimeter green FPL 2-centimeter dry ÷ 1.35 =Amsler 2-centimeter dry
2-cm= 1.80
5/8-in.
1 Vilela, J.E. 1977. Estudio comparativo de los ensayos del tenacidad realizados con dos equipos diferentes. Lab. Nac. Prod. For. Merida, Venezuela.2 Gerhards, C.C. 1968. Effects of type of testing equipment and specimen size on toughness of wood. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. FPL 97. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wis.
448
449
Appendix E.–Kiln Schedules
Most modern dry kilns are designed to control temperature (dry bulb), relative humidity (wetbulb depression), and air circulation. Proper control of these variables throughout the drying process allows rapid removal of undesired moisture from wood and holds to an acceptable minimum defects such as checking and warp. Kiln schedules, based on available literature, are suggested for species and these “moisture content” schedules are coded to indicate desired dry-bulb temperatures, moisture content at step change, and wet-bulb depressions. For example, T6-D4 is suggested for 4/4 Honduras mahogany lumber. “T6” indicates the desired dry-bulb temperature settings, “D” the sample board moisture contents at which changes are made in the dry-bulb and wet-bulb settings, and “4” the wet-bulb depressions that accompany the dry-bulb termperatures. (See tables E-1 and E-2.) These settings are assembled to form the working kiln schedule.’
Example: T6-D4 Dry Kiln Schedule for Honduras Mahogany
Moisture content Dry-bulb Wet-bulb Wet-bulbat start of step temperature depression temperature Percent --- -------------------------- °F -------------------------- Above 50 120 7 113 50 120 10 110 40 120 15 105 35 120 25 95 30 130 40 90 25 140 50 90 20 150 50 100 15 to final 180 50 130
Occasionally the letter “S” follows a kiln schedule code, e.g., T10-D4S. This refers to general wet-bulb depression schedules for the softwoods or conifers (table E-3) and is sometimes suggested as well for drying particular hardwoods.
1 Rasmussen, E.F. 1961. Dry kiln operator’s manual. U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. No. 188.
450
Table E-1.–General temperature schedules for hardwoods and softwoods
Tempera-ture step number
Moisture content at start of step
Dry-bulb temperatures for temperature schedule number
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14
Percent ----------------------------------------------------------------- °F -----------------------------------------------------------------
1 Above 30 100 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 140 140 150 160 170 180
2 30 105 110 120 120 130 130 140 140 150 150 160 170 180 190
3 25 105 120 130 130 140 140 150 150 160 160 160 170 180 190
4 20 115 130 140 140 150 150 160 160 160 170 170 180 190 200
5 15 120 150 160 180 160 180 160 180 160 180 180 180 190 200
Table E-2.–General wet-bulb depression schedules for hardwoodsWet-bulb depres-sion step number
Moisture content at start of step for moisture content class
Wet-bulb depressions for wet-bulb depression schedule number
A B C D E F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-------------------------- Percent -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- °F -----------------------------------------1 Above
30Above
35Above
40Above
50Above
60Above
703 4 5 7 10 15 20 25
2 30 35 40 50 60 70 4 5 7 10 14 20 30 353 25 30 35 40 50 60 6 8 11 15 20 30 40 504 20 25 30 35 40 50 10 14 19 25 35 50 50 505 15 20 25 30 35 40 25 30 35 40 50 50 50 506 10 15 20 25 30 35 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Table E-3.–General wet-bulb depression schedules for softwoodsWet-bulb depres-sion step number
Moisture content at start of step for moisture content class
Wet-bulb depressions for wet-bulb depression schedule number
A B C D E F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-------------------------- Percent -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- °F ----------------------------------------1 Above
30Above
35Above
40Above
50Above
60Above
703 4 5 7 10 15 20 25
2 30 35 40 50 60 70 4 5 7 10 14 20 25 303 25 30 35 40 50 60 6 8 11 15 20 25 30 354 20 25 30 35 40 50 10 14 15 20 25 30 35 355 (1) 20 25 30 35 40 15 20 20 25 30 35 35 356 - (1) 20 25 30 35 20 25 25 30 35 35 35 357 - - (1) 20 25 30 25 30 30 35 35 35 35 358 - - - (1) 20 25 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 359 - - - - (1) 20 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
10 15 15 15 15 15 15 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 501 Go directly to step 10
451
Index of Trade and Important Common NamesIf only the trade name of a wood is known, this index can be used to locate the species descriptions which are listed alphabetically by scientific name in their geographical region of origin. Preference is given to English usage (e.g., mahogany rather than caoba, mogno, or acajou).
Abachi ...........................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Abate .............................................AF .................Combretodendron africanum ...............................................204Abel ...............................................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196Aboudikro ......................................AF .................Entandrophragma cylindricum .............................................220Abura ............................................AF .................Mitragyna ciliata ...................................................................249Acajou Blanc ................................ AM ................Simarouba amara .................................................................152Acapu .......................................... AM ................Vouacapoua americana .......................................................170Aceituno ...................................... AM ................Vitex spp. .............................................................................168Adjouaba ......................................AF .................Dacryodes spp. ....................................................................210Adoung .........................................AF .................Monopetalanthus heitzii .......................................................250Afara .............................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Afara, Black ..................................AF .................Terminalia ivorensis .............................................................279Afina ..............................................AF .................Strombosia glaucescens ......................................................276African Blackwood ........................AF .................Dalbergia melanoxylon ......................................................... 211African Canarium ...........................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196African Celtis .................................AF .................Celtis spp. ............................................................................201African Corkwood ..........................AF .................Musanga cecropioides .........................................................252African Crabwood ..........................AF .................Carapa procera and C. grandiflora ......................................197African Ebony ...............................AF .................Diospyros spp. .....................................................................215African Homalium .........................AF .................Homalium spp. .....................................................................233African Mahogany ........................AF .................Khaya ivorensis and K. anthotheca .....................................239African Mahogany ........................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis .............................238African Padauk .............................AF .................Pterocarpus soyauxii ............................................................266African Pencil Cedar .....................AF .................Juniperus procera ................................................................237African-Walnut ..............................AF .................Lovoa trichilioides .................................................................243Afrormosia .....................................AF .................Pericopsis elata, syn. Afrormosia elata ................................261Afzelia ............................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Agba .............................................AF .................Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum......................................228Agboin ..........................................AF .................Piptadeniastrum africanum ..................................................262Aiele ..............................................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196Aji ................................................. AM ................Clarisia racemosa ..................................................................52Ako ................................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Akom ............................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Akomu ..........................................AF .................Pycnanthus angolensis ........................................................268Alan .............................................. AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Albarco ........................................ AM ................Cariniana spp. and C. pyriformis ............................................43Albizzia .........................................AF .................Albizia spp. ...........................................................................180Alerce .......................................... AM ................Fitzroya cupressoides ............................................................81Algarrobo ...................................... AM ................Hymenaea courbaril ...............................................................95Aligna ............................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Almacigo ....................................... AM ................Bursera simaruba ...................................................................34Almon .......................................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Almond Wood, Indian .................. AS .................Terminalia catappa ..............................................................402Alone ............................................AF .................Bombax spp. ........................................................................191Alstonia ..........................................AF .................Alstonia congensis and A. boonei ........................................181Amaranth ...................................... AM ................Peltogyne spp. .....................................................................124Amazakoue ..................................AF .................Guibourtia ehie .....................................................................231Amazoue ......................................AF .................Guibourtia ehie .....................................................................231Amboyna Burl .............................. AS .................Pterocarpus indicus ..............................................................385
1 Tropical America (AM); Africa (AF); Southeast Asia and Oceania (AS).
Trade name ............................. Region of ................................................... origin 1 ..............Scientific name ...................................................................page
452
Amburana ..................................... AM ................Amburana cearensis ..............................................................14Amendoim ................................... AM ................Pterogyne nitens ..................................................................143American Muskwood ................... AM ................Guarea spp. ...........................................................................86Amoora ......................................... AS .................Amoora spp. .........................................................................303Anan ............................................ AS .................Fagraea spp. ........................................................................348Anaura .......................................... AM ................Licania spp. ..........................................................................101Andaman Padauk ......................... AS .................Pterocarpus dalbergioides ...................................................384Andiroba ....................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Andoung .......................................AF .................Monopetalanthus heitzii .......................................................250Anegre ...........................................AF .................Aningeria spp. ......................................................................183Angelica Tree .............................. AM ................Dendropanax arboreus ..........................................................68Angelin ......................................... AM ................Andira inermis ........................................................................17Angelique .................................... AM ................Dicorynia guianensis ..............................................................71Angueuk .......................................AF .................Ongokea gore ......................................................................258Aningeria ......................................AF .................Aningeria spp. ......................................................................183Antiaris ..........................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Apa ................................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Apitong ........................................ AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Aprono ...........................................AF .................Mansonia altissima ...............................................................246Araracanea ................................... AM ................Aspidosperma spp. (Araracanga group) ................................21Arariba ......................................... AM ................Centrolobium spp. ..................................................................50Arariba ......................................... AM ................Sickingia spp. .......................................................................151Arere ..............................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Aromata ........................................ AM ................Clathrotropis spp. ...................................................................53Australian-Maple .......................... AS .................Flindersia spp. ......................................................................349Australian Red-Cedar .................. AS .................Cedrela spp. .........................................................................319Avodire .........................................AF .................Turreanthus africanus ..........................................................286Ayan ..............................................AF .................Distemonanthus benthamianus ...........................................216Ayous .............................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Azobe ...........................................AF .................Lophira alata ........................................................................242Baboen ........................................ AM ................Virola spp. ............................................................................ 167Badi ...............................................AF .................Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................253Bagasse ...................................... AM ................Bagassa guianensis ...............................................................24Bagtikan ...................................... AS .................Parashorea spp. ...................................................................375Bahia .............................................AF .................Mitragyna ciliata ...................................................................249Baku ..............................................AF .................Tieghemella heckelii and T. africana ....................................283Balata .......................................... AM ................Manilkara bidentata ..............................................................108Balau ............................................ AS .................Shorea spp. (Balau group) ...................................................390Balsa ............................................ AM ................Ochroma pyramidale, syn. O. lagopus ................................. 116Balsamo ...................................... AM ................Myroxylon balsamum ...........................................................113Banak .......................................... AM ................Virola spp. ............................................................................167Bannia ......................................... AM ................Swartzia spp. ........................................................................156Banuyo ........................................ AS .................Wallaceodendron celebicum ................................................410Baracara ....................................... AM ................Ormosia spp. ........................................................................120Baromalli ..................................... AM ................Catostemma spp. ...................................................................45Basralocus ................................... AM ................Dicorynia guianensis ............................................................452Batai ............................................. AS .................Albizia falcataria, syn. A. falcata ..........................................299Beech, Myrtle- .............................. AS .................Nothofagus spp. ...................................................................372Beefwood .................................... AM ................Manilkara bidentata ..............................................................108Belian ........................................... AS .................Eusideroxylon zwageri .........................................................347Benge ...........................................AF .................Guibourtia arnoldiana ...........................................................230Benguet Pine ............................... AS .................Pinus insularis, syn. P. kesiya and P. khasya. ......................378Benin Mahogany ..........................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K senegalensis ..............................238Benuang ....................................... AS .................Octomeles sumatrana .......................................................... 373Berangan ...................................... AS .................Castanopsis spp. ..................................................................317Berlinia ..........................................AF .................Berlinia spp. .........................................................................190Bete ..............................................AF .................Carapa procera ....................................................................197 Bethabara ..................................... AM ................Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ...........................................159
Trade name ............................. Region of ................................................... origin 1 ..............Scientific name ...................................................................page
453
Bilinga ............................................AF .................Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................253Bintangor ...................................... AS .................Calophyllum spp. ..................................................................314Binuang ....................................... AS .................Octomeles sumatrana ..........................................................373Bishopwood ................................. AS .................Bischofia javanica ................................................................311Bitter Angelim .............................. AM ................Vatairea spp. ........................................................................166Black Afara ...................................AF .................Terminalia ivorensis .............................................................279Black Cabbage-Bark .................... AM ................Lonchocarpus spp. ...............................................................103Black Wattle .................................. AS .................Acacia mollissima, syn. A. mearnsii .....................................296Blackwood, African .......................AF .................Dalbergia melanoxylon ......................................................... 211Blackwood, Australian ................. AS .................Acacia melanoxylon .............................................................295Blue Mahoe .................................. AM ................Hibiscus elatus and H. tillaceus .............................................90Bluegum ...................................... AS .................Eucalyptus globulus .............................................................344Bocote ......................................... AM ................Cordia spp. (Hard-wooded, dark-colored Gerascanthus group) .............................................................55Bombax ........................................AF .................Bombax spp. ........................................................................191Bombay, White ............................ AS .................Terminalia procera ...............................................................403Bongele ........................................AF .................Sterculia oblonga .................................................................274Borneo Camphorwood ................. AS .................Dryobalanops spp. ...............................................................336Borneo Ironwood .......................... AS .................Eusideroxylon zwageri .........................................................347Bosse ............................................AF .................Guarea cedrata and G. thompsonli ......................................229Boxwood, Maracaibo ................... AM ................Gossypiospermum praecox ...................................................83Boxwood, San Domingo ............... AM ................Phyllostylon brasiliensis .......................................................127Boxwood, West Indian .................. AM ................Gossypiospermum praecox ...................................................83Brazil-Nut Tree ............................. AM ................Bertholletia excelsa ................................................................26Brazilian-Walnut ........................... AM ................Phoebe porosa .....................................................................126Broad-Leaved Tea-Tree ............... AS .................Melaleuca quinquenervia, syn. M. leucadendron .................366Brown Silverballi ........................... AM ................Licaria spp. ...........................................................................102Brush Box ..................................... AS .................Tristania spp. ........................................................................407Bubinga ........................................AF .................Guibourtia spp. .....................................................................232Bulletwood ................................... AM ................Manilkara bidentata ..............................................................108Burada .......................................... AM ................Parinari spp. .........................................................................123Burkea ..........................................AF .................Burkea africana ....................................................................195Burma Lancewood ...................... AS .................Homalium spp. .....................................................................356Burma Padauk ............................. AS .................Pterocarpus macrocarpus ....................................................386Cagui ............................................ AM ................Caryocar spp. .........................................................................44Caimito ........................................ AM ................Cynodendron spp. and Chrysophyllum spp. ..........................63Cajeput ........................................ AS .................Melaleuca quinquenervia, syn. M. leucadendron .................366Camphor Wood ........................... AS .................Cinnamomum spp. ...............................................................322Camphorwood, Borneo ................ AS .................Dryobalanops spp. ...............................................................336Camphorwood, East African ..........AF .................Ocotea usambarensis ..........................................................255Canalete ....................................... AM ................Cordia spp. (Hard-wooded, dark-colored Gerascanthus group) .............................................................55Cananga ....................................... AS .................Canangium odoratum ...........................................................315Canarium, African ..........................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196Canary Wood ................................ AM ................Centrolobium spp. ..................................................................50Candle Tree .................................. AM ................Dacryodes excelsa .................................................................64Canela-Rosa ............................... AM ................Persea spp. ..........................................................................125Canelo ......................................... AM ................Nectandra spp. ..................................................................... 114Cangerana .................................... AM ................Cabralea cangerana ..............................................................36Caoba .......................................... AM ................Swietenia macrophylla .........................................................157Capomo ........................................ AM ................Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group) .........................................29Capote .......................................... AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Carapa .......................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Carbonero ................................... AM ................Piptadenia pittieri and Piptadenia spp. .................................132
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Carne D’Anta ............................... AM ................Maytenus spp. ......................................................................109Castanheiro .................................. AM ................Bertholletia excelsa ................................................................26Casuarina .................................... AS .................Casuarina spp. .....................................................................318Cativo ........................................... AM ................Prioria copaifera ...................................................................139Caviuna ........................................ AM ................Machaerium spp. ..................................................................106Cedar, African Pencil ....................AF .................Juniperus procera ................................................................237Cedar, Mlanje ...............................AF .................Widdringtonia whytei ............................................................289Cedar, Spanish- ............................ AM ................Cedrela spp. ...........................................................................47Cedro ............................................ AM ................Cedrela spp. ...........................................................................47Cedro Macho ............................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Cedro-Rana .................................. AM ................Cedrelinga catenaeformis ......................................................48Ceiba .............................................AF .................Ceiba pentandra...................................................................200Ceiba ............................................ AM ................Ceiba pentandra.....................................................................49Celtis, African ................................AF .................Celtis spp. ............................................................................201Champaca .................................... AS .................Michelia spp. ........................................................................370Chanfuta ........................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Cheesewood, White ..................... AS .................Alstonia spp. .........................................................................302Chenchen ......................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Chengal ....................................... AS .................Balanocarpus spp. ...............................................................309Chewstick ..................................... AM ................Symphonia globulifera..........................................................158Chicha .......................................... AM ................Sterculia apetala ..................................................................154Chicha Brava ............................... AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Chickrassy .................................... AS .................Chukrasia tabularis ..............................................................321Chinaberry Tree ............................ AS .................Melia azedarach ...................................................................367Chuglam, White ........................... AS .................Terminalia bialata .................................................................401Chumprak ..................................... AS .................Heritiera spp., syn. Tarrietia spp. .........................................355Chupon ........................................ AM ................Pradosia spp. .......................................................................138Cinnamon Wood ........................... AS .................Cinnamomum spp. ............................................................... 322Cocobolo ...................................... AM ................Dalbergia retusa .....................................................................66Coffeewood .................................. AM ................Caesalpinia spp., syn. Libidibia spp. ......................................37Coigue ......................................... AM ................Nothofagus dombeyi ............................................................ 115Congowood ...................................AF .................Lovoa trichilioides .................................................................243Copaia ......................................... AM ................Jacaranda copaia ...................................................................98Copaiba ....................................... AM ................Copaifera spp. ........................................................................54Copal ........................................... AM ................Protium spp. .........................................................................140Cordia .......................................... AS .................Cordia spp. ...........................................................................323Cordia, West African ......................AF .................Cordia millenii and C. platythyrsa .........................................205Cordyla .........................................AF .................Cordyla africana ...................................................................206Courbaril ...................................... AM ................Hymenaea courbaril ...............................................................95Cow Tree ...................................... AM ................Couma macrocarpa ................................................................58Cow-Tree ...................................... AM ................Brosimum spp. (Utile group) ..................................................30Crabwood ..................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Crabwood, African .........................AF .................Carapa procera and C. grandiflora ......................................197Cramantee ................................... AM ................Guarea spp. ...........................................................................86Cuangare ...................................... AM ................Dialyanthera spp. ...................................................................70Curupay ....................................... AM ................Anadenanthera macrocarpa, syn. Piptadenia macrocarpa ....16Curupi .......................................... AM ................Sapium spp. .........................................................................148Cypress-Pine, White ..................... AS .................Callitris glauca, syn. C. columellaris .....................................313Dabema .........................................AF .................Piptadeniastrum africanum ..................................................262 Dahoma .........................................AF .................Piptadeniastrum africanum ..................................................262Dakua .......................................... AS .................Agathis spp. .........................................................................298Daniellia .........................................AF .................Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera ............................................212Danta ............................................AF .................Nesogordonia papaverifera ..................................................254Dao .............................................. AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335
Trade name ............................. Region of ................................................... origin 1 ..............Scientific name ...................................................................page
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Darah Darah ................................ AS .................Myristica spp. and Knema spp. ............................................371Dark Red Meranti ......................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Dark Red Seraya .......................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Dau .............................................. AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Degame ........................................ AM ................Calycophyllum candidissimum ...............................................39Deglupta ....................................... AS .................Eucalyptus deglupta .............................................................342Demerara Greenheart .................. AM ................Ocotea rodiaei ......................................................................117Determa ........................................ AM ................Ocotea rubra ........................................................................119Difou .............................................AF .................Morus mesozygia .................................................................251Dillenia .......................................... AS .................Dillenia spp. ..........................................................................332Dimpampi .....................................AF .................Baillonella toxisperma ..........................................................189Dina ...............................................AF .................Swartzia fistuloides ..............................................................277Djedoe ......................................... AM ................Sclerolobium spp. .................................................................150Douka ...........................................AF .................Tieghemella heckelii and T. africana ....................................283Doum .............................................AF .................Ceiba pentandra...................................................................200Doussie .........................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Durian .......................................... AS .................Durio spp. and Neesia spp. ..................................................338Duru ............................................. AM ................Apeiba spp. ............................................................................19East African Camphorwood ..........AF .................Ocotea usambarensis ..........................................................255East African Olive ..........................AF .................Olea hochstetteri ..................................................................257East African Satinwood ................AF .................Fagara macrophylla .............................................................224East Indian Ebony ........................ AS .................Diospyros spp. .....................................................................333East Indian Satinwood .................. AS .................Chloroxylon swietenia ..........................................................455Ebony, African ...............................AF .................Diospyros spp. .....................................................................215Ebony, East Indian ........................ AS .................Diospyros spp. .....................................................................333Ekebergia .....................................AF .................Ekebergia rueppelliana ........................................................217Ekhimi ............................................AF .................Piptadeniastrum africanum ..................................................262Ekki ...............................................AF .................Lophira alata ........................................................................242Ekop ..............................................AF .................Tetraberlinia tubmaniana ......................................................282Ekpogoi ........................................AF .................Berlinia spp. .........................................................................190Elemi..............................................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196Emeri ............................................AF .................Terminalia ivorensis .............................................................279Encino .......................................... AM ................Quercus spp. ........................................................................145Eng ............................................... AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Envireira ...................................... AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Epro ..............................................AF .................Nesogordonia papaverifera ..................................................254Erima ............................................ AS .................Octomeles sumatrana ..........................................................373Erimado .........................................AF .................Ricinodendron heudelotii .....................................................270Esa ................................................AF .................Celtis spp. ............................................................................201Espave ......................................... AM ................Anacardium excelsum ............................................................15Essia ..............................................AF .................Combretodendron macrocarpum, syn. C. africanum ...........204Estribeiro ..................................... AM ................Luehea spp. .........................................................................104Eveuss ...........................................AF .................Klainedoxa gabonensis ........................................................241Eyong ............................................AF .................Sterculia oblonga .................................................................274Eyoum ...........................................AF .................Dialium dinklagei ..................................................................213Faro ..............................................AF .................Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera ............................................212Faveira ......................................... AM ................Vatairea spp. ........................................................................166Fiddlewood ................................... AM ................Vitex spp. .............................................................................168Figueroa ....................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Foengoe ....................................... AM ................Parinari spp. .........................................................................123Frake .............................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Framire ..........................................AF .................Terminalia ivorensis .............................................................279Frijolillo ......................................... AM ................Pseudosamanea guachapele ..............................................141Fromager .......................................AF .................Ceiba pentandra.....................................................................49
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456
Fuma .............................................AF .................Ceiba pentandra...................................................................200Fustic ............................................ AM ................Chlorophora tinctoria ..............................................................51Gaboon ..........................................AF .................Aucoumea klaineana ...........................................................185Gagil ............................................. AS .................Hopea spp. ...........................................................................357Gangaw ....................................... AS .................Mesua ferrea ........................................................................368Gedu Nohor ..................................AF .................Entandrophragma angolense ...............................................218Genipa .......................................... AM ................Genipa americana ..................................................................82Geronggang ................................ AS .................Cratoxylon arborescens .......................................................325Gmelina ........................................ AS .................Gmelina arborea ..................................................................352Gommier ....................................... AM ................Dacryodes excelsa .................................................................64Goncalo Alves ............................. AM ................Astronium graveolens ............................................................23Granadillo ..................................... AM ................Dalbergia retusa .....................................................................66Greenheart, Demerara ................. AM ................Ocotea rodiaei ......................................................................117Grevillea ...................................... AS .................Grevillea robusta ..................................................................354Grignon Fou ................................. AM ................Qualea spp. ..........................................................................144Gronfoeloe .................................... AM ................Qualea spp. ..........................................................................144Grumixava ................................... AM ................Micropholis spp. ...................................................................110Guachapele .................................. AM ................Pseudosamanea guachapele ..............................................141Guacimo ....................................... AM ................Luehea spp. .........................................................................104Guanacaste .................................. AM ................Enterolobium cyclocarpum .....................................................75Guarea ..........................................AF .................Guarea cedrata and G. thompsonii ......................................229Guatambu ..................................... AM ................Balfourodendron riedelianum .................................................25Guayacan ..................................... AM ................Guaiacum spp. .......................................................................85Gubas ........................................... AS .................Endospermum spp. ..............................................................341Gumbo-Limbo ............................... AM ................Bursera simaruba ...................................................................34Gumhar ........................................ AS .................Gmelina arborea ..................................................................352Gurjun ........................................... AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Haiari ............................................ AM ................Alexa imperatricis ...................................................................13Haiariballi ...................................... AM ................Alexa imperatricis ...................................................................13Haldu ........................................... AS .................Adina cordifolia .....................................................................297Hobo ............................................. AM ................Spondias mombin ................................................................153Hog Plum ...................................... AM ................Spondias mombin ................................................................153Homalium, African .........................AF .................Homalium spp. .....................................................................233Hoop-Pine ................................... AS .................Araucaria spp. ......................................................................306Hura .............................................. AM ................Hura crepitans ........................................................................93Huynh .......................................... AS .................Heritiera spp. ........................................................................355Idigbo .............................................AF .................Terminalia ivorensis .............................................................279Ilimo ............................................. AS .................Octomeles sumatrana ..........................................................373Ilomba ............................................AF .................Pycnanthus angolensis ........................................................268Imbuia ........................................... AM ................Phoebe porosa .....................................................................126Incenso ..........................................AF .................Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera ............................................212Indian Almond Wood ................... AS .................Terminalia catappa ...............................................................402Indian Laurel ................................ AS .................Terminalia tomentosa complex ............................................404Indian Rosewood ......................... AS .................Dalbergia latifolia ..................................................................330Ipe ................................................ AM ................Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ...........................................159Ipil ................................................. AS ................. lntsia bijuga and l. palembanica ...........................................358Iroko ..............................................AF .................Chlorophora excelsa and C. regia .......................................203Ironwood, Borneo ......................... AS .................Eusideroxylon zwageri .........................................................347Ishpingo ........................................ AM ................Amburana cearensis ..............................................................14Izombe ...........................................AF .................Testulea gabonensis ............................................................281Jabillo .......................................... AM ................Hura crepitans ........................................................................93Jacaranda .................................... AM ................Dalbergia nigra .......................................................................65Jacareuba .................................... AM ................Calophyllum brasiliense .........................................................38Jagua ............................................ AM ................Genipa americana ..................................................................82
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457
Jarana .......................................... AM ................Holopyxidium jarana ...............................................................91Jarrah ........................................... AS .................Eucalyptus marginata ...........................................................343Jelutong ........................................ AS .................Dyera costulata ....................................................................339Jequitiba ....................................... AM ................Cariniana pyriformis and Cariniana spp. ................................43Jobo .............................................. AM ................Spondias mombin ................................................................153Jongkong ...................................... AS .................Dactylocladus stenostachys .................................................329Jucaro ........................................... AM ................Bucida buceras ......................................................................32Jutahy .......................................... AM ................Dialium guianense ..................................................................69Kabukalli ....................................... AM ................Goupia glabra .........................................................................84Kadam .......................................... AS .................Anthocephalus chinensis, syn. A. cadamba .........................304Kakeralli ........................................ AM ................Eschweilera spp. ....................................................................78Kamassi .........................................AF .................Gonioma kamassi ................................................................227Kambala .......................................AF .................Chlorophora excelsa and C. regia .......................................203Kandis .......................................... AS .................Garcinia spp. ........................................................................350Kaneelhart .................................... AM ................Licaria spp. ...........................................................................102Kapoer .......................................... AS .................Dryobalanops spp. ...............................................................336Kapok-Tree .................................. AM ................Ceiba pentandra.....................................................................49Kapur ............................................ AS .................Dryobalanops spp. ...............................................................336Karri ............................................. AS .................Eucalyptus diversicolor ........................................................343Kasai ............................................ AS .................Pometia spp. ........................................................................382Kauri ............................................. AS .................Agathis spp. .........................................................................298Kauta ........................................... AM ................Licania spp. ..........................................................................101Kauvula ........................................ AS .................Endospermum spp. ..............................................................341Kayu Malam ................................. AS .................Diospyros spp. .....................................................................333Kedondong ................................... AS .................Canarium spp. ......................................................................316Kekatong ...................................... AS .................Cynometra spp. ....................................................................327Keladan ....................................... AS .................Dryobalanops spp. ...............................................................336Kelat ............................................. AS .................Eugenia spp. ........................................................................346Keledang ..................................... AS .................Artocarpus spp. ....................................................................307Kelobra ......................................... AM ................Enterolobium cyclocarpum .....................................................75Kembang ...................................... AS .................Heritiera spp. ........................................................................355Kempas ....................................... AS .................Koompassia malaccensis .....................................................359Keranji ......................................... AS .................Dialium spp. .........................................................................331Keruing ........................................ AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Kevazingo ......................................AF .................Guibourtia spp. .....................................................................232Kirikawa ........................................ AM ................ lryanthera spp. .......................................................................97Kirundo .........................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Klinki-Pine ................................... AS .................Araucaria spp. ......................................................................306Kokko ........................................... AS .................Albizia lebbek .......................................................................301Kokriki ........................................... AM ................Ormosia spp. ........................................................................120Kokrodua .......................................AF .................Pericopsis elata ....................................................................261Kopie ............................................ AM ................Goupia glabra .........................................................................84“Korina” .........................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Kosipo ...........................................AF .................Entandrophragma candollei .................................................219Kotibe ...........................................AF .................Nesogordonia papaverifera ..................................................254Koto ..............................................AF .................Pterygota spp. ......................................................................267Krabak ......................................... AS .................Anisoptera spp. ....................................................................304Krapa ........................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Kulim............................................. AS .................Scorodocarpus borneensis ..................................................389Kurokai ........................................ AM ................Protium spp. .........................................................................140Kusia .............................................AF .................Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................253Kusiaba .........................................AF .................Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................253Kwao ............................................ AS .................Adina cordifolia .....................................................................297Kwari............................................. AM ................Vochysia spp. .......................................................................169
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458
Kyenkyen .......................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Lacewood ..................................... AS .................Grevillea robusta ..................................................................354Lampati ......................................... AS .................Duabanga spp. .....................................................................337Lancewood, Burma ...................... AS .................Homalium spp. .....................................................................356Lancewood, West Indian .............. AM ................Oxandra lanceolata ..............................................................121Landa ............................................AF .................Erythroxylum manii ...............................................................223Landosan ......................................AF .................Aningeria spp. ......................................................................183Lapacho ........................................ AM ................Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group) ...........................................159Lauan, Light Red .......................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group ..........393Lauan, Red ................................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Lauan, White ................................ AS .................Pentacme contorta ...............................................................377Laurel ........................................... AM ................Nectandra spp. .....................................................................114Laurel Blanco ............................... AM ................Cordia spp. (Soft-wooded, light-colored Alliodora group) ......56Laurel, Indian ............................... AS .................Terminalia tomentosa complex ............................................404Leche Perra ................................. AM ................Helicostylis tomentosa ...........................................................87Lechero ....................................... AM ................Sapium spp. .........................................................................148Lemonwood ................................. AM ................Calycophyllum candidissimum ...............................................39Letterwood ................................... AM ................Piratinera guianensis, syn. Brosimum guianensis ...............133Light Red Lauan ........................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Light Red Meranti ......................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Lignumvitae .................................. AM ................Guaiacum spp. .......................................................................85Limba .............................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Lingue ........................................... AM ................Persea spp. ..........................................................................128Loktob ........................................... AS .................Duabanga spp. .....................................................................337Long John .................................... AM ................Triplaris spp. .........................................................................164Longui ............................................AF .................Gambeya africana, syn. Chrysophyllum africanum .............226Louro ............................................ AM ................Aniba spp. ..............................................................................18Louro Pardo ................................. AM ................Cordia spp. (Hard-wooded, dark-colored Gerascanthus group) .............................................................55Louro Vermelho ............................ AM ................Ocotea rubra ........................................................................119Lovoa .............................................AF .................Lovoa trichilioides .................................................................243Lumbayau ..................................... AS .................Heritiera spp. ........................................................................355Macawood .................................... AM ................Platymiscium spp. ................................................................135Machang ....................................... AS .................Mangifera spp. .....................................................................365Machilus ....................................... AS .................Machilus spp. .......................................................................364Mafu ..............................................AF .................Fagaropsis angolensis .........................................................225Magas ........................................... AS .................Duabanga spp. .....................................................................337Magnolia ....................................... AM ................Magnolia spp. .......................................................................107Maho ............................................ AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Mahoe, Blue ................................. AM ................Hibiscus elatus and H. tiliaceus .............................................90Mahogany, African ........................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis .............................238Mahogany, African ........................AF .................Khaya ivorensis and K. anthotheca .....................................239Mahogany, Benin ..........................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis .............................238Mahogany, Honduras ................... AM ................Swietenia macrophylla .........................................................157Mahogany, Senegal ......................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis .............................238Mahot ........................................... AM ................Couratari spp. .........................................................................59Mai Pradoo ................................... AS .................Pterocarpus macrocarpus ....................................................386Makore .........................................AF .................Tieghemella heckelii and T. africana ....................................283Malas ............................................ AS .................Homalium spp. .....................................................................356Manbarklak .................................. AM ................Eschweilera spp. ....................................................................78Mandioqueira ................................ AM ................Qualea spp. ..........................................................................144Mangle Colorado .......................... AM ................Rhizophora mangle ..............................................................147Mango .......................................... AS .................Mangifera spp. .....................................................................365Mañio ............................................ AM ................Podocarpus spp. ..................................................................136
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459
Manni ............................................ AM ................Symphonia globulifera..........................................................158Mansonia .......................................AF .................Mansonia altissima ...............................................................246Maple, Australian - ........................ AS .................Flindersia spp. ......................................................................349Maracaibo Lignum-Vitae ............... AM ................Bulnesia arborea ....................................................................33Marakaipo .................................... AM ................ lryanthera spp. .......................................................................97Maranggo .................................... AS .................Azadirachta spp. ..................................................................308Marishballi ................................... AM ................Licania spp. ..........................................................................101Marupa ........................................ AM ................Simarouba spp. ....................................................................152Masa ............................................. AM ................Tetragastris spp. ...................................................................163Mastate ......................................... AM ................Poulsenia armata .................................................................137Mayapis ....................................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Light-red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Mayflower ..................................... AM ................Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) ................................................169Mbambakofi ...................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Mbanko ..........................................AF .................Odyendea spp. .....................................................................256Mbarika ..........................................AF ................. lsoberlinia scheffleri ..............................................................235Mecrusse .......................................AF .................Androstachys johnsonii ........................................................182Medang ........................................ AS .................Litsea spp. ............................................................................362Melawis......................................... AS .................Gonystylus spp. ....................................................................353Mendou .........................................AF .................Brachystegia spp. .................................................................193Mengkulang .................................. AS .................Heritiera spp., syn. Tarrietia spp. .........................................355Meranti, Dark Red ........................ AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Meranti, Light Red ........................ AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Meranti, White .............................. AS .................Shorea spp. (White meranti group) ......................................395Meranti, Yellow ............................. AS .................Shorea spp. (Yellow meranti group) .....................................396Merawan ....................................... AS .................Hopea spp. ...........................................................................357Merbau ......................................... AS ................. lntsia biuga and I. palembanica ...........................................358Merkus Pine ................................. AS .................Pinus merkusil ......................................................................379Merpauh ....................................... AS .................Swintonia spp. ......................................................................398Mersawa ....................................... AS .................Anisoptera spp. ....................................................................304Meru-Oak ......................................AF .................Vitex doniana .......................................................................288Mexican Cypress .......................... AM ................Cupressus lusitanica ..............................................................61Mierenhout ................................... AM ................Triplaris spp. .........................................................................164Missanda .......................................AF .................Erythrophleum ivorense and E. guineense ..........................222Mkora.............................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Mlanje-Cedar .................................AF .................Widdringtonia whytei ............................................................289Moabi .............................................AF .................Baillonella toxisperma ..........................................................189Molave .......................................... AS .................Vitex spp. .............................................................................409Molucca Albizzia ........................... AS .................Albizia falcataria, syn. A. falcata ..........................................299Monkey Pot .................................. AM ................Lecythis spp. ........................................................................100Mora ............................................. AM ................Mora excelsa and M. gonggrijpii .......................................... 111Mora Amarilla ............................... AM ................Chlorophora tinctoria ..............................................................51Morabukea ................................... AM ................Mora excelsa and M. gonggrijpii .......................................... 111Morado ........................................ AM ................Peltogyne spp. .....................................................................124Morillo ........................................... AM ................Trophis spp. ..........................................................................165Morototo ....................................... AM ................Didymopanax morototoni .......................................................72Movingui .......................................AF .................Distemonanthus benthamianus ...........................................216“Mozambique” ..............................AF .................Guibourtia ehie .....................................................................231Mtambara ......................................AF .................Cephalosphaera usambarensis ...........................................202Mtundu ..........................................AF .................Brachystegia spiciformis ......................................................194Mubura .........................................AF .................Parinari excelsa ....................................................................260Mueri..............................................AF .................Pygeum africanum, syn. Prunus africanum .........................269Muhimbi .........................................AF .................Cynometra alexandri ............................................................209Muhuhu .........................................AF .................Brachylaena hutchinsii .........................................................192Muiratinga ..................................... AM ................Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group) .........................................29
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Muirungi .........................................AF .................Casearia battiscombei ..........................................................198Mukangu ........................................AF .................Aningeria spp. ......................................................................183Mukulungu .....................................AF .................Autranella congolensis .........................................................186Muninga .........................................AF .................Pterocarpus angolensis........................................................265Musine ..........................................AF .................Croton megalocarpus ...........................................................207Musizi ............................................AF .................Maesopsis eminii ..................................................................244Mussacossa ..................................AF .................Afzelia spp. ...........................................................................179Mutenye .........................................AF .................Guibourtia arnoldiana ...........................................................230Muwa ............................................AF .................Julbernardia globiflora ..........................................................236Mwafu ...........................................AF .................Canarium schweinfurthii .......................................................196Myrtle-Beech ................................ AS .................Nothofagus spp. ...................................................................372Myrtle, Tasmanian- ....................... AS .................Nothofagus spp. ...................................................................372Nargusta ....................................... AM ................Terminalia amazonia ............................................................162Narra............................................. AS .................Pterocarpus indicus ..............................................................385Needlewood ................................. AS .................Schima spp. .........................................................................388Neem ........................................... AS .................Azadirachta spp. ..................................................................308New Guinea-Walnut ..................... AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335New Guineawood ......................... AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335Niangon .........................................AF .................Tarrietia utilis and T. densiflora .............................................278Niove .............................................AF .................Staudtia stipitata, syn. S. gabonensis ..................................273Njabi ..............................................AF .................Balllonella toxisperma ..........................................................189Nkobakoba ....................................AF .................Baikiaea insignis subsp. minor .............................................187Nogal ........................................... AM ................Juglans spp. ...........................................................................99Nongo ............................................AF .................Albizia spp. ...........................................................................180N’tola ............................................AF .................Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum......................................228Nyankom ......................................AF .................Tarrietia utilis and T. densiflora .............................................278Nyatoh ......................................... AS .................Palaquium spp. and Payena spp. ........................................374Nzingu ...........................................AF .................Mitragyna ciliata ...................................................................249Oak .............................................. AM ................Quercus spp. ........................................................................145Oba ...............................................AF ................. lrvingia gabonensis ..............................................................234Obeche ..........................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Obobo ............................................AF .................Guarea cedrata and G. thompsonii ......................................229Oboto .............................................AF .................Mammea africana ................................................................245Ocote Pine ................................... AM ................Pinus oocarpa ......................................................................129Odoko ............................................AF .................Scottellia coriaceae ..............................................................271Ofram .............................................AF .................Terminalia superba ...............................................................280Ofun ..............................................AF .................Mansonia altissima ...............................................................246Ogea ..............................................AF .................Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera ............................................212Ogiovu ..........................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Ohia ..............................................AF .................Celtis spp. ............................................................................201Ohia ............................................. AS .................Metrosideros collina, subsp. polymorpha .............................369Oiticica Amarela .......................... AM ................Clarisia racemosa ..................................................................52Ojoche ......................................... AM ................Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group) .........................................29Okan .............................................AF .................Cylicodiscus gabunensis ......................................................208Okoko ...........................................AF .................Sterculia oblonga .................................................................274Okoume .........................................AF .................Aucoumea klaineana ...........................................................185Okwen ..........................................AF .................Brachystegia spp. .................................................................193Olive, East African .........................AF .................Olea hochstetteri ..................................................................257Olivier, White ................................ AM ................Terminalia amazonia ............................................................162Omu ..............................................AF .................Entandrophragma candollei .................................................219Onzang .........................................AF .................Odyendea spp. .....................................................................256Opepe ............................................AF .................Nauclea diderrichii ................................................................253Orey ............................................. AM ................Campnosperma panamensis .................................................40Orientalwood ................................ AS .................Endiandra palmerstonii ........................................................340
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461
Oro.................................................AF .................Antiaris spp. .........................................................................184Osan .............................................AF .................Aningeria spp. ......................................................................183Otie ...............................................AF .................Pycnanthus angolensis ........................................................268Otutu .............................................AF .................Nesogordonia papa verifera .................................................254Ovangkol .......................................AF .................Guibourtia ehie .....................................................................231Ovoga ...........................................AF .................Poga oleosa .........................................................................264Owewe ..........................................AF .................Combretodendron macrocarpum .........................................204Oxhorn Bucida .............................. AM ................Bucida buceras ......................................................................32Ozigo ............................................AF .................Dacryodes spp. ....................................................................210Oziya .............................................AF .................Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera ............................................212Pacuri ........................................... AM ................Rheedia spp. ........................................................................146Padauk, African ............................AF .................Pterocarpus soyauxii ............................................................266Padauk, Andaman ........................ AS .................Pterocarpus dalbergioides ...................................................384Padauk, Burma ............................. AS .................Pterocarpus macrocarpus ....................................................386Paldao .......................................... AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335Palosapis ...................................... AS .................Anisoptera spp. ....................................................................304Panga Panga ................................AF .................Millettia spp. .........................................................................248Paper-Bark .................................. AS .................Melaleuca quinquenervia .....................................................366Para Rubbertree ........................... AM ................Hevea brasiliensis ..................................................................88Para-Angelim ............................... AM ................Hymenolobium excelsum .....................................................166Parana-Pine ................................ AM ................Araucaria angustifolia .............................................................20Partridge Wood ............................. AM ................Andira inermis ........................................................................17Partridgewood .............................. AM ................Caesalpinia spp., syn. Libidibia spp. ......................................37Pau Amarello ............................... AM ................Euxylophora paraensis...........................................................80Pau Ferro .................................... AM ................Machaerium spp. ..................................................................106Pau Marfim ................................... AM ................Balfourodendron riedelianum .................................................25Penak ........................................... AS .................Balanocarpus spp. ...............................................................309Perepat ......................................... AS .................Sonneratia spp. ....................................................................397Peroba De Campos ...................... AM ................Paratecoma peroba ..............................................................122Peroba Rosa ................................ AM ................Aspidosperma spp. (Peroba group) .......................................22Peroba, White .............................. AM ................Paratecoma peroba ..............................................................122Persian Lilac ................................ AS .................Melia azedarach ...................................................................367Perupok ........................................ AS .................Lophopetalum spp. ..............................................................363Phdiek .......................................... AS .................Anisoptera spp. ....................................................................304Pillarwood ......................................AF .................Cassipourea malosana ........................................................199Pilon ............................................. AM ................Hyeronima alchorneoides and H. laxiflora .............................94Pine, Benguet .............................. AS .................Pinus insularis, syn. P. kesiya and P. khasya .......................378Pine, Caribbean ........................... AM ................Pinus caribaea .....................................................................128Pine, Merkus ................................ AS .................Pinus merkusii ......................................................................379Pine, Oocarpa .............................. AM ................Pinus oocarpa ......................................................................129Pine, Patula .................................. AM ................Pinus patula .........................................................................131Pipli .............................................. AS .................Bucklandia populnea ............................................................312Piquia ........................................... AM ................Caryocar spp. .........................................................................44Pochote ....................................... AM ................Bombacopsis quinata .............................................................27Podo .............................................AF .................Podocarpus spp. ..................................................................263Podocarp ...................................... AM ................Podocarpus spp. ..................................................................136Poon ............................................ AS .................Calophyllum spp. ..................................................................314Porcupine Wood ........................... AM ................Centrolobium spp. ..................................................................50Possumwood ............................... AM ................Hura crepitans. .......................................................................93Pradoo ......................................... AS .................Pterocarpus macrocarpus ....................................................386Primavera ..................................... AM ................Cybistax donnell-smithii, syn. Tabebuia donnell-smithii .........62Pterygota .......................................AF .................Pterygota spp. ......................................................................267Pulai ............................................ AS .................Alstonia spp. .........................................................................302Punch .......................................... AS .................Tetramerista glabra ..............................................................406Purpleheart ................................... AM ................Peltogyne spp. .....................................................................124Putat Paya .................................... AS .................Planchonia spp. ....................................................................380
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462
Pyinkado ....................................... AS .................Xylia xylocarpa .....................................................................411Pyinma ......................................... AS .................Lagerstroemia spp. ..............................................................361Quaruba ....................................... AM ................Vochysia spp. .......................................................................169Quebracho ................................... AM ................Schinopsis spp. ....................................................................149Queensland-Maple ....................... AS .................Flindersia spp. ......................................................................349Queensland-Walnut ..................... AS .................Endiandra palmerstonii ........................................................340Raintree ........................................ AM ................Pithecellobium saman, syn. Samanea saman .....................134Ramin .......................................... AS .................Gonystylus spp. ....................................................................353Ramon .......................................... AM ................Trophis spp. ..........................................................................165Ranggu ......................................... AS .................Koordersiodendron pinnatum ...............................................360Rauli ............................................. AM ................Nothofagus procera ..............................................................115Red Lauan .................................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Red Louro .................................... AM ................Ocotea rubra ........................................................................119Red Mangrove .............................. AM ................Rhizophora mangle ..............................................................147Red Seraya .................................. AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red lauan group) .........393Red-Cedar, Australian ................. AS .................Cedrela spp. .........................................................................319Remelento .................................... AM ................Rheedia spp. ........................................................................146Rengas ......................................... AS .................Gluta spp. and Melanorrhoea spp. .......................................351Resak .......................................... AS .................Cotylelobium spp. and Vatica spp. .......................................324Resak .......................................... AS .................Upuna borneensis ................................................................408Rhodesian-Teak ...........................AF .................Baikiaea plurijuga .................................................................188Riemhout ...................................... AM ................Micropholis spp. ................................................................... 110Rimu ............................................. AS .................Dacrydium spp. ....................................................................328Roble ........................................... AM ................Quercus spp. ........................................................................145Roble ........................................... AM ................Tabebuia spp. (Roble group) ................................................160Rose-Maple .................................. AS .................Cryptocarya spp. ..................................................................326Rosewood, Brazilian .................... AM ................Dalbergia nigra .......................................................................65Rosewood, Honduras .................. AM ................Dalbergia stevensonii .............................................................67Rosewood, Indian ........................ AS .................Dalbergia latifolia ..................................................................330Sabicu .......................................... AM ................Lysiloma spp. .......................................................................105Safoukala .....................................AF .................Dacryodes spp. ....................................................................210Sajo .............................................. AM ................Campnosperma panamensis .................................................40Sali .............................................. AM ................Tetragastris spp. ...................................................................163Saman ......................................... AM ................Pithecellobium saman, syn. Samanea saman .....................134Samba ..........................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Sandalwood ................................. AS .................Santalum album ...................................................................387Sande .......................................... AM ................Brosimum spp. (Utile group) ..................................................30Sangre ......................................... AM ................Pterocarpus spp. ..................................................................142Santa Maria .................................. AM ................Calophyllum brasiliense .........................................................38Sapele ...........................................AF .................Entandrophragma cylindricum .............................................220Sapo .............................................AF .................Didelotia brevipaniculata ......................................................214Sapucaia ...................................... AM ................Lecythis spp. ........................................................................100Satinwood, East African ................AF .................Fagara macrophylla .............................................................224Satinwood, East Indian ................. AS .................Chloroxylon swietenia ..........................................................320Satinwood,West Indian ................. AM ................Zanthoxylum flavum, syn. Fagara flava ...............................171Senegal Mahogany .......................AF .................Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis .............................238Sengkuang ................................... AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335Sepetir .......................................... AS .................Pseudosindora palustris and Sindora spp. ..........................383Seraya, Dark Red ......................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Seraya, Red ................................ AS .................Shorea spp. (Light red meranti-light red launa group) .........393Seraya, White .............................. AS .................Parashorea spp. ...................................................................375Seraya, Yellow .............................. AS .................Shorea spp. (Yellow meranti group) .....................................396Serrette ......................................... AM ................Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata and Byrsonima spp. ...........35Silk-Cotton-Tree ...........................AF .................Ceiba pentandra...................................................................200
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Silk-Cotton-Tree .......................... AM ................Ceiba pentandra.....................................................................49Silky-Oak ...................................... AS .................Grevillea robusta ..................................................................354Simarouba .................................... AM ................Simarouba amara .................................................................152Simpoh ........................................ AS .................Dillenia spp. ..........................................................................332Sipo ...............................................AF .................Entandrophragma Utile ........................................................221Snakewood .................................. AM ................Piratinera guianensis, syn. Brosimum guianensis ...............133Sorro ..............................................AF .................Scyphocephalium ochocoa ..................................................272Sougue .........................................AF .................Parinari excelsa ....................................................................260Spanish-Cedar ............................. AM ................Cedrela spp. ...........................................................................47Star-Apple ................................... AM ................Cynodendron spp. and Chrysophyllum spp. ..........................63Sterculia ...................................... AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Sterculia, Brown ...........................AF .................Sterculia rhinopetala ............................................................275Sterculia, Yellow ............................AF .................Sterculia oblonga .................................................................274Subaha .........................................AF .................Mitragyna ciliata ...................................................................249Sucupira ...................................... AM ................Bowdichia spp. .......................................................................28Sucupira ...................................... AM ................Diptotropis purpurea ...............................................................73Sugar-Plum ...................................AF .................Uapaca spp. .........................................................................287Suradan ....................................... AM ................Hyeronima alchorneoides and H. laxiflora .............................94Tangare ....................................... AM ................Carapa guianensis .................................................................41Tangile .......................................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Dark red meranti-red lauan group) .................392Tasmanian-Myrtle ......................... AS .................Nothofagus spp. ...................................................................372Tatabu .......................................... AM ................Diplotropis purpurea ...............................................................73Tauary ........................................... AM ................Couratari spp. .........................................................................59Taun .............................................. AS .................Pometia spp. ........................................................................382Tauroniro ...................................... AM ................Humiria balsamifera ...............................................................92Tawa ............................................ AS .................Beilschmiedia tawa ..............................................................310Tchitola ..........................................AF .................Oxystigma oxyphyllum .........................................................259Tea-Tree, Broad-Leaved .............. AS .................Melaleuca quinquenervia, syn. M. leucadendron .................366Teak .............................................. AS .................Tectona grandis ....................................................................400Tembusu ...................................... AS .................Fagraea spp. ........................................................................348Thingan ........................................ AS .................Hopea spp. ...........................................................................357Thitka ............................................ AS .................Pentace spp. ........................................................................376Thitmin .......................................... AS .................Podocarpus spp. ..................................................................381Thitni ............................................. AS .................Amoora spp. .........................................................................303Thitpok .......................................... AS .................Tetrameles nudiflora .............................................................405Tiama .............................................AF .................Entandrophragma angolense ...............................................218Tigerwood .....................................AF .................Lovoa trichilioides, syn. L. klaineana ...................................243Timbauba ..................................... AM ................Enterolobium schomburgkii ....................................................76Tola ................................................AF .................Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum......................................228Tola Mafuta ....................................AF .................Oxystigma oxyphyilum .........................................................259Tonka ............................................ AM ................Dipteryx odorata, syn. Coumarouna odorata .........................74Toon .............................................. AS .................Cedrela spp. .........................................................................319Tornillo .......................................... AM ................Cedrelinga catenaeformis ......................................................48Totara .......................................... AS .................Podocarpus spp. ..................................................................381Trebol .......................................... AM ................Platymiscium spp. ................................................................135Trumpet-wood .............................. AM ................Cecropia peltata .....................................................................46Turpentine .................................... AS .................Syncarpia glomulifera, syn. S. laurifolia ...............................399Turpentine Tree ............................ AM ................Bursera simaruba ...................................................................34T’Zalam ........................................ AM ................Lysiloma spp. .......................................................................105Ulmo ............................................ AM ................Eucryphia cordifolia ................................................................79Umbrella Tree ................................AF .................Musanga cecropioides .........................................................252Umiri ............................................. AM ................Humiria balsamifera ...............................................................92Upun Batu ................................... AS .................Upuna borneensis ................................................................408Urat Mata ..................................... AS .................Parashorea spp. ...................................................................375
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Utile ...............................................AF .................Entandrophragma utile .........................................................221Vaco .............................................. AM ................Magnolia spp. .......................................................................107Ven-Ven ........................................ AS .................Anisoptera spp. ....................................................................304Verawood .................................... AM ................Bulnesia arborea ....................................................................33Vermillion Wood ........................... AS .................Ptercarpus dalbergioides .....................................................384Violetwood ................................... AM ................Peltogyne spp. .....................................................................124Viraro ........................................... AM ................Pterogyne nitens ..................................................................143“Virola“... ....................................... AM ................Dialyanthera spp. ...................................................................70Vitex ...............................................AF .................Vitex doniana .......................................................................288Wacapou ..................................... AM ................Vouacapoua americana .......................................................170Walele ............................................AF .................Pycnanthus angolensis ........................................................268Wallaba ......................................... AM ................Eperua spp. ............................................................................77Walnut, New Guinea- ................... AS .................Dracontomelum spp. ............................................................335Walnut, Queensland- .................... AS .................Endiandra palmerstonii ........................................................340Walnut, Tropical ........................... AM ................Juglans spp. ...........................................................................99Wamara ........................................ AM ................Swartzia spp. ........................................................................156Wattle, Black ................................. AS .................Acacia mollissima, syn. A. mearnsii .....................................296Wawa .............................................AF .................Triplochiton scleroxylon ........................................................284Wenge ..........................................AF .................Millettia spp. .........................................................................248West African Cordia .......................AF .................Cordia millenii and C. platythyrsa .........................................205White Bombay ............................. AS .................Terminalia procera ...............................................................403White-Cedar ................................. AM ................Tabebuia spp. (White-cedar group) ......................................161White Cheesewood ...................... AS .................Alstonia spp. .........................................................................302White Chuglam ............................. AS .................Terminalia bialata .................................................................401White Cypress-Pine ...................... AS .................Callitris glauca, syn. C. columellaris .....................................313White Lauan ................................. AS .................Pentacme contorta ...............................................................377White Meranti .............................. AS .................Shorea spp. (White meranti group) ......................................395White Seraya ............................... AS .................Parashorea spp. ...................................................................375White Tabebuia ............................ AM ................Tabebuia spp. (White-cedar group) ......................................161Yagrumo Macho .......................... AM ................Didymopanax morototoni .......................................................72Yahu ............................................. AM ................Sterculia pruriens .................................................................155Yang ............................................ AS .................Dipterocarpus spp. ...............................................................334Yawaredan ................................... AM ................Sclerolobium spp. .................................................................150Yellow Meranti .............................. AS .................Shorea spp. (Yellow meranti group) .....................................396Yellow Sanders ............................. AM ................Buchenavia capitata ...............................................................31Yellow Seraya ............................... AS .................Shorea spp. (Yellow meranti group) .....................................396Yellow Sterculia .............................AF .................Sterculia oblonga .................................................................274Yemeri ......................................... AM ................Vochysia spp. .......................................................................169Zebrano .........................................AF .................Microberlinia brazzavillensis ................................................247Zebrawood ....................................AF .................Microberlinia brazzavillensis ................................................247
Trade name ............................. Region of ................................................... origin 1 ..............Scientific name ...................................................................page
Index of Scientific NamesScientific name ............................................................................................................................. page
Acacia melanoxylon, Australian Blackwood ................................................................................... 295Acacia mollissima, syn. A. mearnsii, Black Wattle ......................................................................... 296Adina cordifolia, Haldu, Kwao ........................................................................................................ 297Afzelia spp., Afzelia ........................................................................................................................ 179Agathis spp., Kauri ......................................................................................................................... 298Albizia falcataria syn. A. falcataBatai, Molucca, Albizzia ................................................................ 299Albizia lebbek, Kokko ..................................................................................................................... 301Albizia spp., Albizzia ....................................................................................................................... 180Alexa imperatricis, Haiari .................................................................................................................. 13Alstonia congensisand, A. boonei, Alstonia .................................................................................... 181Alstonia spp., Pulai ......................................................................................................................... 302Amburana cearensissyn., A. acreana, AmburanaIshpingo .............................................................. 14Amoora spp., Amoora, Thitni .......................................................................................................... 303Anacardium excelsum, Espave ........................................................................................................ 15Anadenanthera macrocarpa, syn. Piptadenia macrocarpa, Curupay ............................................... 16Andira inermis, Angelin, Partridge Wood .......................................................................................... 17Androstachys johnsonii, Mecrusse ................................................................................................. 182Aniba spp., Louro ............................................................................................................................. 18Aningeria spp., Aningeria ............................................................................................................... 183Anisoptera spp., Mersawa, Palosapis ............................................................................................ 304Anthocephalus chinensis, syn. A. cadamba, Kadam ..................................................................... 305Antiaris spp., Antiaris ...................................................................................................................... 184Apeiba spp., Duru ............................................................................................................................. 19Araucaria angustifolia, Paraná Pine ................................................................................................. 20Araucaria spp., Hoop-Pine, Klinki-Pine .......................................................................................... 306Artocarpus spp., Keledang ............................................................................................................. 307Aspidosperma spp. (Araracanga group), Araracanga ...................................................................... 21Aspidosperma spp. (Peroba group), Peroba Rosa .......................................................................... 22Astronium graveolens, Goncalo, Alves ............................................................................................. 23Aucoumea klaineana, Okoumé ...................................................................................................... 185Autranella congolensis, Mukulungu ................................................................................................ 186Azadirachta spp., Neem, Maranggo ............................................................................................... 308Bagassa guianensis, Bagasse ......................................................................................................... 24Baikiaea insignis subsp. minor, Nkobakoba ................................................................................... 187Baikiaea plurijuga, Rhodesian-Teak ............................................................................................... 188Baillonella toxisperma, Moabi ......................................................................................................... 189Balanocarpus spp., Chengal Penak ............................................................................................... 309Balfourodendron riedelianum, Pau Marfim ....................................................................................... 25Beilschmiedia tawa, Tawa .............................................................................................................. 310Berlinia spp., Berlinia ...................................................................................................................... 190Bertholletia excelsa Brazil-Nut Tree ................................................................................................. 26Bischofia javanica, Bishopwood ..................................................................................................... 311Bombacopsis quinata, Pochote ........................................................................................................ 27Bombax spp., Bombax ................................................................................................................... 191Bowdichia spp., Sucupira ................................................................................................................. 28Brachylaena hutchinsii, Muhuhu .................................................................................................... 192Brachystegia spiciformis, Mtundu ................................................................................................... 194Brachystegia spp. Okwen .............................................................................................................. 193
Scientific name ............................page
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Brosimum spp. (Alicastrum group), Capomo Ojoche ....................................................................... 29Brosimum spp. (Utile group), Cow-Tree Sande ................................................................................ 30Buchenavia capitata, Yellow Sanders .............................................................................................. 31Bucida buceras, Jucaro, Oxhorn, Bucida ......................................................................................... 32Bucklandia populnea, Pipli ............................................................................................................. 312Bulnesia arborea, Verawood, Maracaibo Lignum-Vitae ................................................................... 33Burkea africana, Burkea ................................................................................................................. 195Bursera simaruba, Gumbo-LimboAlmácigo ..................................................................................... 34Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata and Byrsonima spp., Serrette ....................................................... 35Cabralea cangerana, Cangerana ..................................................................................................... 36Caesalpinia spp., syn. Libidibia spp., Partridgewood, Coffeewood .................................................. 37Callitris glauca, syn. C. columellaris, White Cypress-Pine ............................................................. 313Calophyllum brasiliense, Santa Maria Jacareuba ............................................................................ 38Calophyllum spp., Bintangor .......................................................................................................... 314Calycophyllum candidissimum, Degame, Lemonwood .................................................................... 39Campnosperma panamensis, Sajo Orey ......................................................................................... 40Canangium odoratum, Cananga .................................................................................................... 315Canarium schweinfurthii, African Canarium ................................................................................... 196Canarium spp., Kedondong ............................................................................................................ 316Carapa guianensis, Crabwood Andiroba .......................................................................................... 41Carapa procera and C. grandiflora, African Crabwood .................................................................. 197Cariniana pyriformis and Cariniana spp., Albarco, Jequitiba ............................................................ 43Caryocar spp., Piquia, Cagui ............................................................................................................ 44Casearia battiscombei, Muirungi .................................................................................................... 198Cassipourea malosana, Pillarwood ................................................................................................ 199Castanopsis spp., Berangan .......................................................................................................... 317Casuarina spp., Casuarina ............................................................................................................. 318Catostemma spp., Baromalli ............................................................................................................ 45Cecropia peltata ,Trumpet-Wood ..................................................................................................... 46Cedrela spp., Spanish-Cedar Cedro ................................................................................................ 47Cedrela spp. (mainly C. toona), Toon, Australian Red-Cedar ......................................................... 319Cedrelinga catenaeformis, Cedro-Rana, Tornillo .............................................................................. 48Ceiba pentandra, Ceiba, Silk-Cotton-Tree ..................................................................................... 200Ceiba pentandra, Ceiba, Silk-Cotton-tree, Kapok-tree ..................................................................... 49Celtis spp., African Celtis ................................................................................................................ 201Centrolobium spp., Arariba, Porcupine Wood, Canary Wood .......................................................... 50Cephalosphaera usambarensis, Mtambara ................................................................................... 202Chlorophora excelsa and C. regia, Iroko ........................................................................................ 203Chlorophora tinctoria, Fustic, Mora Amarilla .................................................................................... 51Chloroxylon swietenia, East Indian Satinwood ............................................................................... 320Chukrasia tabularis, Chickrassy ..................................................................................................... 321Cinnamomum spp., Cinnamon Wood, Camphor Wood ................................................................. 322Clarisia racemosa, Oiticica, Amarela Aji ........................................................................................... 52Clathrotropis spp., Aromata .............................................................................................................. 53Combretodendron macrocarpum, syn. C. africanum, Essia ........................................................... 204Copaifera spp., Copaiba ................................................................................................................... 54Cordia millenii and C. platythyrsa, West African Cordia ................................................................. 205Cordia spp. (hard-wooded, dark-colored Gerascanthus group), Canalete ....................................... 55Cordia spp. (soft-wooded, Iight-colored Alliodora group) Laurel), Blanco ........................................ 56Cordia spp., Cordia ........................................................................................................................ 323Cordyla africana, Cordyla ............................................................................................................... 206
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Cotylelobium spp. and Vatica spp., Resak ..................................................................................... 324Couma macrocarpa, Cow Tree ........................................................................................................ 58Couratari spp., Mahot, Tauary .......................................................................................................... 59Cratoxylon arborescens, Geronggang ........................................................................................... 325Croton megalocarpus, Musine ....................................................................................................... 207Cryptocarya spp., Rose-Maple ....................................................................................................... 326Cupressus lusitanica, Mexican Cypress ........................................................................................... 61Cybistax donnell-smithii, syn. Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Primavera ................................................. 62Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Okan ..................................................................................................... 208Cynodendron spp.and Chrysophyllum spp., Caimito, Star-Apple .................................................... 63Cynometra alexandri, Muhimbi ....................................................................................................... 209Cynometra spp., Kekatong ............................................................................................................. 327Dacrydium spp., Rimu .................................................................................................................... 328Dacryodes excelsa, Gommier, Candle Tree ..................................................................................... 64Dacryodes spp., Adjouaba ............................................................................................................. 210Dactylocladus stenostachys, Jongkong ......................................................................................... 329Dalbergia latifolia, Indian Rosewood .............................................................................................. 330Dalbergia melanoxylon, African Blackwood ................................................................................... 211Dalbergia nigra, Brazilian Rosewood, Jacarandá ............................................................................ 65Dalbergia retusa, Cocobolo .............................................................................................................. 66Dalbergia stevensonii, Honduras Rosewood ................................................................................... 67Daniellia ogea and D. thurifera, Ogea ............................................................................................ 212Dendropanax arboreus, Angelica Tree ............................................................................................. 68Dialium dinklagei, Eyoum ............................................................................................................... 213Dialium guianense, Jutahy ............................................................................................................... 69Dialium spp., Keranji ...................................................................................................................... 331Dialyanthera spp., Cuangare, “Virola” .............................................................................................. 70Dicorynia guianensis, Basralocus, Angélique ................................................................................... 71Didelotia brevipanicuata, Sapo ....................................................................................................... 214Didymopanax morototoni, Morototo ................................................................................................. 72Dillenia spp., Simpoh ...................................................................................................................... 332Diospyros spp., East Indian Ebony ................................................................................................ 333Diospyros spp., African Ebony ....................................................................................................... 215Diplotropis purpurea, Sucupira ......................................................................................................... 73Dipterocarpus spp., Keruing, Apitong ............................................................................................. 334Dipteryx odorata syn. Coumarouna odorata, Tonka, Ebo ................................................................ 74Distemonanthus benthamianus, Ayan ............................................................................................ 216Dracontomelum spp., Paldao, Sengkuang ..................................................................................... 335Dryobalanops spp., Kapur .............................................................................................................. 336Duabanga spp., Magas, Lampati ................................................................................................... 337Durio spp. and Neesia spp., Durian ............................................................................................... 338Dyera costulata, Jelutong ............................................................................................................... 339Ekebergia rueppelliana, Ekebergia ................................................................................................ 217Endiandra palmerstonii, Orientalwood, Queensland-Walnut .......................................................... 340Endospermum spp., Gubas Kauvula .............................................................................................. 341Entandrophragma angolense, Gedu Nohor ................................................................................... 218Entandrophragma candollei, Kosipo .............................................................................................. 219Entandrophragma cylindricum, Sapele .......................................................................................... 220Entandrophragma utile, Utile .......................................................................................................... 221Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Guanacaste .......................................................................................... 75Enterolobium schomburgkii, Timbaúba ............................................................................................ 76
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Eperua spp., Wallaba ....................................................................................................................... 77Erythrophleum ivorense and E. guineense, Missanda ................................................................... 222Erythroxylum manii, Landa ............................................................................................................. 223Eschweilera spp., Manbarklak, Kakeralli .......................................................................................... 78Eucalyptus deglupta, Deglupta ....................................................................................................... 342Eucalyptus diversicolor, Karri ......................................................................................................... 343Eucalyptus globulus, Bluegum ....................................................................................................... 344Eucalyptus marginata, Jarrah ......................................................................................................... 345Eucryphia cordifolia, Ulmo ................................................................................................................ 79Eugenia spp., Kelat ........................................................................................................................ 346Eusideroxylon zwageri, Belian, Borneo Ironwood .......................................................................... 347Euxylophora paraensis, Pau Amarello ............................................................................................. 80Fagara macrophylla, East African Satinwood ................................................................................. 224Fagaropsis angolensis, Mafu ......................................................................................................... 225Fagraea spp., Tembusu, Anan ........................................................................................................ 348Fitzroya cupressoides, Alerce .......................................................................................................... 81Flindersia spp., Queensland-Maple ................................................................................................ 349Gambeya africana syn. Chrysophyllum africanum, Longui ............................................................ 226Garcinia spp., Kandis ..................................................................................................................... 350Genipa americana, Jagua, Genipa ................................................................................................... 82Gluta spp.and Melanorrhoea spp., Rengas .................................................................................... 351Gmelina arborea, Gmelina, Gumhar .............................................................................................. 352Gonioma kamassi, Kamassi ........................................................................................................... 227Gonystylus spp. principally G. bancanus, Ramin ........................................................................... 353Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum, Agba ...................................................................................... 228Gossypiospermum praecox, West Indian Boxwood, Maracaibo Boxwood ...................................... 83Goupia glabraKopie, Kabukalli ......................................................................................................... 84Grevillea robusta, Silky-Oak, Grevillea ........................................................................................... 354Guaiacum spp., Lignumvitae ............................................................................................................ 85Guarea cedrata and G. thompsonii, Guarea .................................................................................. 229Guarea spp., Cramantee, American Muskwood ............................................................................... 86Guibourtia arnoldiana, Mutenye, Benge ......................................................................................... 230Guibourtia ehie, Ovangkol, Amazoue ............................................................................................. 231Guibourtia spp., Bubinga ................................................................................................................ 232Helicostylis tomentosa, Leche Perra ................................................................................................ 87Heritiera spp. syn. Tarrietia spp., Mengkulang ............................................................................... 355Hevea brasiliensis (plantation), Pará Rubbertree ............................................................................. 88Hibiscus elatus and H. tiliaceus, Blue Mahoe .................................................................................. 90Holopyxidium jarana, Jarána ............................................................................................................ 91Homalium spp., African Homalium ................................................................................................. 233Homalium spp., Burma Lancewood Malas ..................................................................................... 356Hopea spp., Thingan Merawan ...................................................................................................... 357Humiria balsamifera, Tauroniro Umiri ............................................................................................... 92Hura crepitans, Hura Possumwood .................................................................................................. 93Hyeronima alchorneoides and Hyeronima laxiflora, Suradan Pilón ................................................. 94Hymenaea courbaril, Courbaril ......................................................................................................... 95Hymenolobium excelsum, Para-Angelim ......................................................................................... 96Intsia bijuga and I. palembanica, Merbau, Ipil ................................................................................ 358Irvingia gabonensis, Oba ................................................................................................................ 234Iryanthera spp., Kirikawa, Marakaipo ............................................................................................... 97Isoberlinia scheffleri, Mbarika ......................................................................................................... 235
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Jacaranda copaia, Copaia ................................................................................................................ 98Juglans spp., Nogal, Tropical Walnut ............................................................................................... 99Julbernardia globiflora, Muwa ........................................................................................................ 236Juniperus procera, African Pencil Cedar ........................................................................................ 237Khaya grandifoliola and K. senegalensis, African Mahogany, Benin Mahogany, Senegal Mahogany ...................................................................................................................... 238Khaya ivorensis and K. anthotheca, African Mahogany ................................................................. 239Klainedoxa gabonensis, Eveuss .................................................................................................... 241Koompassia malaccensis, Kempas ................................................................................................ 359Koordersiodendron pinnatum, Ranggu .......................................................................................... 360Lagerstroemia spp., Pyinma ........................................................................................................... 361Lecythis spp., Sapucaia, Monkey Pot ............................................................................................ 100Licania spp.,Marishballi, Kauta, Anaura ......................................................................................... 101Licaria spp., Kaneelhart, Brown Silverballi ..................................................................................... 102Litsea spp., Medang ....................................................................................................................... 362Lonchocarpus spp., Black Cabbage-Bark, Sindjaplé ..................................................................... 103Lophira alata, Ekki, Azobé .............................................................................................................. 242Lophopetalum spp., Perupok ......................................................................................................... 363Lovoa trichilioides syn. L. klaineana, African-Walnut, Lovoa, Tigerwood ....................................... 243Luehea spp., Estribeiro, Guacimo .................................................................................................. 104Lysiloma spp. Sabicú, T’Zalam ....................................................................................................... 105Machaerium spp., Caviuna, Pau Ferro ........................................................................................... 106Machilus spp., Machilus ................................................................................................................. 364Maesopsis eminii, Musizi ................................................................................................................ 244Magnolia spp., Magnolia, Vaco ....................................................................................................... 107Mammea africana, Oboto ............................................................................................................... 245Mangifera spp., Mango, Machang .................................................................................................. 365Manilkara bidentata, Bulletwood, Balata ........................................................................................ 108Mansonia altissima, Mansonia ....................................................................................................... 246Maytenus spp., Carne D’Anta ........................................................................................................ 109Melaleuca quinquenervia syn. M. leucadendron, Broad-Leaved Tea-Tree, Cajeput ...................... 366Melia azedarach, Persian Lilac, Chinaberry Tree ........................................................................... 367Mesua ferrea, Gangaw ................................................................................................................... 368Metrosideros collina subsp. polymorpha, Ohia .............................................................................. 369Michelia spp., Champaca ............................................................................................................... 370Microberlinia brazzavillensis, Zebrano, Zebrawood ....................................................................... 247Micropholis spp., Grumixava, Riemhout ......................................................................................... 110Millettia spp., Panga Panga, Wenge .............................................................................................. 248Mitragyna ciliata, Abura .................................................................................................................. 249Monopetalanthus heitzii, Adoung ................................................................................................... 250Mora excelsa and Mora gonggrijpii, Mora .......................................................................................111Morus mesozygia, Difou ................................................................................................................. 251Musanga cecropioides, African Corkwood, Umbrella Tree ............................................................ 252Myristica spp. and Knema spp., Darah Darah ................................................................................ 371Myroxylon balsamum, Balsamo ..................................................................................................... 113Nauclea diderrichii syn. Sarcocephalus diderrichii, Opepe ............................................................ 253Nectandra spp., Canelo, Laurel ...................................................................................................... 114Nesogordonia papaverifera syn. Cistanthera papaverifera, Danta ................................................ 254Nothofagus spp., Rauli (N. procera), Coigue (N. dombeyi) ............................................................ 115Nothofagus spp., Tasmanian-Myrtle ............................................................................................... 372Ochroma pyramidale syn. O. lagopus, Balsa ................................................................................. 116
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Ocotea rodiaei, Demerara Greenheart, Greenheart ....................................................................... 117Ocotea rubra, Determa, Red Louro ................................................................................................ 119Ocotea usambarensis, East African Camphorwood ....................................................................... 255Octomeles sumatrana, Binuang ..................................................................................................... 373Odyendea spp., Onzang, Mbanko .................................................................................................. 256Olea hochstetteri, East African Olive .............................................................................................. 257Ongokea gore, Angueuk ................................................................................................................ 258Ormosia spp., Baracara, Kokriki ..................................................................................................... 120Oxandra lanceolata, West Indian Lancewood ................................................................................ 121Oxystigma oxyphyllum, Tchitola ..................................................................................................... 259Palaquium spp. and Payena spp., Nyatoh ..................................................................................... 374Parashorea spp., White Seraya ..................................................................................................... 375Paratecoma peroba, White Peroba, Peroba De Campos .............................................................. 122Parinari excelsa, Sougué ............................................................................................................... 260Parinari spp., Burada Foengoe ...................................................................................................... 123Peltogyne spp., Purpleheart, Amaranth .......................................................................................... 124Pentace spp., Thitka ....................................................................................................................... 376Pentacme contorta, White Lauan (Also see Shorea spp.) ............................................................. 377Pericopsis elata syn. Afrormosia elata, Afrormosia ........................................................................ 261Persea spp., Lingue Canela-Rosa ................................................................................................. 125Phoebe porosa, Imbuia, Brazilian-Walnut ...................................................................................... 126Phyllostylon brasiliensis, San Domingo-Boxwood .......................................................................... 127Pinus caribaea, Caribbean Pine ..................................................................................................... 128Pinus insularis syn. P. kesiya and P. khasya, Benguet Pine ........................................................... 378Pinus merkusii, Merkus Pine .......................................................................................................... 379Pinus oocarpa, Ocote Pine ............................................................................................................. 129Pinus patula (plantation), Patula Pine ............................................................................................ 131Piptadeniastrum africanum syn. Piptadenia africana, Dahoma ...................................................... 262Piptadenia pittieri and P. spp.,Carbonero ....................................................................................... 132Piratinera guianensis syn. Brosimum guianensis, Letterwood, Snakewood .................................. 133Pithecellobium saman syn. Samanea saman, Samán, Raintree ................................................... 134Planchonia spp., Putat, Paya ......................................................................................................... 380Platymiscium spp., Trebol, Macawood ........................................................................................... 135Podocarpus spp., Podocarp, Mañio ............................................................................................... 136Podocarpus spp., Totara, Thitmin ................................................................................................... 381Podocarpus spp., Podo .................................................................................................................. 263Poga oleosa, Ovoga ....................................................................................................................... 264Pometia spp., Kasai ....................................................................................................................... 382Poulsenia armata, Mastate ............................................................................................................. 137Pradosia spp., Chupón ................................................................................................................... 138Prioria copaifera, Cativo ................................................................................................................. 139Protium spp., Kurokai, Copal .......................................................................................................... 140Pseudosamanea guachapele, Guachapele, Frijolillo ..................................................................... 141Pseudosindora palustris and Sindora spp., Sepetir ....................................................................... 383Pterocarpus angolensis, Muninga .................................................................................................. 265Pterocarpus dalbergioides, Andaman Padauk ............................................................................... 384Pterocarpus indicus, Narra ............................................................................................................. 385Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Burma Padauk .................................................................................... 386Pterocarpus soyauxii, African Padauk ............................................................................................ 266Pterocarpus spp., Sangre ............................................................................................................... 142Pterogyne nitens, Amendoim Viraro ............................................................................................... 143
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Pterygota spp., Pterygota ............................................................................................................... 267Pycnanthus angolensis, Ilomba ...................................................................................................... 268Pygeum africanum syn. Prunus africanum, Mueri .......................................................................... 269Qualea spp., Mandioqueira, Gronfoeloe ........................................................................................ 144Quercus spp., Roble, Encino Oak ................................................................................................. 145Rheedia spp., Pacuri, Remelento ................................................................................................... 146Rhizophora mangle, Mangle Colorado, Red Mangrove ................................................................. 147Ricinodendron heudelotii, Erimado ................................................................................................ 270Santalum album, Sandalwood ........................................................................................................ 387Sapium spp., Lechero Curupi ......................................................................................................... 148Schima spp., Needlewood .............................................................................................................. 388Schinopsis spp., Quebracho .......................................................................................................... 149Sclerolobium spp., Djedoe, Yawaredan .......................................................................................... 150Scorodocarpus borneensis, Kulim .................................................................................................. 389Scottellia coriacea, Odoko .............................................................................................................. 271Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Sorro .................................................................................................. 272Shorea spp.Dark Red Meranti-Red Lauan group ........................................................................... 392Shorea spp.Light Red Meranti-Light Red Lauan group .................................................................. 393Shorea spp.White Meranti group .................................................................................................... 395Shorea spp.Yellow Meranti group ................................................................................................... 396Shorea spp. Balau group ................................................................................................................ 390Sickingia spp., Araríba .................................................................................................................... 151Simarouba amara, Simarouba Marupa .......................................................................................... 152Sonneratia spp., Perepat ................................................................................................................ 397Spondias mombin, Jobo, Hog Plum ............................................................................................... 153Staudtia stipitata syn. S. gabonensis, Niové .................................................................................. 273Sterculia apetala, Chicha ............................................................................................................... 154Sterculia oblonga, Yellow Sterculia ................................................................................................ 274Sterculia pruriens, Sterculia ........................................................................................................... 155Sterculia rhinopetala, Brown Sterculia ........................................................................................... 275Strombosia glaucescens, Afina ...................................................................................................... 276Swartzia fistuloides, Dina ............................................................................................................... 277Swartzia spp., Wamara, Bannia ..................................................................................................... 156Swietenia macrophylla, Honduras Mahogany, Caoba .................................................................... 157Swintonia spp., Merpauh ................................................................................................................ 398Symphonia globulifera, Manni, Chewstick ...................................................................................... 158Syncarpia glomulifera syn. S. laurifolia, Turpentine ....................................................................... 399Tabebuia spp. (Lapacho group), Ipe, Bethabara, Lapacho ............................................................ 159Tabebuia spp. (Roble group), Roble, Mayflower ............................................................................ 160Tabebuia spp. (White-Cedar group), White-Cedar, White Tabebuia .............................................. 161Tarrietia utlilis and T. densiflora, Niangon ....................................................................................... 278Tectona grandis, Teak .................................................................................................................... 400Terminalia amazonia syn. T. obovata, Nargusta ............................................................................. 162Terminalia bialata, White Chuglam ................................................................................................. 401Terminalia catappa, Indian Almond Wood ...................................................................................... 402Terminalia ivorensis, Idigbo ............................................................................................................ 279Terminalia procera, White Bombay ................................................................................................ 403Terminalia superba, Afara Limba .................................................................................................... 280Terminalia tomentosa complex, Indian Laurel ................................................................................ 404Testulea gabonensis, Izombé ......................................................................................................... 281Tetraberlinia tubmaniana, Ekop ...................................................................................................... 282
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Tetragastris spp., Sali Masa ........................................................................................................... 163Tetrameles nudiflora, Thitpok ......................................................................................................... 405Tetramerista glabra, Punah ............................................................................................................ 406Tieghemella heckelii and T. africana, Makoré, Douka .................................................................... 283Triplaris spp., Long John, Mierenhout ............................................................................................ 164Triplochiton scleroxylon, Obeche .................................................................................................... 284Tristania spp., Brush Box ................................................................................................................ 407Trophis spp., Ramón, Morillo .......................................................................................................... 165Turreanthus africanus, Avodiré ....................................................................................................... 286Uapaca spp., Sugar-Plum .............................................................................................................. 287Upuna borneensis, Upun Batu ....................................................................................................... 408Vatairea spp., Bitter Angelim, Favelra ............................................................................................ 166Virola spp., Banak, Baboen ............................................................................................................ 167Vitex doniana, Vitex, Meru-Oak ...................................................................................................... 288Vitex spp., Fiddlewood, Aceituno .................................................................................................... 168Vitex spp., Molave .......................................................................................................................... 409Vochysia spp., Yemeri, Quaruba .................................................................................................... 169Vouacapoua americana, Wacapou, Acapu ..................................................................................... 170Wallaceodendron celebicum, Banuyo ............................................................................................ 410Widdringtonia whytei, Mlanje-Cedar ............................................................................................... 289Xylia xylocarpa, Pyinkado .............................................................................................................. 411Zanthoxylum flavum syn. Fagara flava, West Indian Satinwood .................................................... 171
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Dietrich Fengel – Gerd Wegener
WoodChemistry – Ultrastructure – ReactionsReprint (Edition of 1989). 17 cm x 24 cm. XII, 613 pages. 351 illustrations. Paperback. ISBN 3935638-39-6 (this version is identical to the hard-cover edition published in 1984.)Wood is an ancient raw material, but in many respects it is also very modern. As the world supply of raw materials continues to dwindle, interest in renewable natural resources has increased remarkably, including the utilization of wood and its chemical components. This book aims to give a detailed state-of-the-art survey of the chemistry and ultrastructure of wood, covering such topics as the fundamentals of wood and bark, special reactions under various environmental conditions as well as the principles of pulping, cellulose derivation, and the conversion of wood into chemicals and energy.The text is accompanied by numerous graphs and light and electron micrographs, many of them published for the first time. In addition to about 2,800 references there is an index compiling all species treated.
ContentsStructure and UltrastructureAnatomical Aspects - Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall - Reaction Tissues - Functional Elements of the Conducting SystemChemical Composition and Analysis of WoodSurve of the Chemical Components (Macromolecular Substances, Low-Molecular-Weight Substances) - Analysis of Wood (Problems of Analysis, Sampling and Preparation of Samples, Determination of the Water Content, Extractives, Inorganic Material, Delignification Methods [Preparation of Holocellulose], Isolation and Determination of Cellulose, Isolation and Determination of Polyoses, Isolation and Determination of Lignin) - Data of Wood AnalysisCelluloseOccurrence - Molecular Properties (Constitution and Configuration, Cellulose in Solution, Molecular Weight and Chain Length, Hydrogen Bonds) - Supramolecular Structures (The Crystalline Lattice of Cellulose I, The Polymorphous Lattices of Cellulose, Crystallinity and the Size of Crystallites, The Fibrillar Structure, The Internal Structure of Fibrils)
Polyoses (Hemicelluloses)Nature and Classification - Xylans (Hardwood Xylans, Softwood Xylans, Xylans from other Plants, Supramolecular Structures) - Mannans (Hardwood Mannans, Softwood Mannans, Other Mannans, Supramolecular Structures) - Glucans - Galactans - PectinsLigninSignificance and Occurrence - Lignification of the Cell Wall (Synthesis of the Monomeric Lignin Units, Formation of Lignin Macromolecules, Aspects of Lignin Deposition in the Differentiation Cell Wall) - Structure and Constitution of Lignin (Studies Elucidating Lignin Structure, Structural Models of Lignin, Lignin Heterogeneity) - Characterization and Properties of Lignins and Lignin Derivatives (Chemical Composition and Molecular Weight, Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopic Behaviour, Ultrastructural Appearance) Lignin-Polysaccharide ComplexesExtractivesImportance - Extractives of Softwood (Terpenes and Terpenoids, Fats, Waxes and Their Components, Phenolic Compounds, Various Compounds) - Extractives of Hardwood (Terpenes and Terpenoids, Fats, Waxes and Their Components, Phenols, Lignans, Quinones, Tannins and Flavonoids, Various
474Compounds) - Extractives from Foilage, Buds and Fruits - Inorganic Components - pH-ValuesDistribution of the Components within the Wood Cell WallEstimation and Calculation - Determination of the Lignin Distribution - Determination of the Polysaccharide Distribution - Models of the Internat Cell Wall StructureConstituents of BarkAnatomical Features - Chemical Composition (General Analysis, Cellulose, Polyoses, Lignin, Polyphenols, Suberin, Extractives, Inorganic Components and pH-Value)Reactions in Acidic MediumGeneral Aspects of Wood Reactions - Reactions of Polysaccharides (Acidic Hydrolysis Mechanism, Factors Influencing Hydrolysis, Dehydration, Oxidation) - Reactions of Lignin (Reactive Sites of Lignin, Sulfite Pulping, Acidic Bleaching Reactions, Mild Solvolysis)Reactions in Alkaline MediumReactions of Polysaccharides (Endwise Degradation and Alkaline Hydrolysis, Oxidative Degradation, Hydrogenation of Sugars) - Reactions of Lignin (Alkaline Pulping, Alkaline Bleaching Reactions, Mild and Selective Oxidative Degradation, Hydrogenolysis)Influence of TemperatureGeneral Effects - Thermal Reactions - Structural Changes - Changes of the Chemical Components (Wood Analysis, Polyoses, Celluloses, Lignin) - CarbonizationDegradation by Light and lonizing RaysChanges Initiated by Light (Importance and General Effects, Effects Visible in Structure, Chemical Changes of Wood and Lignin, Chemical Changes of Cellulose, Formation of Free Radicals, The Mechanisms of Degradation, Formation and Nature of Yellowing Products) - Changes Initiated by lonizing Rays (Importance and General Effects, Effects Visible in Structure, Chernical Changes of Wood and Lignin, Chemical Changes of Cellulose)Microbial and Enzymatic DegradationImportance of Enzymatic Reactions - Wood-Destroying Organisms - Characterization of Enzymes - Decay by Brown-rot Fungi and Action of Glycanhydrolases - Decay by Whiterot Fungi and Action of Ligninolytic Enzymes - Decay by Soft-rot Fungi - Effects of Bluestain Fungi - Bacterial AttackAging and FossilizationManner of Conversion - Structural Studies - Chemical Investigations
Pulping ProcessesIntroductory Survey - Mechanical Pulping (Stone Grinding, Refiner Mechanical Pulping) Semichemical Pulping (The Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Process [NSSC], The Cold Soda Process, Other Semichemical Processes and High-Yield Chemical Pulping) - Alkaline Chemical Pulping (General Aspects, Process Conditions and Variables, The Recovery of Pulping Chemicals, Properties of Alkaline Pulps, Additives in Alkaline Pulping, Nonsulfur Alkaline Pulping) - Sulfite Chemical Pulping (The Sulfite Systems, Sulfite Processes, Intlueneing Factors in Sulfite Pulping, Properties of Sulfite Pulps) - Unconventional Pulping - Bleaching of Pulps (Bleaching Principles and Chemicals, Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps, Bleaching of Chemical Pulps)Derivatives of CelluloseThe Various Kinds of Cellulose Derivatives - Cellulosates and Alkali-Celluloses - Cellulose Esters (Fundamentals of Esterification, Cellulose Nitrate, Esters with Other Inorganic Acids, Cellulose Xanthate, Cellulose Acetate, Esters with Other Organic Acids) - Cellulose Ethers (Fundamentals of Etherification, Solution Properties and Application, Alkylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose, Hydroxyalkylcellulose, Other Cellulose Ethers) - Graft Copolymers of CelluloseUtilization of Wood and Wood Components for Chemicals and EnergyIntroductory Remarks - Thermal Degradation (Combustion, Carbonization [Pyrolysis], Gasification, Liquefaction) - Wood Saccharification - Chemical Products frorn Cellulose Utilization of Polyoses - Utilization of Technical Lignins (Polymeric Products, Low-Molecular- Weight Chemicals) - Utilization of Extractives Subject Index - Species Index (Wood, Plants)
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