university of alexandria - cpas · oleophobic surfaces are resistant against oils and fats. ( fig....

University of Alexandria

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Architecture

GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture

Faculty of Engineering – University of Alexandria

in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Master of Science

in

Architecture

By Architect

Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida B.Sc. of Architecture

University of Alexandria

January 2010


Presented by

Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida B.Sc. of Architecture, University of Alexandria

For the degree of

Master of Science

in

Architecture

Examiners’ Committee: Approved

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty

of Engineering, University of Alexandria) -----------------------------

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Tarek AlSayad (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty


Prof.Dr. Mohamed Hisham Saudy (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty

Of Fine Arts, University of Alexandria) -----------------------------

Prof.Dr. Ibtehal Y. El-Bastawissi (Vice Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of

Engineering, University of Alexandria) -----------------------------

Advisors’ Committee : Approved

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty


Prof.Dr. Osama Mahmoud Abd Elrahman (Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty


Acknowledgment

III

This research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I wish to

submit this research to my supervisor , Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim who , abundantly

helpful , offered invaluable assistance , support and guidance.

I would also like to convey thanks to the Ministry and the Faculty for providing the financial

means and library facilities.

I wish to express my love and gratitude to my beloved families and my cute fiancee for their

understanding & endless love through the duration of my studies.

Finally , very special Thanks to my dear Mom , to my beauty Fiancee and to my smart Sister for

always being there for me when I needed them.

Acknowledgment

Table of Contents

IV

Examiners' Committee.......................................................................................................... I

Advisors' Committee............................................................................................................. II

Acknowledgement................................................................................................................. III

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. IV

List of Figures....................................................................................................................... VIII

List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................ XII

Abstract................................................................................................................................. XIV

Research Structure Chart.................................................................................................... XV

Introduction.......................................................................................................................... XVI

Research Objectives ............................................................................................................ XVI

1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 01

1.2. Definition of Nano........................................................................................................ 01

1.2.1. The beginning.................................................................................................... 02

1.2.2. A Word on Measurements................................................................................. 02

1.2.3. Nano for Science and Engineering.................................................................... 02

1.2.4. Nano scale.......................................................................................................... 03

1.3. Definition of Nanoscience............................................................................................ 03

1.4. Definition of Nanotechnology..................................................................................... 04

1.4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 04

1.4.2. History of Nanotechnology................................................................................ 05

1.4.3. Fundamental concepts........................................................................................ 06

1.4.3.A. Larger to smaller : a materials perspective........................................ 07

1.4.3.B. Simple to complex : a molecular prespective.................................... 08

1.4.3.C. Molecular nanotechnology : a long-term view.................................. 09

1.4.4. Current research................................................................................................. 10

1.4.4.A. Nano materials................................................................................... 10

1.4.4.A.i. Nano material science...................................................... 10

1.4.4.A.i.i Nanoscale in One Dimension....................... 11

1.4.4.A.i.ii. Nanoscale in Two Dimension....................... 12

1.4.4.A.i.iii.Nanoscale in Three Dimension.................... 12

1.4.4.A.ii. Nanotube Applications.................................................... 14

1.4.4.A.iii. Nanoparticle Applications............................................... 15

1.4.4.B. Bottom-up approaches....................................................................... 15

1.4.4.C. Top-down approaches....................................................................... 16

1.4.4.D. Functional approaches...................................................................... 16

1.4.4.E. Speculative......................................................................................... 17

1.4.5. Tools and techniques......................................................................................... 18

1.4.6. Nanotechnology Applications............................................................................ 19

1.4.6.A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases................... 19

1.4.6.B. Nanotechnology in Medicine............................................................. 21

CHAPTER ONE - NANOTECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents

V

1.4.6.C. Nanotechnology in Electronics.......................................................... 22

1.4.6.D. Nanotechnology and Space................................................................ 22

1.4.6.E. Air Pollution and Nanotechnology..................................................... 22

1.4.6.F. Water Pollution and Nanotechnology................................................. 23

1.4.6.G. Nanotechnology and Chemical Sensors............................................. 23

1.4.6.H. Nanotechnology and fabric................................................................ 23

1.4.7. World Leaders in Nanotechnology Research.................................................... 24

1.4.8. Distribution of Health-Related Patents by Continent........................................ 24

1.4.9. Are there risks from nanotechnology?............................................................... 25

1.5. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 25

2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 29

2.2. Digital architecture...................................................................................................... 30

2.2.1. Digitally grown botanic tower........................................................................... 31

2.2.2. Dubai Waterfront Hotel..................................................................................... 32

2.3. Definition of Nanoarchitecture................................................................................... 33

2.4. Nanotechnology: A Science Impacting Architectural Design.................................. 34

2.5. Nanotechnology, architecture and future of the built environment....................... 35

2.6. Form Follows Function............................................................................................... 36

2.7. Nanoarchitecture application..................................................................................... 37

2.7.1. Materials............................................................................................................ 38

2.7.1.A. Self-cleaning Lotus-Effect®.............................................................. 38

2.7.1.B. Self-cleaning: Photocatalysis............................................................. 40

2.7.1.C. Easy-to-clean (ETC)........................................................................... 43

2.7.1.D. Air-purifying…….............................................................................. 46

2.7.1.E. Anti-fogging………........................................................................... 48

2.7.1.F. Thermal insulation: VIPs……………………………….................... 49

2.7.1.G. Thermal insulation: Aerogel…………………………....................... 50

2.7.1.H. Temperature regulation: PCMs………………………....................... 51

2.7.1.I. UV protection..................................................................................... 53

2.7.1.J. Solar protection.................................................................................. 53

2.7.1.K. Fire-proof........................................................................................... 54

2.7.1.L. Anti-graffiti........................................................................................ 55

2.7.1.M. Anti-reflective.................................................................................... 57

2.7.1.N. Antibacterial........................................................................................ 58

2.7.1.O. Anti-fingerprints................................................................................. 59

2.7.1.P. Scratchproof and abrasion-resistant.................................................... 60

2.7.1.Q. The holistic application of nanosurfaces in interiors.......................... 61

2.7.1.R. Next Generation Building Cleaning Solution..................................... 64

2.7.2. Energy................................................................................................................ 67

2.7.2.A. Insuladd................................................................................................ 67

2.7.2.B. Energy Coating..................................................................................... 67

2.7.2.C. Heat Absorbing Windows.................................................................... 68

CHAPTER TWO - NANOARCHITECTURE

Table of Contents

VI

2.7.3. Design................................................................................................................ 69

2.7.3.A. Nanohouse............................................................................................ 69

2.7.3.B. Carbon Tower....................................................................................... 70

2.7.3.C. Aeglis Hyposurface.............................................................................. 71

2.7.3.D. Nanostudio........................................................................................... 72

2.7.3.E. The Nano Towers................................................................................. 72

2.8. Nanoarchitecture risk ................................................................................................. 73

2.9. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 73

3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 77

3.2. Life cycle design........................................................................................................... 77

3.3. The green features of sustainable building................................................................ 78

3.3.1. Criteria............................................................................................................... 78

3.3.2. Pre-Building Phase: Manufacture...................................................................... 79

3.3.3. Building Phase: Use........................................................................................... 80

3.3.4. Post-Building Phase: Disposal........................................................................... 81

3.4. Using nanotechnology for sustainable production and consumption..................... 81

3.5. Definition of Green Nanoarchitecture (GNA) .......................................................... 82

3.6. Green Nanotechnology goals....................................................................................... 82

3.7. Principles of Green Engineering................................................................................ 83

3.8. Evaluation of 'green' nanotechnology requires a full life cycle assessment........... 83

3.9. Nanotechnology , Green building and sustainable design....................................... 84

3.9.1. Nanotechnology and clean technology.............................................................. 84

3.9.2. Energy and big things start small....................................................................... 85

3.9.3. Facing facts ....................................................................................................... 85

3.10. Green Nanoarchitecture application.......................................................................... 85

3.10.1. Nano City......................................................................................................... 85

3.10.1.A. Overview ....................................................................................... 86

3.10.1.B. Design principles.............................................................................. 86

3.10.1.B.i. Greencity................................................................. 86

3.10.1.B.ii. Flexcity................................................................... 87

3.10.1.B.iii. Complexcity............................................................ 87

3.10.1.C. Master plan....................................................................................... 87

3.10.1.C.i. A city of parks and public open space....................... 87

3.10.1.C.ii. A city of economic opportunity................................. 88

3.10.1.C.iii. High density nodes..................................................... 88

3.10.1.C.iv. A city of comprehensive state of the art transit........ 89

3.10.1.C.v. A city of sustainability and sustenance...................... 89

3.10.1.C.vi. A city of inclusion...................................................... 90

3.10.1.D. Infrastructure.............................................................................................. 91

3.10.1.D.i. Power.................................................................................. 91

3.10.1.D.ii. Water................................................................................... 91

3.10.1.D.iii. Connectivity........................................................................ 91

3.10.2. Utopia One: Dubai tall emblem structure.................................................................. 92

3.10.3. Nano Vent Skin............................................................................................................. 93

CHAPTER THREE – GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

Table of Contents

VII

3.10.3.A. Scale model................................................................................................ 93

3.10.3.B. Why Nano ? ............................................................................................... 94

3.10.3.C. Nano engineered details............................................................................. 95

3.10.3.D. Wind contact study..................................................................................... 96

3.10.3.E. NVS_building on site................................................................................. 96

3.10.3.F. Storage and supply units............................................................................. 97

3.11. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 97

General Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................................. 98

References........................................................................................................................................... 99

العربية بالغة الرسالة ملخص103 .........................................................................................................................

List of Figures

VIII

( Fig. 1.1 ) This is how nano is represented mathematically. ( Fig. 1.2 ) List of metric measures.

( Fig. 1.3 ) Images © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. to show Nanoscale area.

( Fig. 1.4 ) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape.

( Fig. 1.5 ) Buckminsterfullerene C60 .

( Fig. 1.6 ) Scanning tunneling microscope. ( Fig. 1.7 ) Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy. ( Fig. 1.8 ) Image of reconstruction on a clean Au(100) surface.

( Fig. 1.9 ) An example of a molecular self-assembly.

( Fig. 1.10 ) An example of a supramolecular assembly.

( Fig. 1.11 ) Bulk microstructure of a colloidal crystal.

( Fig. 1.12 ) Nanomaterials categorized based on their dimensions.

( Fig. 1.13 ) Image of Carbon Nanotube.

( Fig. 1.14 ) Image of Nanowires.

( Fig. 1.15 ) Image of C60/ fullerenes.

( Fig. 1.16 ) Image of geodesic domes by C60/ fullerenes.

( Fig. 1.17 ) Image of Nanoparticle.

( Fig. 1.18 ) Sarfus image of a DNA biochip elaborated by bottom-up approach.

( Fig. 1.19 ) Device transfers energy.

( Fig. 1.20 ) Voltage-controlled switch, a molecular electronic device from 1974.

( Fig. 1.21 ) Graphical representation of a rotaxane.

( Fig. 1.22 ) Crystal structure of rotaxane with a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) macrocycle.

( Fig. 1.23 ) Future nanotechnology car.

( Fig. 1.24 ) Typical AFM setup.

( Fig. 1.25 ) Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies.

( Fig. 1.26 ) 2004 Distribution of health-related nanotechnology patent activity by country.

( Fig. 1.27 ) Global distribution of nanotechnology health-related patents share , by region.

( Fig. 2.1 ) Image: Polypeptide Organic Nanotube “Nanotechnology” BC Crandall.

( Fig. 2.2 ) 1st place: “Complex at the Centre of the Universe” by Staszek Marek, Poland.

( Fig. 2.3 ) 2nd Place : The Great Bayan by Sergey Skachkov RUSSIA.

( Fig. 2.4 ) 3rd place : Mega Village 2108 by Andrew Barton GREAT BRITAIN.

( Fig. 2.5 ) In a Beautiful Place out in the Country Colin Cassidy GREAT BRITAIN

( Fig. 2.6 ) Heaven in desert Tolgahan Güngör TURKEY.

( Fig. 2.7 ) Botanic tower elevation with its natural inspiration.

( Fig. 2.8 ) Botanic tower on site.

( Fig. 2.9 ) Dubai waterfront hotel Model view.

( Fig. 2.10 ) Tower structure.

( Fig. 2.11 ) Interior view.

( Fig. 2.12 ) Plans for the future of our built environment.

( Fig. 2.13 ) Image: Nanotube “Ynse” Dreamstime.

( Fig. 2.14 ) Fakes – laminates that simulate real materials.

( Fig. 2.15 ) A microscopic view of a water droplet resting on superhydrophobic and visibly

knobbly surface.

( Fig. 2.16 ) The surface of self-cleaning material.

List Of Figures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocycle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope

http://forums.cgsociety.org/showthread.php?t=606662

List of Figures

IX

( Fig. 2.17 ) Wood can be given an extremely water-repellent self-cleaning surface.

( Fig. 2.18 ) The diagram shows clearly the difference between conventional surfaces and the

Lotus-Effect.

( Fig. 2.19.A ) Ara Pacis Museum exterior.

( Fig. 2.19.B ) Ara Pacis interior exhibition halls.

( Fig. 2.19.C ) Ara Pacis Museum.

( Fig. 2.20 ) Before & After: On conventional tiles.

( Fig. 2.21 ) Oleophobic surfaces are resistant against oils and fats.

( Fig. 2.22 ) The diagram shows the basic process:Organic dirt & grime are broken down and

“decomposed”.

( Fig. 2.23 ) TiO2 and PVC coated white membranes in weathering tests.

( Fig. 2.24 ) These roof tiles, which have been on the market for some time, have self-

cleaning properties thanks to photocatalysis.

( Fig. 2.25 ) Narita International Airport.

( Fig. 2.26 ) MSV Arena Soccer Stadium.

( Fig. 2.27 ) “Roll-out marble” – impactresistant, fire-resistant, vapour permeable and yet

water-repellent & easy-to-clean.

( Fig. 2.28 ) A comparison of ceramic surfaces.

( Fig. 2.29 ) The angle of contact determines the hydrophobic degree of a surface.

( Fig. 2.30 ) Ultra-clean white surfaces of poolside armchairs achieved using water-repellent

surface coatings.

( Fig. 2.31 ) Waterclosets of the Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio.

( Fig. 2.32 ) Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio.

( Fig. 2.33 ) Kaldewei Kompetenz-center.

( Fig. 2.34 ) Exterior façade of Kaldewei Kompetenz-center.

( Fig. 2.35 ) Air-purifying materials such as plasterboard or acoustic panels.

( Fig. 2.36 ) The European Hq. of Hyundai Motors Europe in Offenbach, Germany,

is lined with air-purifying plasterboards.

( Fig. 2.37 ) Photocatalytic pavement surfacing.

( Fig. 2.38 ) Jubilee Church, Richard.

( Fig. 2.39 ) Air-purifying paving tiles.

( Fig. 2.40 ) Mirrors with anti-fogging coating do not steam up.

( Fig. 2.41 ) Different sized vacuum insulation panels in storage.

( Fig. 2.42 ) VIP insulation must be made to measure & fitted precisely on site.

( Fig. 2.43 ) Exterior of Seitzstrasse building.

( Fig. 2.44 ) Seitzstrasse building rooftop.

( Fig. 2.45 ) Aerogel in combination with glass.

( Fig. 2.46 ) Glass sample with black edging & aerogel-filled glazing cavity.

( Fig. 2.47 ) School extension.

( Fig. 2.48 ) Close-up of a phase-changing material embedded in glazing.

( Fig. 2.49 ) An opened microcapsule embedded in a concrete carrier matrix & of minute

paraffin-filled capsules in their solid state.

( Fig. 2.50 ) Layer composition of a decorative PCM gypsum plaster applied to a masonry

substrate.

( Fig. 2.51 ) "Sur Falveng" house for elderly people, façade.

List of Figures

X

( Fig. 2.52 ) Electron microscope image of UV-absorbent zinc oxide particles contained

within a clear varnish.

( Fig. 2.53 ) Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin nanocoating.

( Fig. 2.54 ) A robust sandwich panel.

( Fig. 2.55 ) The gel fill material in the glazing cavity.

( Fig. 2.56 ) Interior spaces in the Deutsch Post HQ.

( Fig. 2.57 ) Deutsche Post HQ. Germany.

( Fig. 2.58 ) The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

( Fig. 2.59 ) The UEFA headquarter in Nyon, Switzerland.

( Fig. 2.60 ) New Centre Ulm, Germany.

( Fig. 2.61 ) A Photovoltaic module.

( Fig. 2.62 ) Silica glass capsules.

( Fig. 2.63 ) An antibacterial material, such as that used for this light switch.

( Fig. 2.64 ) Nanoscalar silver particles contained in the glaze applied to ceramic.

( Fig. 2.65 ) Operation theatre interior shows the green antibacterial tiles.

( Fig. 2.66 ) The critical area around doorknobs.

( Fig. 2.67 ) The effect of the antifingerprint coating on this sheet of stainless steel is clearly

evident.

( Fig. 2.68 ) Abrasion tests indicate a surface's resilience against abrasion and wear and tear.

( Fig. 2.69 ) A schematic plan for a hotel room with a general strategic approach for the use

of nano functions.

( Fig. 2.70 ) A schematic plan for a patient room in a hospital with a general strategic

approach for the use of nano functions.

( Fig. 2.71 ) A schematic plan for an office room in a bank branch with a general strategic

approach for the use of nano functions.

( Fig. 2.72.A ) A granite wall which has become old and dirty after years of weathering.

( Fig. 2.72.B ) Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface.

( Fig. 2.72.C ) After 3 months of weathering.

( Fig. 2.73.A ) Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface .

( Fig. 2.73.B ) After 224 days of weathering.

( Fig. 2.74 ) Insuladd paints.

( Fig. 2.75 ) Energy coating.

( Fig. 2.76 ) Heat absorbing windows.

( Fig. 2.77.A ) Nanohouse 3D model.

( Fig. 2.77.B ) Nanohouse model.

( Fig. 2.78.A ) Section of Carbon Tower.

( Fig. 2.78.B ) The entrance of Carbon Tower.

( Fig. 2.78.C ) Carbon Tower model.

( Fig. 2.79 ) Aegis Hyposurface.

( Fig. 2.80 ) Nanostudio model.

( Fig. 2.81.A ) The Nano Towers.

( Fig. 2.81.B ) View between the towers.

( Fig. 2.81.C ) The canopy at ground level.

( Fig. 3.1) Three phases of the building material life cycle.

( Fig. 3.2 ) Key to the green features of sustainable building materials.

( Fig. 3.3 ) Typical life cycle of polymer nanocomposite.

List of Figures

XI

( Fig. 3.4 ) Nano City location.

( Fig. 3.5 ) Nano City Views.

( Fig. 3.6 ) Nano City a city of parks and public open space.

( Fig. 3.7 ) Nano City a city of economic opportunity.

( Fig. 3.8 ) Nano City high density nodes.

( Fig. 3.9 ) Nano City a city of comprehensive state of the art transit.

( Fig. 3.10 ) Nano City a city of sustainability.

( Fig. 3.11 ) Nano City a city of sustenance.

( Fig. 3.12 ) Power at Nano City.

( Fig. 3.13 ) Water resources at Nano City.

( Fig. 3.14 ) Nano City Wi Max and 3G connectivity.

( Fig. 3.15 ) 'utopia one' tower.

( Fig. 3.16 ) 'utopia one' power, through nanotechnology.

( Fig. 3.17 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on highway tunnels to power the lights.

( Fig. 3.18 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on road barriers to power the lights.

( Fig. 3.19 ) NVS wrapped around train tunnels.

( Fig. 3.20 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on existing buildings to supply electricity.

( Fig. 3.21 ) Each wind turbine is 25mm long by 10.8mm wide.

( Fig. 3.22 ) Images of the model against the sky, testing the final proportions.

( Fig. 3.23 ) NVS interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2.

( Fig. 3.24 ) Nano-structure components.

( Fig. 3.25 ) Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures.

( Fig. 3.26 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact analysis.

( Fig. 3.27 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact study.

( Fig. 3.28 ) NVS View from the beach.

( Fig. 3.29 ) NVS Detail side view.

( Fig. 3.30 ) NVS Bay view.

( Fig. 3.31 ) NVS View from the interior.

( Fig. 3.32 ) Storage and supply units.

Abbreviations

XII

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency.

NM Nanometer (nm).

SI Systeme Internationale; International System.

NT Nanotechnology OR NANOTECH.

STM Scanning tunneling microscope.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid.

AU Gold.

PNAS-1981 Positional assembly to atomic specification.

ACS American Chemical Society.

UC BERKELEY University of California, Berkeley.

CO Carbon monoxide molecule. FE Iron atom. SEM Scanning electron microscope.

UCLA University of California, Los Angeles.

C60 Fullerenes.

EPIL Elan Pharma International .

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

UV ULTRAVIOLET.

ALD Atomic layer deposition.

NEMS Nanoelectromechanical systems.

MEMS Microelectromechanical systems.

AFM Atomic force microscope.

SAM Scanning acoustic microscope.

MBE Molecular beam epitaxy.

GHG Green House Gas.

Mte Millions of tonnes.

CO2 Carbon dioxide.

UK United Kingdom.

DTI Department of Trade and Industry.

U.S. United States.

S&T Science and technology.

CG Computer graphics.

NA Nanoarchitecture.

NYC NEW YORK CITY.

USA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

CVD Chemical vapor deposition.

TiO2 Titanium dioxide.

PVC Polyvinyl chloride.

PTFE Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene.

ETFE Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.

MSV Meidericher Spielverein football team.

ETC Easy to Clean.

KKC Kaldewei Kompetenz-center.

List Of Abbreviations

Abbreviations

XIII

SBS Sick building symptoms.

VOCs Volatile organic compounds.

NO Nitrogen Oxide.

VIPs Vacuum insulation panels.

W/mK Watt per meter Kelvin.

PCMs Phase change materials.

SEM Scanning electron microscope.

Mm Millimeter. oC Degree Celsius.

M² Square meter.

M Meter.

HQ Headquarters.

UEFA Union of European Football Association.

WWII Second World War.

AR Anti-reflective.

SiO2 Silicondioxide.

TV Television.

W.C Water-closet.

VOC Volatile Organic Compound.

3D The third dimension.

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Km/h Kilometres per hour.

Cm Centimetre .

BSU Ball State University.

IIT Illinois Institute of Technology.

GNT Green Nanotechnology.

GNA Green Nanoarctitecture.

LEDs Light-emitting diodes.

PNCs Polymer nanocomposites.

H2 Hydrogen.

NSTI Nano Science and Technology Institute.

Kms Kilometers.

NH National highway.

SW State highway.

IT Information technologies.

BRT Bus Rapid Transit.

3G 3rd Generation.

HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.

NVS Nano Vent-skin.

CO2 Carbon dioxide.

Abstract

XIV

The present thesis casts light on the recent remarkable development in discovering a novelty in

the field of technology which has led to the emergence of nano technology. This has become

connected with our daily life starting from turbo micro-computer, stain-resistant clothes to the

treatment of cancer patients. The manufacture of many of the products on the market depends on

nano technology. It is noteworthy that most of these products make the optimum use of

acknowledged technology such as scratch- and dust-proof surface .The coming decades are

expected to witness an enormous,amazing breakthrough in this technology.

The thesis is divided into three parts which review this topic in a serial,scientific method. It starts

with the definition of nano technology, what it has introduced to man, and its effects on

architecture and the present-day architect's thought.

It is summarized as follows:

1- Nano technology: Many novelties are discovered as a result of the scientific research and the

continuous development in the field of technology. This helps create a better life for mankind.

With this in view,the first chapter discusses the definition of the word nano and then the minute

measurements using the nano units scale. The discovery of these minute particles has led to

scientific research in nano science. This,in turn, has resulted in the emergence of nano

technology. Due to its properties and resultant advantages, this technology has run its course in

all fields of life.

2-Nano architecture: Nano architecture combines nano technology with architecture and its

versatile effects. This chapter is concerned with the influences of the discovery of nano

technology on architecture as well as on the thought of the architect . Nano technology has its

influence on properties of substances and energy. This ,in turn,has led to a remarkable influence

in the methods of thinking and architectural designs. A review has been made of these

differences and enquiries concerning any potential risks or side-effects that may hurt man and the

environment. All this urges us to be on our guard .The architectural development in nano

technology should create continuity.

3-Green nano architecture: Fear of nano technology has led to taking precautions against its side-

effects on man and the environment. Hence,the importance of the approach of and the insistence

on continuity in the employment of new technology in the field of architecture so as to make the

green nano architecture a guarantee for benefiting from nano technology and for avoiding its

side- effects on society and the environment.

This oriented research has led to promising results for a better future for architecture. These

results appear in designing,for whole cities,such as Nano city,have been built on the basis of this

technology. It has its effects on the building materials , decoration and energy. This appears in

the energy-producing materials. Hence, the achievement of the ends of nano technology and the

long- lasting buildings. This ensures a better future for architecture.

ABSTRACT

Research Structure Chart

XV

Introduction

XVI

Nanotechnology, the science of manufacturing material at a tiny scale, creates new possibilities

to make dramatic improvements to our lives.Yet, the uncertain impacts to health, the

environment, and society that may arise with this emerging technology demand our urgent

attention. If we want to ensure that the benefits of nanotechnology far exceed any risks, we need

an oversight system that assures safety while providing transparency for both businesses and the

public. Over the past two years, nanotechnology has moved dramatically from the lab into the

marketplace.

Today, there are more than 450 manufacturer-identified nanotechnology-enabled products in the

commercial market and “over 600 raw materials, intermediate components and industrial

equipment items” used by nano manufacturers (U.S. EPA 2007) and many more are sure to

follow, given the large investments in research, development, and commercialization. These

products open a wide array of questions concerning the risk of nanomaterials to workers,

consumers, and the environment and provide new challenges to regulatory agencies. If we expect

to see an effective regulatory system for nanotechnology, the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) and other players must come together today and take the necessary steps to evaluate

different approaches and move forward with a plan of action.

A "strong marriage" between nanotechnology and the principles and practices of green chemistry

and green engineering "holds the key to building an environmentally sustainable society in the

21st century," concludes Green Nanotechnology: It's Easier Than You Think.

The report explores potentially beneficial links between nanotechnology – essentially, science

and engineering practiced on the molecular scale – and green chemistry and engineering, which

aim to minimize environmental impacts through resource-conserving and waste-eliminating

improvements in processes and products. It concludes with recommendations for proactive

federal policy measures to help the fast developing field of nanotechnology to "grow up" green.

1. Identified nanotechnology as the separation line between the present and the future, that

reveals the secrets of the impact on the Domains of life.

2. Clarify the importance of nanotechnology to the field of Architecture and the integration

between them to show the nanoarchitecture and focus on the influence in architecture and the

architect thinking in the design of buildings.

3. Meditation for the better by using nanotechnology to achieve sustainability in architecture.

INTRODUCTION [40] [7]

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES [44]

CHAPTER ONE

NANOTECHNOLOGY

N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y

CHAPTER ONE NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY . 1

If one were to ask at random people to identify the most pressing present and future global

challenges with potential technological fixes, the list might include cheap and clean energy,

increased demand for potable water, reduced environmental pollution, world hunger, national

security, and cures for diseases such as cancer. Ask those same people what nanotechnology is

and you‟re likely to get one of two responses by far the most common : “I think it has something

to do with tiny little machines that swim through your body and fix things?” (Foresight and

Governance Project 2003) This is likely to change in the next couple of years, because only one

field of technical research promises to develop solutions for all the aforementioned challenges.

That field is nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is an exciting area of scientific development which promises „more for less‟. It

offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer

things, use less raw materials and consume less energy.

It represents a whole new method of manufacturing, which achieves control at the atomic scale.

It is better described as a collection of technologies which are genuinely “disruptive” – that is,

they will render many existing technologies and processes obsolete and create entirely new types

of products.

Over the coming years and decades, nanotechnologies are set to make an enormous impact on

manufacturing and service industries, on electronics, information technology, and on many other

areas of life, from medicine to energy conservation.

Just how large this impact will be is not easily quantifiable, but some forecasts have placed the

worldwide market for nanotechnology–related products at around £105 billion by 2005 and £700

billion by 2010 . Nanotechnology has been described as a new industrial revolution.

Over the past decade a new term has entered the English vocabulary and that word is

“nano” We hear the word in movies. It is mentioned on television and in newspapers

and magazines. Futurists say it will pave the way for unimaginable new possibilities.

There are many different opinions about where this new field will take us, but everyone

agrees that this science and the new technologies that come from it have the possibility

of significantly impacting our world.

1.2. DEFINITION OF NANO [24]

1.1. INTRODUCTION [8] [3]



1.2.1. The beginning [24]

To begin, "nano" is actually a prefix that comes from the

Greek word for “dwarf”.

It simply means one billionth. So, one nanometer (1nm)

is one billionth of a meter. There are three important

"nano" terms to consider when you're trying to

understand the increasing news coverage and scientific

developments in the field of nanotechnology.

These terms are:Nanoscale , Nanoscience and Nano-

technology.

1.2.2. A Word on Measurements [24]

Scientists and much of the world outside of the United

States measure mass, length, and volume using the

metric system .

Here is a list of metric measures to help those who are

not familiar with this system.

1.2.3. Nano for Sience and Engineering [9]

• Nano-, the SI prefix meaning 10-9

- Nanometre, one billionth of a metre .

-Nanosecond, one billionth of a second .

• Nanotechnology, extremely small technology at the

nanometre scale .

• Nanoengineering, system of engineering on the nano

(very small) scale .

• Nanotube, a nanometre-scale tube-like structure .

• Nanoprobe, real devices for seeing very small objects

or fictional device used by the Borg (Star Trek) .

• Nanobe, tiny filamental structures first found in some rocks and sediments .

• Nanobacteria, a possible class of cell-walled microorganisms with a size much smaller than the

generally accepted lower limit size for life .

• Nanoplankton, plankton ranging in size from 2 to 20 micrometres .

• Nano (text editor), a text editor originally designed to be a clone of Pico .

( Fig.1.1 ) This is how nano is

represented mathematically. Ten to

the negative 9th equals one billionth

or 1/1,000,000,000. [24]

( Fig.1.2 ) List of metric

measures. [24]

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/Glossary/n-r_glossary.htm#nanometer

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/howsmall_html

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/together_html

http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/together_html



1.2.4. Nano scale [10]

Nanoscale objects have at least one dimension (height,

length, depth) that measures between 1 and 999

nanometers (1-999 nm).

As stated previously, a nanometer is one billionth of a

meter. Everyone struggles to imagine this very small

scale, but you can get an idea through comparison.

Let's look at some commonplace objects. Pick up a book

and look at the thickness of an individual page. The

average page is about 100,000 nanometers thick.

Remember, to be considered nanoscale the object must

have one dimension between 1 and 999 nanometers, so

this is definitely not within the nanoscale range. A very

fine human hair is about 10,000 nanometers wide, which

is the smallest dimension we can see with the naked eye.

Although technically nanoscale objects are within the 1-999 nm range, often when people refer

to something as being “at the nanoscale,” they are speaking about objects smaller than 100

nanometers.

The area of science where the dimensions play a critical role (in the range of 1 to 100

nanometers).

When objects are below 100 nanometers in size they can exhibit unexpected chemical and

physical properties.

For example, you could cut a block of gold into smaller and smaller pieces and it would still

have the same color, melting temperature, etc. But at certain ranges of the nanoscale, gold

particles behave differently. The image below shows how gold nanoparticles of different shapes

and sizes are different colors.

The chemical properties (reactivity, flammability, etc.) and the physical properties (melting

point, conductivity, etc.) can all change at the nanoscale. So, the properties are dependent on the

size of the material. Size-dependent properties are the major reason that nanoscale objects have

such amazing potential.

( Fig.1.3 ) Images © Dennis Kunkel

Microscopy, Inc. to show Nanoscale

area . [10]

1.3. DEFINITION OF NANOSCIENCE [11]



1.4.1. Introduction [12]

Nanotechnology, shortened to "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and

molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or

smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very

diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new

approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions

on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic

scale. For example, if you take aluminum and cut it in half, it is still aluminum. But if you keep

cutting aluminum in half until it has demensions on the nano scale, it becomes unstable,

becomming highly reactive. This is because the molecular structure was changed.

There has been much debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology

has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such

as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises

many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about

the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials , and their potential effects on global

economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to

a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of

nanotechnology is warranted.

( Fig.1.4 ) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape.

© Northwestern University . [11]

1.4. DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY [12]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implications_of_nanotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology



1.4.2. History of Nanotechnology [12]

The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but

pre-dating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of

Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard

Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at

Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a

process by which the ability to manipulate individual

atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set

of precise tools to build and operate another

proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed

scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues

would arise from the changing magnitude of various

physical phenomena: gravity would become less

important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction

would become more important, etc. This basic idea

appears plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it

with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end

products.

The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo

Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974

paper as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of

the processing , the separation , the consolidation, and

the deformation of materials by one atom or by one

molecule.

" In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was

explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler,

who promoted the technological significance of nano-

scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the

books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of

Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems: Molecular

Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so the

term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation: The

Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first

book on the topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology

and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two

major developments: the birth of cluster science and the

invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

( Fig.1.5 ) Buckminsterfullerene C60,

also known as the buckyball, is the

simplest of the carbon structures

known as fullerenes. Members of the

fullerene family are a major subject

of research falling under the

nanotechnology umbrella. [12]

( Fig.1.6 ) Scanning tunneling

microscope , with eddy current

damping developed in our group. [12]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene



This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years

later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals was

studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The

atomic force microscope was invented six years after the STM was invented. In 2000, the United

States National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology

research and development.

1.4.3. Fundamental concepts [12]

One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon

bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nm,

and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular

life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length.

To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same

as that of a marble to the size of the earth. Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the

amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face.

( Fig.1.7 ) Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy: Applying a negative sample voltage

yields electron tunneling from occupied states at the surface into unoccupied states of the tip.

Keeping the tunneling current constant while scanning the tip over the surface, the tip height

follows a contour of constant local density of states . [12]



Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and

devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by

principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed

from larger entities without atomic-level control.

Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have been evolved

during the last decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology.

1.4.3.A. Larger to smaller : a materials perspective [12]

A number of physical phomomena become pronounced

as the size of the system decreases. These include

statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum

mechanical effects, for example the “quantum size

effect” where the electronic properties of solids are

altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect

does not come into play by going from macro to micro

dimensions. However, it becomes dominant when the

nanometer size range is reached.Additionally, a number

of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.)

properties change when compared to macroscopic

systems. One example is the increase in surface area to

volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic

properties of materials.Diffusion and reactions at

nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices

with fast ion transport are generally referred to

nanoionics. Novel mechanical properties of nanosystems

are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The

catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential

risks in their interaction with biomaterials.

Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit

on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become

transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at

room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon).

A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent

chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these

quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.

( Fig.1.8 ) Image of reconstruction

on a clean Au(100) surface, as

visualized using scanning tunneling

microscopy. The positions of the

individual atoms composing the

surface are visible. [12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Atomic_resolution_Au100.JPG



1.4.3.B. Simple to complex : a molecular perspective [12]

Modern synthetic chemistry has reached the point where

it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any

structure. These methods are used today to produce a

wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharma-

ceuticals or commercial polymers. This ability raises the

question of extending this kind of control to the next-

larger level, seeking methods to assemble these single

molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of

many molecules arranged in a well defined manner.

These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular

self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to

automatically arrange themselves into some useful

conformation through a bottom-up approach.

The concept of molecular recognition is especially

important: molecules can be designed so that a specific

conformation or arrangement is favored due to non-

covalent intermolecular forces. The Watson-Crick

basepairing rules are a direct result of this, as is the

specificity of an enzyme being targeted to a single

substrate, or the specific folding of the protein itself.

Thus, two or more components can be designed to be

complementary and mutually attractive so that they

make a more complex and useful whole.

Such bottom-up approaches should be able to produce

devices in parallel and much cheaper than top-down

methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the

size and complexity of the desired assembly increases.

Most useful structures require complex and

thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms.

Nevertheless, there are many examples of self-assembly

based on molecular recognition in biology, most notably

Watson-Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate

interactions. The challenge for nanotechnology is

whether these principles can be used to engineer novel

constructs in addition to natural ones.

( Fig.1.9 ) An example of a

molecular self-assembly through

hydrogen bonds reported by Meijer

and coworkers. [12]

( Fig.1.10 ) An example of a

supramolecular assembly reported

by Atwood and coworkers in

Science 2005, 309, 2037. [12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Hydrogen-bonded_Self-assembly_AngewChemIntEd_1998_v37_p75.jpg



1.4.3.C. Molecular nanotechnology : a long-term view [12]

Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, is a term given to the

concept of engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. It is

especially associated with the concept of a molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a

desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.

Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly

distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as

carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.

When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized by Eric Drexler

(who at the time was unaware of an earlier usage by Norio Taniguchi), it referred to a future

manufacturing technology based on molecular machine systems. The premise was that molecular

scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines

were possible: by the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated,

stochastically optimised biological machines can be produced.

It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some

other means, perhaps using biomimetic principles. However, Drexler and other researchers have

proposed that advanced nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by biomimetic

means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing

technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings,

motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic

specification (PNAS-1981). The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were

analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems.

In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position

atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo

Montemagno , is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological

molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that

mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual

molecules.

This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in

2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, non-

biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in research on non-

biological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices

whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a

molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.



An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho

and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an

individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver

crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

1.4.4. Current research [12]

1.4.4.A. Nano materials [12]

This includes subfields which develop or study materials

having unique properties arising from their nanoscale

dimensions .

• Interface and Colloid Science has given rise to many

materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such

as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various

nanoparticles and nanorods.

• Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk

applications; most present commercial applications of

nanotechnology are of this flavor.

• Progress has been made in using these materials for

medical applications; see Nanomedicine.

• Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells

which combat the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells.

1.4.4.A.i. Nano material science [4]

Nanomaterials are not simply another step in the miniaturization of materials. They often require

very different production approaches.

There are several processes to create nanomaterials, classified as „top-down‟ and „bottom-up‟.

Although many nanomaterials are currently at the laboratory stage of manufacture, a few of them

are being commercialised.

Below we outline some examples of nanomaterials and the range of nanoscience that is aimed at

understanding their properties. As will be seen, the behaviour of some nanomaterials is well

understood, whereas others present greater challenges.

( Fig.1.11 ) Bulk microstructure of a

colloidal crystal composed of

submicrometre amorphous hydrated

colloidal silica. SEM Micrograph:

R.M. Allman III, UCLA (1983). [12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Coll_3.jpg



1.4.4.A.i.i Nanoscale in One Dimension [4]

Thin films, layers and surfaces

One-dimensional nanomaterials, such as thin films and engineered surfaces, have been

developed and used for decades in fields such as electronic device manufacture, chemistry and

engineering. In the silicon integrated-circuit industry, for example, many devices rely on thin

films for their operation, and control of film thicknesses approaching the atomic level is routine.

Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep) are also routinely made and used in

chemistry. The formation and properties of these layers are reasonably well understood from the

atomic level upwards, even in quite complex layers (such as lubricants). Advances are being

made in the control of the composition and smoothness of surfaces, and the growth of films.

Engineered surfaces with tailored properties such as large surface area or specific reactivity are

used routinely in a range of applications such as in fuel cells and catalysts. The large surface area

provided by nanoparticles, together with their ability to self assemble on a support surface, could

be of use in all of these applications.

Although they represent incremental developments, surfaces with enhanced properties should

find applications throughout the chemicals and energy sectors. The benefits could surpass the

obvious economic and resource savings achieved by higher activity and greater selectivity in

reactors and separation processes, to enabling small-scale distributed processing (making

chemicals as close as possible to the point of use). There is already a move in the chemical

industry towards this. Another use could be the small-scale, on-site production of high value

chemicals such as pharmaceuticals.

( Fig.1.12 ) Nanomaterials categorized based on their dimensions. [4]



1.4.4.A.i.ii. Nanoscale in Two Dimensions [4]

Two dimensional nanomaterials such as tubes and wires have generated considerable interest

among the scientific community in recent years. In particular, their novel electrical and

mechanical properties are the subject of intense research.

Carbon nanotubes

The discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 opened up a

new era in materials science. These incredible molecules

have an array of fascinating electronic, magnetic and

mechanical properties.

They are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only

one-sixth as heavy – so nanotube fibres could strengthen

any material.

Also, nanotubes can conduct heat and electricity far

better than copper, and are already being used in

polymers to control or enhance conductivity, and in

antistatic packaging.

Nanowires

Nanowires are extremely narrow threads (less than 50

nm wide).

They have potential to be used in nanoscale electrical

devices. The vision is of electronic chips so small and

cheap that they could be used in almost any way.

In biology, they could form the heart of extremely

sensitive biosensors, identifying molecules associated

with disease or the binding of chemicals to a drug

target.

1.4.4.A.i.iii. Nanoscale in Three Dimensions [4]

C60/fullerenes

In 1996, Sir Harry Kroto, Rick Smalley and Robert Curl

won a Nobel Prize for their synthesis of a new form of

carbon, C60, which they named buckminsterfullerene in

( Fig. 1.13 ) Image of Carbon

Nanotube [25]

( Fig. 1.14 ) Image of Nanowires [26]

( Fig. 1.15 ) Image of C60/

fullerenes. [27]



honour of Buckminster Fuller, the architect who pioneered the geodesic dome (as seen at the

Eden Project in Cornwall, left). C60 molecules are also called buckyballs. In architecture,

geodesic domes are known for their strength and lightness.

The same is true of buckyballs. When fired at a stainless

steel plate at 15 000 mph, they just bounce off it. And

when compressed to 70 per cent of their original size,

they become twice as hard as diamond.

Their chemistry can also be manipulated. A version in

which all of the carbon atoms are combined with

hydrogen (a „fuzzyball‟) is more slippery than Teflon –

just right for coating bowling balls.

Nanoparticle

In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object

that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and

properties. It is further classified according to size: In

terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range between

100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on

the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers.

Similarly to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles are sized

between 1 and 100 nanometers, though the size

limitation can be restricted to two dimensions.

Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related

properties that differ significantly from those observed

in fine particles or bulk materials .

Nanoclusters have at least one dimension between

1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution.

Nanopowders are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer

sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals.

The term NanoCrystal is a registered trademark of Elan Pharma International (EPIL) used in

relation to EPIL‟s proprietary milling process and nanoparticulate drug formulations.

Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of

potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. The National Nanotechnology

Initiative has led to generous public funding for nanoparticle research in the United States. It is

going to play an altruistic role in the future of this World.

( Fig. 1.16 ) Image of geodesic

domes by C60/ fullerenes. [28]

( Fig. 1.17 ) Image of

Nanoparticle. [29]



1.4.4.A.ii Nanotube Applications [30]

The properties of carbon nanotubes have caused researchers and companies to consider using

them in several fields. For example, because carbon nanotubes have the highest strength to

weight ratio of any known material, researchers at NASA are combining nanotubes with other

materials into composites that can be used to build lightweight spacecraft.

Another property of nanotubes is that they can easily penetrate membrances such as cell walls. In

fact, nanotubes with long, narrow shape make them look like miniature needles, so it makes

sense that they can function like a needle at the cellular level. Medical researchers are using this

property by attaching molecules that are attracted to cancer cells to nanotubes to deliver drugs

directly to the diseased cells. Another interesting property of nanotubes is that their electrical

resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms.

Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapors such as

carbon monoxide or biological molecules.

These are just a few of the potential uses of carbon nanotubes. The following survey of carbon

nanotube applications introduces these and many other uses.

A survey of carbon nanotube applications under development:

Researchers and companies are working to use carbon nanotubes in various fields. The list below

introduces many of these uses.

- Strong, lightweight composites of carbon nanotubes and other materials that can be used to

build lightweight spacecraft.

- Cables made from carbon nanotubes are strong enough to be used for the Space Elevator to

drastically reduce the cost of lifting people and materials into orbit.

- Taking advantage of nanotubes ability to enter cancer cells by attaching targeting molecules

which have an affinity to cancer cells as well as anti-cancer drugs to the nanotubes which safety

transports an anti-cancer drug through the bloodstream to the tumor.

- Stronger bicycle components made by adding carbon nanotubes to a matrix of carbon fibers.

- Improving the healing process for broken bones by providing a carbon nanotube scaffold for

new bone material to grow on.

- Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements capable of detecting a range of chemical

vapors. These sensors depend upon the fact that the resistance of a carbon nanotube changes in

the presence of a chemical vapor.

- Static dissipative plastic molding compounds containing nanotubes that can be used to make

parts such as automobile fenders that can be electrostatically painted.

- Carbon nanotubes used to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight,

millimeter thick "nanoemissive" display panel.

- Using carbon nanotubes to improve the efficiency of organic solar cells.

- Printable electronics devices using nanotube "ink" in inkjet printers

- Transparent, flexible electronic devices using arrays of nanotubes.



1.4.4.A.iii. Nanoparticle Applications [30]

The properties of many conventional materials change when formed from nanoparticles. This is

typically because nanoparticles have a greater surface area per weight than larger particles; they

are therefore more reactive to certain other molecules.

A survey of nanoparticle applications under development:

Nanoparticles are used in many fields, the list below introduces many of those uses.

- Pallidium nanoparticles used in chemical vapor sensors to detect hydrogen gas.

- Quantum Dots (crystalline nanoparticles) that identify the location of cancer cells in the body.

- Iron nanoparticles used to clean up carbon tetrachloride pollution in ground water

- Silicate nanoparticles used to provide a barrier to gasses (for example oxygen), or moisture in a

plastic film used for packaging. This could reduce the possibility of food spoiling or drying out.

- Zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in industrial coatings to protect wood, plastic and textiles

from exposure to UV rays.

- Silicon dioxide crystalline nanoparticles filling gaps between carbon fibers strengthen tennis

racquets.

- Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant.

- Titanium oxide nanoparticles used as a photocatalyst to remove germs and other pollutants

from air

- Manganese oxide nanoparticles used as a catalyst for removal of volatile organic compounds in

industrial air emissions

- Zinc oxide nano-wires used as detection elements in sensors capable of detecting a range of

chemical vapors.

1.4.4.B. Bottom-up approaches [12]

These seek to arrange smaller components into more

complex assemblies.

- DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of

Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined

structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.

- Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical

synthesis also aim at designing molecules with well-

defined shape (e.g. bis-peptides)

- More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry,

and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically

arrange themselves into some useful conformation.

( Fig. 1.18 ) Sarfus image of a DNA

biochip elaborated by bottom-up

approach. [12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Sarfus.DNABiochip.jpg



1.4.4.C. Top-down approaches [12]

These seek to create smaller devices by using larger

ones to direct their assembly.

• Many technologies descended from conventional

solid-state silicon methods for fabricating

microprocessors are now capable of creating features

smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of

nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard

drives already on the market fit this description , as do

atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. Peter

Grünberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in

Physics for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance

and contributions to the field of spintronics in 2007.

• Solid-state techniques can also be used to create

devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or

NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical

systems or MEMS.

• Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical

upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the

larger subfield of nanolithography.

• Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable pre-

cursor gases are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create

sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy.

1.4.4.D. Functional approaches [12]

These seek to develop components of a desired

functionality without regard to how they might be

assembled.

• Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules with

useful electronic properties. These could then be used as

single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device.

For an example see rotaxane.

( Fig. 1.19 ) This device transfers

energy from nano-thin layers of

quantum wells to nanocrystals above

them, causing the nanocrystals to

emit visible light. [12]

( Fig. 1.20 ) Voltage-controlled

switch, a molecular electronic device

from 1974. [12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/Gadget128.JPG



• Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create

what forensics call synthetic molecular motors, such as

in a so-called nanocar.

1.4.4.E. Speculative [12]

These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions

nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an

agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often

take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more

emphasis on its societal implications than the details of

how such inventions could actually be created.

• Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach

which involves manipulating single molecules in finely

controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical

than the other subfields and is beyond current

capabilities.

• Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of

some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are

hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine , but it may

not be easy to do such a thing because of the several

drawbacks of such devices. Nevertheless, progress on

innovative materials and methodologies has been

demonstrated with some patents granted about new

nanomanufacturing devices for future commercial

applications, which also progressively helps in the

development towards nanorobots with the use of

embedded nanobioelectronics concept.

• Programmable matter based on artificial atoms seeks

to design materials whose properties can be easily,

reversibly and externally controlled.

• Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term

nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and

femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it,

although these are only used rarely and informally.

( Fig. 1.21 ) Graphical

representation of a rotaxane, useful

as a molecular switch. [12]

( Fig. 1.23 ) Future nanotechnology

car. [12]

( Fig. 1.22 ) Crystal structure of

rotaxane with a cyclobis(paraquat-p-

phenylene) macrocycle. [12]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocycle

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/Rotaxane_Crystal_Structure_EurJOrgChem_page2565_year1998.jpg



1.4.5. Tools and techniques [12]

There are several important modern developments. The

atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning

Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of

scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There

are other types of scanning probe microscopy, all

flowing from the ideas of the scanning confocal

microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and

the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by

Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it

possible to see structures at the nanoscale. The tip of a

scanning probe can also be used to manipulate

nanostructures (a process called positional assembly).

Feature-oriented scanning-positioning methodology

suggested by Rostislav Lapshin appears to be a

promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in

automatic mode. However, this is still a slow process

because of the low scanning velocity of the microscope.

Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical

lithography ,X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography,

electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography

were also developed. Lithography is a top-down

fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in

size to a nanoscale pattern.

Another group of nanotechnological techniques includes those used for fabrication of nanowires,

those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam

lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and

molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as

those employing di-block copolymers. However, all of these techniques preceded the nanotech

era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques

which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of

nanotechnology research.

The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much

as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for

the characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. Atomic force microscopes and scanning

tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing

different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and

to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning-

( Fig. 1.24 ) Typical AFM setup. A

microfabricated cantilever with a

sharp tip is deflected by features on

a sample surface, much like in a

phonograph but on a much smaller

scale. A laser beam reflects off the

backside of the cantilever into a set

of photodetectors, allowing the

deflection to be measured and

assembled into an image of the

surface. [12]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodetector

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/AFMsetup.jpg



positioning approach, atoms can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy

techniques. At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable

for laboratory experimentation.

In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by

molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly.

Another variation of the bottom-up approach is molecular beam epitaxy or MBE. Researchers at

Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur. Alfred Y. Cho, and Art C. Gossard developed

and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect for which

the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically-

precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research

on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly

emerging field of spintronics. Newer techniques such as Dual Polarisation Interferometry are

enabling scientists to measure quantitatively the molecular interactions that take place at the

nano-scale.

However, new therapeutic products, based on responsive nanomaterials, such as the

ultradeformable, stress-sensitive Transfersome vesicles, are under development and already

approved for human use in some countries.

1.4.6. Nanotechnology Applications [30]

1.4.6.A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases [31]

Green House Gas (GHG) reduction was taken as the major factor in targeting environmentally

beneficial nanotechnologies. Five nanotechnological applications were subject to detailed

investigation: fuel additives, solar cells, the hydrogen economy, batteries and insulation.

1) Fuel additives: Nanoparticle additives have been shown to increase the fuel efficiency of

diesel engines by approximately 5% which could result in a maximum

savinga of 2‐ 3 millions of tonnes (Mte) per annum of CO2 in the UK. This

could be implemented immediately across the UK diesel powered fleet.

However this must be tempered by concerns about the health impact of free

nanoparticles in diesel exhaust gases.

Recommendations include: Comprehensive toxicological testing and

subsidized independent performance tests to validate environmental benefit.

2) Solar cells: The high prices of solar cells are inhibiting their installation into distributed

power generation, preventing increased energy generation from renewables.

Nanotechnology may deliver more benefits in significantly decreasing the

cost of production of solar cells.



Conservatively, if a distributed solar generation grid met 1% of our

electricity demand, approximately 1.5 Mte per annum of CO2 could be

saved. The major barrier to this technology is the incorporation of the

nanotechnology into the solar cell, not the nanotechnology itself. The UK is

one of the world leaders in understanding the fundamental physics of solar

cells, but we lack the skills that allow us to transfer our science base into

workable prototypes.

Recommendations include: Develop programmes and facilities for taking

fundamental research through to early stage prototypes where established

mechanisms can be employed to commercialise new technologies.

Develop centre of excellence in photovoltaics (either from existing centres

or completely new) which allows cross fertilisation of ideas from different

scientific disciplines.

3) The hydrogen

economy:

Hydrogen powered vehicles could eliminate all noxious emissions from

road transport, which would improve public health. If the hydrogen were

generated via renewable means or using carbon capture and storage, all CO2

emissions from transport could be eliminated (132 Mte per annum).

Using current methods of hydrogen generation, significant savings in carbon

dioxide (79 Mte per annum) can be made. The hydrogen economy is

estimated to be 40 years away from potential universal deployment.

Nanotechnology is central to developing efficient hydrogen storage (which

is likely to be the largest barrier to wide scale use).

Nanotechnology is also a lead candidate in improving the efficiency of the

fuel cells and in developing a method for renewable hydrogen production.

Although we do not have, in global terms, a substantial automotive R&D

base, the international nature of these companies will allow ready

integration of UK innovation into transport.

Recommendations include: Consider the use of public procurement to fund

hydrogen powered urban public transport to create a market and

infrastructure for hydrogen powered transport. Continue to fund large

demonstration projects and continue R&D support.

4) Batteries and

supercapacitors:

Recent advances in battery technology have made the range and power of

electric vehicles more practical. Issues still surround the charge time.

Nanotechnology may provide a remedy to this problem by allowing electric

vehicles to be recharged in much more quickly. If low carbon electricity

generation techniques are used, CO2 from private transport could be

eliminated (resulting in a maximum potential saving of 64 Mte per annum)

or, using the current energy mix, maximum savings of 42 Mte per annum of

carbon dioxide could be made. Without nanotechnology, electric vehicles

are likely to remain a niche market due to the issues of charge time.

Significant infrastructural investment will be required to develop recharging

stations throughout the UK.

Recommendations include: Fiscal incentives to purchasers such as the

congestion charge scheme, fast track schemes for commercialisation and

cultivation of links with automotive multinationals.



5) Insulation.

Cavity and loft insulation are cheap and effective; however, there are not

easy methods for insulating solid walled buildings, which currently make up

approximately one third of the UK‟s housing stock.

Nanotechnology may provide a solution which, if an effective insulation

could be found with similar properties to standard cavity insulation, could

result in emission reductions equivalent to a maxim potential of 3 Mte per

year. Ultra thin films on windows to reduce heat loss already exist on the

market. There are claims that nano-enabled windows are up to twice as

efficient as required by current building standards. However, industry

believes that significant further insulative savings in glass maybe made

instead using aerogels, which themselves are nanostructures.

Recommendations include: Fund a DTI Technology Programme call on

novel insulation material for solid walled buildings and include in

government estate procurement specifications highly insulating nano-

technology based windows.

1.4.6.B. Nanotechnology in Medicine [30]

Applications of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involve employing nano

particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific cells in the human body.

Engineering particles to be used in this way allow the detection and/or treatment of diseases or

injuries within the targeted cells, thereby minimizing the damage to healthy cells in the body.

The longer range future of nanotechnology in medicine is referred to as nanomedicine. This

involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level.

Application Impact of

nanotech

in area 1

Infrastructural

changes 2

Benefit (Mte

CO2 per

annum) 3

Timescale for

Implementa-

tion (yrs) 4

Fuel efficiency Critical Low <3 <5

Insulation Moderate Low <3 3‐8

Photovoltaics High Moderate c.6 >5

Electricity storage High High 10‐42 10‐40

Hydrogen Economy Critical Very high 29‐120 20‐40

( Fig.1.25 ) Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies. [31]

1 Impact of nanotechnology describes the effect nanotechnology is likely to have in the area

compared to other technologies.

2 Infrastructural changes indicate the effort bring the nanotechnology to market.

3 Benefit is the estimate of the maximum potential CO2 saving by implementing the technology.

4 Timescale for implementation is the projected distance (in years) before the technology will be

fully implemented.



1.4.6.C. Nanotechnology in Electronics [30]

How can nanoelectronics improve the capabilities of electronic components?

Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronic

devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption.

Some of the nanoelectronics areas under development, which you can explore in more detail by

following the links provided in the next section, include:

Improving display screens on electronic devices. This involves reducing power

consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens.

Increasing the density of memory chips. Researchers are developing a type of memory

chip with a projected density of one terabyte of memory per square inch or greater.

Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.

1.4.6.D. Nanotechnology and Space [30]

Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-flight more practical. Advancements in

nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator possible. By

significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost of

reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new materials combined with nanosensors and

nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and the equipment used to

explore planets and moons, making nanotechnology an important part of the „final frontier.

1.4.6.E. Air Pollution and Nanotechnology [30]

How can nanotechnology reduce air pollution?

There are two major ways in which nanotechnology is being used to reduce air pollution:

catalysts, which are currently in use and constantly being improved upon; and nano-structured

membranes, which are under development.

Catalysts can be used to enable a chemical reaction (which changes one type of molecule to

another) at lower temperatures or make the reaction more effective. Nanotechnology can

improve the performance and cost of catalysts used to transform vapors escaping from cars or

industrial plants into harmless gases.That's because catalysts made from nanoparticles have a

greater surface area to interact with the reacting chemicals than catalysts made from larger

particles. The larger surface area allows more chemicals to interact with the catalyst

simultaneously, which makes the catalyst more effective. Nanostructured membranes, on the

other hand, are being developed to separate carbon dioxide from industrial plant exhaust streams.

The plan is to create a method that can be implemented in any power plant without expensive

retrofitting.



1.4.6.F. Water Pollution and Nanotechnology [30]

How can nanotechnology be used to reduce water pollution?

Nanotechnology is being used to develop solutions to three very different problems in water

quality.

One challenge is the removal of industrial water pollution, such as a cleaning solvent called

TCE, from ground water. Nanoparticles can be used to convert the contaminating chemical

through a chemical reaction to make it harmless. Studies have shown that this method can be

used successfully to reach contaminates dispersed in underground ponds and at much lower cost

than methods which require pumping the water out of the ground for treatment.

The challenge is the removal of salt or metals from water. A deionization method using

electrodes composed of nano-sized fibers shows promise for reducing the cost and energy

requirements of turning salt water into drinking water.

The third problem concerns the fact that standard filters do not work on virus cells. A filter only

a few nanometers in diameter is currently being developed that should be capable of removing

virus cells from water.

1.4.6.G. Nanotechnology and Chemical Sensors [30]

Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors. Various

types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium

nanoparticles can be used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the small size of

nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few gas molecules are sufficient to change the

electrical properties of the sensing elements. This allows the detection of a very low

concentration of chemical vapors.

1.4.6.H. Nanotechnology and Fabric [30]

How can nanotechnology improve fabric?

Making composite fabric with nano-sized particles or fibers allows improvement of fabric

properties without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness as might have been the

case with previously-used techniques.

For example incorporating nano-whiskers into fabric used to make pants produces a lightweight

water and stain repellent material.



1.4.7. World Leaders in Nanotechnology Research [41]

Whilst commentators have suggested that the U.S. “does not dominate nanotechnology research”

or “…have a commanding lead as it was for other S&T (science and technology ) megatrends” ,

it would appear that the U.S. has a very strong position in health-related nanotechnology.

However, the 2004 data shows China catching up to the U.S. in health-related nanotechnology

patenting, with 123 patents, compared with 128 for the U.S. Third placed Germany produced 39

patents .

1.4.8. Distribution of Health-Related Patents by Continent [41]

When we look at the distribution of health-related patents, by continent , we see little separating

Europe (36.7%), North America (34.2%) and Asia (28.8%).

The large involvement of Asia suggests that nanotechnology may be the first widespread

technology in which Asian countries have a foundational role. Competition, arising from a

relatively evenly distribution of patents across the three continents will probably lead to a more

rapid development of nanotechnology but may do little for partnership outside these regions .

( Fig.1.26 ) 2004 Distribution of health-related nanotechnology patent activity by country [41]



Few or no patents are held in Oceania (0.2%) South

America (0.1%) and Africa (0%). This furthers our

earlier claims that a „nano-divide‟ may exist within

the developing world highlighting the continental

divide in health-related nanotechnology patenting.

1.4.9. Are there risks from nanotechnology? [13]

Some engineered nanoparticles, including carbon

nanotubes, although offering tremendous opport-

unities also may pose risks which have to be

addressed sensibly in order that the full benefits can

be realized. We have all learned how to handle

electricity, gas, steam and even cars, airplanes and

mobile phones in a safe manner because we need

their benefits.

The same goes for engineered nanoparticles. Mostly they will be perfectly safe, embedded within

other materials, such as polymers. There is some possibility that free nanoparticles of a specific

length scales may pose health threats if inhaled, particularly at the manufacturing stage.

Industry and government are very conscious of this, are funding research into identifying

particles that may pose a hazard to health or the environment, and how these risks may be

quantified, and minimized over the whole lifecycle of a given nanoparticle.

There is no doubt that nanotechnology has great potential to bring benefits to society over a wide

range of applications, but it is recognized that care has to be taken to ensure these advances come

about in as safe a manner as possible.

It would be difficult to deny the potential benefits of nanotechnology and stop development of

research related to it since it has already begun to penetrate many different fields of research.

Nanotechnology can be developed using guidelines to insure that the technology does not

become too potentially harmful. As with any new technology, it is impossible to stop every well

funded organization which may seek to develop the technology for harmful purposes.

However, if the researchers in this field put together an ethical set of guidelines (e.g., Molecular

Nanotechnology Guidelines6) and follow them, then we should be able to develop

nanotechnology safely while still reaping its promised benefits.

( Fig.1.27 ) Global distribution of

nanotechnology health-related

patents share , by region. [41]

1.5. CONCLUSION [14]

CHAPTER TWO

NANOARCHITECTURE

N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E

CHAPTER TWO NANOARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION 29

2.1. INTRODUCTION [15]

Nanotechnology will have profound effects on the way

we live. Already, developments are underway for

newfound uses.

For the architecture profession, nanotechnology will

greatly impact construction materials and their

properties. Materials will behave in many different ways

as we are able to more precisely control their properties

at the nano-scale.

Carbon nanotubes are a great example of how useful

materials are being developed. This material is said to be

one hundred times stronger than steel because of its

“molecular perfection” as explained in the paper Year

2050: Cities in the Age of Nanotechnology by Peter

Yeadon. In addition, because carbon atoms can bond

with other matter; such material can be an “insulator,

semi-conductor or conductor of electricity”. As a result, carbon nanotubes will have significant

influence on the architecture industry as such materials can act as “a switchable conduit, a light

source, a generator of energy and even a conveyor of matter”.

As materials gain such transient features, architectural design and construction will evolve. By

transforming the essential properties of matter, nanotechnology will be able to change the way

we build. For instance, structures will be constructed from the bottom-up because materials like

carbon nanotubes can self-assemble.

Nanotechnology will profoundly affect the industry of architecture at all scales; and, interior

design, building design and city design will all benefit. Architecture will have the ability to

function at more optimum levels – revolutionizing the way inhabitants live.

In the book, Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance, architectural uses

that will arise as a result of the nanotechnology revolution are explained. Windows with variable

transparency, walls with variable transparency and mood/context sensitive clothing are all

included. Generally speaking, nanotechnology will give architecture superior interactive

functions as occupants select and communicate what transient states they would like to

experience.

As new materials and construction methods emerge, the advent of everyday use of

nanotechnology will definitely unleash the designer‟s imagination.

2. NANOARCHITECTURE

( Fig. 2.1 ) Image: Polypeptide

Organic Nanotube

“Nanotechnology” BC Crandall [15]



CG artists provide other-worldly inspiration for

architecture. Inspiration comes from many places but

more often than not, it comes from the inspired. Perhaps

this is why CGSociety and NVIDIA held their

artspace|Architecture and Landscape Digital Design

competition earlier this year.While more typically

associated with the worlds of gaming and cinematic

effects, hundreds of CG designers had a go at showing

us what future and other-worldly landscapes could look

like, if we just used a little more imagination. More and

more, gaming is about telling a story and the more

dramatic the better.

The NVArt competition allowed digital artists to inject

life into stationary structures, adding narrative to help

define the structures and to stretch the technical

boundaries of design. But while by today's abilities

the designs are unlikely to reach fruition, they also

exhibit a strong regard for contemporary architectural

considerations.

In the third place, citing inspiration from Zaha Hadid, is

'Mega Village 2108'. This spiral design reaches up from

a single-point base, defying gravity as it heads

horizontally across a valley-scape. The design's artist

explains that advances in technology could allow similar

structures to exist in the future: “In the near future new

materials like carbon nano tubes make new kinds of

buildings possible, 50 times stronger and many times

lighter than steel.

"This mega village houses half a

million people , With a very small footprint and the

majority of travel in and out done by air, this building

has very little negative impact in the surrounding

environment,” says Xdroo. One of several designs which

did not receive a prize but did receive a notable mention

was 'Solaric Glass Anemone Structure II'. This design is

certainly one of the most awe-inspiring, bestowing a

wonderfully realistic sheen onto the dark glass clover

2.2. DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE [16]

( Fig. 2.2 ) 1st place: “Complex at

the Centre of the Universe” by

Staszek Marek, Poland. [16]

( Fig. 2.3 ) 2nd Place : The Great

Bayan by Sergey Skachkov

RUSSIA. [16]

( Fig. 2.4 ) 3rd place : Mega Village

2108 by Andrew Barton GREAT

BRITAIN. [16]





petal-like design. Inspired by nature, the structure

represents an oxymoron in an overbearing black

anemone design with smooth, rounded spines.With a

nearly concealed entrance at the mouth of the structure

the Anemone is perhaps the greatest example of art

replicating life in the competition.

Combining the

concepts of technology and nature in a masterplan

snippet is '5:45 to Santa Monica: now boarding!'. This

design features the use of nano technology in creating

man-made structures which are symbiotic with nature.

The world I am presenting is a result of symbiotic

relationship between organisms that we could help

evolve and grow to provide us with structural support,

shelter, a framework for our living and working spaces

without destroying them in the process as we have been

doing for centuries. Bridging the virtual world and

reality, artspace, Architecture and Landscape Digital Art

Competition showcases a world of inspiration for

architects and designers alike whilst also creating a

space for debate and discussion. The designs showcase a

fusion of fantasy and reality with a futuristic

understanding of architecture and upcoming technology.

2.2.1. DIGITALLY GROWN BOTANIC TOWER [17]

ARCHITECT DENNIS DOLLENS

PROJECT LOCATION BARCELONA

BUILDING TYPE MIXED USE

The project illustrated here, beginning with the red

sequence of generative elements, shows these early

prototype growths as elements of experimental botanic

architecture considered for a site near Soleri‟s existing

Arcologies.

Modeled after a living plant‟s roots, the digital roots

seen in the illustrations anchor the building and then

develop into a branching building frame, astatically but

structurally allied to an engineered building frame.

( Fig. 2.5 ) In a Beautiful Place out

in the Country Colin Cassidy

GREAT BRITAIN. [16]

( Fig. 2.6 ) Heaven in desert

Tolgahan Güngör TURKEY. [16]

( Fig. 2.7 ) Botanic tower elevation

with its natural inspiration. [17]



At the tip of the roots and the tip of the branches, the

structure grows water storage tanks underground, then,

at the skyline, leaves are hybridized into solar panels.

For building access and circulation a series of seedpods

are morphed into a double, spiraling stairway; while a

second set of flower pods are morphed into domestic or

office space.

In an elemental way, this project becomes an experiment

not only in generative forms based on plant attributes, it

illustrates one of the potential design paths open for

developing bio-related typologies for bio-architecture.

Most importantly, unlike most new digital architecture,

it is not a digital shell supported by existing building

techniques and old construction technologies.

The Arizona Tower begins to align its own digital production and formal logic with its inherited

botanic form reinterpreted and grown with computational systems for digital production with

natural, non-toxic, biomimetic materials.

2.2.2. DUBAI WATERFRONT HOTEL [1]

ARCHITECT JERRY TATE

ARCHITECTS

PROJECT LOCATION DUBAI, UAE

BUILDING TYPE HOTEL

This proposal for a high-rise hotel tower in Dubai re-

conceives the arrangement and construction of a

skyscraper by observing the fundamental concepts of

structure, circulation and environmental conditioning

that are found in nature.

The forms of individual modules were derived from

studies of insect exoskeletons and wing structures.

Mimicking the complexity of a natural ecosystem there

are no abrupt transitions between discrete spaces.

Instead a smooth transformation between module variants produces a multifarious range of

'alternative' or unique spaces, able to accommodate the wide range of functions in a hotel.

( Fig. 2.8 ) Botanic tower on site. [17]

( Fig. 2.9 ) Dubai waterfront hotel

Model view. [1]



Nanotechnology + Architecture = Nano Architecture

The biggest plans for the future of our built environment

are actually very, very small.

The eight billion dollar per year nanotechnology

industry has already begun to transform our buildings

and how we use them; if its potential becomes reality, it

could transform our world in ways undreamed of.

Nanotechnology has the potential to radically alter our

built environment and how we live. It is potentially the

most transformative technology we have ever faced,

generating more research and debate than nuclear weapons, space travel, computers or any of the

other technologies that have shaped our lives.

It brings with it enormous questions, concerns and consequences. It raises hopes and fears in

every aspect of our lives social, economic, cultural, political, and spiritual. Yet its potential to

transform our built environment remains largely unexplored.

What, for instance, is the future of building if each of us possesses thermoprotectant skins that

shelter us from the elements? How do we interact with our environment, and with each other, if

walls and roofs become paper-thin, permeable, or even invisible?

( Fig. 2.11 ) Interior view. [1]

( Fig. 2.10 ) Tower structure.

[1]

2.3. DEFINITION OF NANO ARCHITECTURE [32]

( Fig. 2.12 ) Plans for the future of

our built environment. [32]



We live in an age where scientific progress continues to

transform human lifestyle. This is evermore true when it

comes to the progress being made in the field of

nanotechnology. This science stands to change and

advance the practice of design in a multitude of ways –

where architectural progress is being made at the

molecular level.

The paper “NanoBioBuilding: Nanotechnology,

Biotechnology, and the Future of Building” by Dr.

George Elvin states that “architects and other designers

will become increasingly ignorant of the composition

and consequences of the materials they use.” He

explains that some designers are familiar with “self-

cleaning windows” and “smog-eating concrete”, but

only a handful of designers could state that titanium

dioxide nanoparticles are responsible for these

behavioral materials. This is why it is so important for designers to keep informed of scientific

developments.

A design area that will be influenced by nanotechnology is the smart environment. Here, tiny

embedded nanosensors will make architectural features responsive. Communication will occur

between object and object, between occupant and object, between object and environment and

between occupant and environment. As new materials gain more transient properties, objects and

architectural features will impact the process of design by making “fields of interaction” a major

focus.

By working on “fields of interaction” architecture professionals will have some framework by

which to design for dynamic environments. Since smart architecture will be changing states and

communicating heavily, architects will likely focus on relationships as much as they focus on

designed forms during the design stage. It is likely that both forms and their relationships will

make up rule-based systems by which smart architectural spaces can function.

The science of nanotechnology continues to progress and the design field stands to benefit. As

nanotechnology develops, new architectural techniques will surface.

It is my belief that design creativity will reach new heights as innovative nanomaterials and

nanosensors come together to give designers a renewed palette.

2.4. NANOTECHNOLOGY: A SCIENCE IMPACTING ARCHITECTURAL

DESIGN [18]

( Fig. 2.13 ) Image: Nanotube | Ynse

| Dreamstime. [18]



“Small Plans” addresses questions about nanotechnology and the built environment at three

levels. First, what role does nanotechnology play today in architecture? Many nano-engineered

materials are already available to architects and builders, and are beginning to transform our

buildings, what we can do in them, and what they can do for us. Looking further ahead, new

nanotechnologies now in research and development will likely have a huge impact on building

within the next twenty to fifty years.

Carbon nanotubes, for example, could bring unprecedented strength and flexibility to our

buildings, leading to new forms, new functions, and new relationship between people, building

and environment. On the far horizon, the full impact of nanotechnology on our lives and our

environment into the next century and beyond is almost unimaginable. Theromprotectant skins,

invisible walls and self-replicating structures are all well within the realm of possibility; the

social, ethical and environmental effects are equally unimaginable and yet real.

Perhaps this is the promise and the peril of nanotechnology , that its consequences are so extreme

and yet so near, as billions of dollars pour into new research and development every year and

new advances pour out.

The real danger in nanotechnology is not rampant self-replicating viruses or nanobots

overunning the planet; the real danger is that, as most of us experienced wit cloning, we will

awake one day to find that a technological revolution has already occurred, without our

knowledge or our consent, and without us even taking time to determine what we think about it,

how we feel about it, or to share those thoughts and feelings in the discourse critical to a

reasoned advance in technology.

That day is coming sooner than we think. With its dawn will come new challenges and new

relationships between people, buildings and environment. Today is the day to reflect and to

discuss what those new challenges and relationships could be.

Winston Churchill was not thinking about nanotechnology when he said we shape our buildings

and our buildings shape us, but its power to transform us and our buildings brings new urgency

to the shaping.

Nanotechnology gives unprecedented power to the architects and engineers shaping our world,

and the result could be buildings that shape us, as well as our relationships with each other and

our environment, in ways that Churchill never could have envisioned.

2.5. NANOTECHNOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE AND FUTURE OF THE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT [33]



The aim of “Small Plans” is to kick-start your thinking about nanotechnology and its potential

impact on the buildings that shape you, not by forecasting the future , this technology is much

too unpredictable for that , but by laying out a realm of possibilities for nanotechnology,

architecture and the future of the built environment.

These possibilities become almost infinite as we try to extrapolate the impact if nanotechnology

fifty or one hundred years from now, so these long-range scenarios are tempered by a closer look

at the more immediate impact of nanotechnology and the potential impact of technologies now in

research and development.

At each stage the personal, social, ethical and environmental consequences are explored because

these are the real and significant questions that nanotechnology raises.

Nanotechnology will transform our built environment; it is essential that we use it to shape one

that is healthier, more comfortable and more humane.

Without forethought, dialogue and debate we may awake one day to find that we have already

been shaped by it.

In architecture two fundamentally different design approaches prevail when dealing with

materials and surfaces:

A-Honesty of Materials – “what you see is what you

get”:

This approach is favoured by those architects for whom

authenticity is a priority and who value high-quality

materials

such as natural stone or solid woods.

B-Fakes – artificial surfaces that imitate natural

materials:

For the most part, “fake” materials are chosen for cost

reasons. Wood, whether in the form of veneer or

synthetic wood-effect plastics, is considerably cheaper

than solid wood. Even concrete or venerable walls can

be had en plastique.

2.6. Form Follows Function? [2]

(Fig.2.14) “Fakes” – laminates

that simulate real materials.

Real wood exhibits other

haptic, acoustic and sensory

properties than wood

imitations. [2]



Artificial surfaces are “brought to perfection” – the grain can be tailored to appear exactly as

desired, the color matches the sample precisely and does not change over the course of time.

More and more “patinated” surfaces are being created that exhibit artificial aging: instant patinas

precisely controllable. Certain design approaches prefer the provocation of deliberate

artificiality. In future, a third option will be available:

C-Functional nanosurfaces, emancipated from underlying materials:

The properties of such ultra-thin surfaces can differ entirely from the material they enclose and

can be transparent and completely invisible. Also possible are nanocomposites with new

properties: nano particles or other nanomaterials are integrated into conventional materials so

that the characteristics of the original material are not only improved but can be accorded new

functional properties or even be made multifunctional. Surface materials that are customized to

have specific functional properties are set to become the norm, heralding a switch from catalogue

materials to made-to-measure materials with definable combination of properties – a perfectly

modular system.

Nanomaterials can extend our design possibilities. The aging process becomes a question of time

frame – it can set in earlier or later according to the material chosen. Likewise, aesthetic,

functional and emotional qualities can be expressed more easily – it is simply a matter of choice.

As such, "Form Follows Function” applies more than ever and for all kinds of building tasks.

Nanotechnology, the ability to manipulate matter at the scale of less than one billionth of a

meter, has the potential to transform the built environment in ways almost unimaginable today.

Nanotechnology is already employed in the manufacture of everyday items from sunscreen to

clothing, and its introduction to architecture is not far behind.

On the near horizon, it may take building enclosure materials (coatings, panels and insulation) to

dramatic new levels of performance in terms of energy, light, security and intelligence.

Even these first steps into the world of nanotechnology could dramatically alter the nature of

building enclosure and the way our buildings relate to environment and user.

At mid-horizon, the development of carbon nanotubes and other breakthrough materials could

radically alter building design and performance.

The entire distinction between structure and skin, for example, could disappear as ultralight,

super-strong materials functioning as both structural skeleton and enclosing skin are developed.

2.7. NANO ARCHITECTURE APPLICATION [34]



2.7.1. MATERIALS [2]

2.7.1.A. Self-cleaning: Lotus-Effect®: [2]

-Microscopically rough, not smooth.

-Hydrophobic – water trickles off.

This is one of the best-known means of designing

surfaces with nonmaterials. The name “Lotus-

Effect” is evocative, conjuring up associations of

beads of water droplets, and therefore the effect is

often confused with “Easy-to-clean” surfaces or

with photocatalysis, which is also self-cleaning.

Self-cleaning surfaces were investigated back in

the 1970s by the botanist Wilhelm Barthlott.

He examined a self cleaning effect that can

be observed not only in Lotus leaves.

They exhibit a microscopically rough water-

repellent (hydrophobic) surface, which is covered

with tiny knobbles or spikes so that there is little

contact surface for water to settle on.

Due to this microstructure surfaces that are already

hydrophobic are even less wettable.

The effect of the rough surface is strengthened still

further by a combination of wax (which is also

hydrophobic) on the tips of the knobbles on the

Lotus leaves and self-healing mechanisms, which

results in a perfect, super-hydrophobic serf

cleaning surface.

Artificial “lotus surfaces”, created with the help of

nanotechnology, do not as yet have any selfhealing

capabilities, but they can offer an effective means

of self-cleaning when properly applied.

The Lotus-Effect is most well suited for surfaces

that are regularly exposed to sufficient quantities

of water, e.g. rainwater. Small quantities of water

often lead to water droplet “runways” forming or

drying stains, which may leave a surface looking

dirtier rather than cleaner. Without the presence of

water, the use of such surfaces makes little sense.

(Fig.2.15) A microscopic view of a water

droplet resting on superhydrophobic and

visibly knobbly surface. [2]

(Fig.2.16) The surface of self-cleaning

material is covered with 5-10 micrometer

high knobbles, here enlarged, which

themselves are covered with a

nanostructure and have waxy tips. [2]

(Fig.2.17) Wood can be given an

extremely water-repellent self-cleaning

surface. By creating nanostructures similar

to those of

the Louts plant on the surface of the wood,

the contact area between water & wood is

minimized and surface adhesion reduced.

Water rolls off instead of penetrating the

wood. [2]



In all areas not subject to mechanical wear and

tear, the Lotus- Effect drastically reduces the

cleaning requirement and surfaces that are

regularly exposed to water remain clean.

The advantages are self-evident: a cleaner

appearance and considerably reduced maintenance

demands.

In the following pages is an example for the use of

the self-cleaning Lotus Effect applied on a

building surface for a better optimal use and low

maintenance façades:

Ara Pacis Museum, Rome, Italy:

Architecture Richard Meier & Partners, NYC, USA

Product Lotusan, self-cleaning paint (Lotus-Effect)

Manufacturer Sto

Opened 2006

After ten years of construction and political

debate, the Pacis Museum is now home to an

archaeological highlight in Rome.

A tripartite building complex consists of an

entrance gallery with an urban square in front, the

main building with the exhibits, conference rooms

and restaurant as well as further areas with space

for temporary exhibitions, library and offices.

The monument itself, the “Pax Augusta”, is now

contained within a transparent glazed part of the

building and protected against damage from the

environment.

The remainder of the building is characterized by

large blocks of travertine, typical for Rome, and

surfaces clad in white as typical Meier„s

architecture.

Here self-cleaning coating has been invisibly

integrated into the white surfaces to ensure the

durability of their color. In the heavily polluted

city, it would not otherwise have stood much

chance of remaining white for long.

(Fig.2.18) The diagram shows clearly the

difference between conventional surfaces

and the Lotus-Effect. [2]

(Fig.2.19.A) Ara Pacis Museum

exterior. [2]



2.7.1.B. Self-cleaning: Photocatalysis: [2]

-Hydrophobic surfaces.

-Deposited dirt is broken down and lies loose on

the surface.

-A water film washes dirt away.

-UV light and water are required.

-Reduces maintenance requirements.

Photocatalytic self-cleaning is probably the most

widely used nano-function in building

construction. There are numerous buildings around

the world that make use of this function. Its

primary effect is that it greatly reduces the extent

of dirt adhesion on surfaces. It is important to note

that the term “self-cleaning” in this context is

misleading and does not mean, as commonly

assumed , that a surface need not be cleaned at all.

The interval between cleaning cycles can,

however, be extended significantly, a fact that is

particularly relevant in the context of facility

management. Fewer detergents are required,

resulting in less environmental pollution and less

wear and tear of materials. Likewise reduced

cleaning cycles lead to savings in personnel costs

and the fact that the dirt adheres less means that it

is also easier to remove.

A further advantage is that light transmission for

glazing and translucent membrane is improved as

daylight is obscured less by surface dirt and grime.

Energy costs for lighting can be reduced accordingly.

(Fig.2.19.C) Ara Pacis Museum. [2]

(Fig.2.19.B) Ara Pacis interior exhibition

halls. [2]

(Fig.2.20) Before & After:

On conventional tiles, water forms

droplets that dry leaving behind dirt

deposits. On the hydrophilic surfaces of

photocatalytic tiles, water forms a film

that runs off taking any loose dirt deposits

with it. [2]

(Fig.2.21) Oleophobic surfaces are

resistant against oils and fats. [2]



For the function to work, UV light present in

normal daylight is sufficient to activate the

photcatalytic reaction. Organic dirt on the surface

of a material is decomposed with the help of a

catalyst – usually titanium dioxide which has been

used in all kinds of products. At a nanoscalar

dimension, titanium appears no longer white but

transparent, and it„s also hydrophilic.

Photocatalytic surface coatings are often applied to

façade panels made of glass or ceramics or to

membranes.

As the self-cleaning effect doesn„t function

without water, eaves should be designed so that

they do not prevent rainwater or dew from

reaching the façade. It is also necessary in glazing

to abstain from the use of silicon-based seals

because the oils they contain transfer to the glass

and are incompatible with the surface coating,

rendering it partially hydrophobic and resulting in

unsightly streaking.

In production, it is only economical for

massproduced glass as the coating is usually

applied in the factory using chemical vapor

deposition (CVD), a vacuum coating technique in

which an ultra-thin coating is applied in vapor

form. Such coatings cannot be retrofitted.

However, this does not limit its application

exclusively to large buildings; it can be equally

appropriate for example for conservatories and

winter gardens. In road buildings , the transparent

coating can also be used ; for example , for noise

barriers. Tiles with baked-on durable coatings are

available for use both indoors and outdoors.

Likewise, concrete, can also be equipped with a

self-cleaning surface.

Photocatalytic glass can be combined with other

typically functions such as solar-protection glass.

The market for self-cleaning coatings is expanding

most rapidly in Kapan, where it has become

common practice in many cases for new glazed

facades. Photocatalysis can also be used to

achieve airpurifying, water-purifying as well as

antimicrobial properties.

(Fig.2.22) The diagram shows the basic

process: Organic dirt & grime is broken

down and “decomposed”. Until now UV

light, such as present in sunlight, is

necessary to initiate photocatalysis.

When water impacts on the surface, it

spreads to form a film washing away the

loose dirt.

The result: clean surfaces. [2]

(Fig.2.23) TiO2 and PVC coated white

membranes in weathering tests. The

difference is readily apparent: after 5

months the former is still white, the latter

grey & unsightly. [2]

(Fig.2.24) These roof tiles, which have

been on the market for some time, have

self-cleaning properties thanks to

photocatalysis. [2]



An interesting application is the exploitation of the cooling effect of evaporating water. The

canvas and steel roofing as well as the windows of a trade fair pavilion in Japan (Expo 2005)

were equipped with a photocatalytic TiO2 coating and subjected to a constant stream of water.

Duo to the hydrophilic property of the surface, the water immediately formed a thin film, which

evaporates quickly absorbing in the process ambient warmth and thereby reducing the indoor

temperature. Initial estimates suggest a potential energy reduction of between 10-20% in

comparison to conventional air conditioning.

Narita International Airport of Tokyo, Terminal 1, Chiba, Japan:

Architecture Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Japan

Product Ever Fine Coat/TiO2 photocatalytic self-cleaning membrane

Manufacturer Taiyo Kogyo Corporation

Opened 2006

Area 6.250m2

In 2006, The Narita International Airport

underwent comprehensive renovation. In the

process large were covered with textile.

Membranes offer protection against the weather

and therefore improving comfort for the

passengers.

As the membranes are equipped with a

photocatalytic self-cleaning coating, the cost of

cleaning and maintenance is kept to a minimum.

In central areas of Tokyo, the use of selfcleaning

awnings has been common practice for several

years and they have proven to remain much

cleaner than their conventional counterparts.

Although conventional surface coating, glass,

PTFE or ETFE materials are also self-cleaning,

they are not able to stop dirt deposits from

accumulating.

(Fig.2.25) Narita International Airport.

[2]



MSV Arena Soccer Stadium, Duisburg, Germany:

Architecture ar.te.plan, Burkhard Grimm, Michael Stehle, Dortmund, Germany

Product Pilkington Activ, photocatalytic self-cleaning glass

Manufacturer Pilkington Deutschland AG/Pilkington Group

Opened 2004

Area 18.0000m2 traffic area

A new soccer stadium was built in the centre of the Ruhr conurbation to house 30.000 fans of the

MSV, the Duisburg soccer club. More than 15.000m3 of concrete were used, 3500 tons of steel

reinforcement, around 30 steel pylons and last but not least 7.500m2 of turf (heated from beneath)

were laid and an almost 40m2 large screen was erected.

1.500m2 of glass were needed for the impressive 120m wide glass and aluminum façade. By

using a photocatalytic self-cleaning glass, the cleaning interval could be lengthened

considerably. In addition to its self-cleaning function, the glass wall also offers solar protection

and noise insulating properties.

2.7.1.C. Easy-to-clean (ETC): [2]

-Smooth surfaces with reduced surface attraction.

-Surface repellence without using the Lotus-Effect.

So-called easy-to-clean (ETC) surfaces are

waterrepellent and accordingly are often confused

with other self-cleaning functions such as the Lotus

Effect. However, unlike the latter, easy-to-clean

surfaces are smooth rather than rough. These

surfaces have a lower force of surface attraction due

to a decrease in their surface energy, resulting in

reduced surface adhesion. This causes water to be

repelled, forming droplets and running off. Easy-to

clean surfaces are therefore hydrophobic, and often

also oleophobic.

(Fig.2.26) MSV Arena Soccer Stadium. [2]

(Fig.2.27) “Roll-out marble” –

impactresistant, fire-resistant, vapour

permeable and yet water-repellent &

easy-to-clean. The product consists of 4

layers:

1-flexible polymer matting as backing

2-colored ceramic material is applied

3-optional printing

4-ceramised top coat [2]



This function is used for coating ceramic sanitary

installations and shower cubicle glazing. Wood,

metal, masonry, concrete, leather as well as

textiles are likewise candidates for hydrophobic

coatings.

Easy-to-clean surfaces are less susceptible to dirt

accumulation (“dirtrepellent”).

The benefit: stress-free and easy cleaning saves

time and costs.

Water droplets are not always beneficial and can

have disadvantageous effects: the drying time is

correspondingly longer and this should be taken

into consideration for particular areas of

application. It is therefore necessary to consider

where and how the easy-to-clean function should

best be employed; it is that droplets dry

individually, leaving behind dirt residues.

Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio, Marl, Germany:

Architecture Henn Architekten, Munich, Germany

Product ccflex, nanoceramic wall covering

Manufacturer At the time of construction Degussa, today Evonik

Completion 2005

The research center was conceived and built for Degussa, Creavis. With its transparent façade,

clear forms and material and color concept, the architecture embodies the company philosophy:

the transfer of know-how from science to business.

(Fig.2.28) A comparison of ceramic

surfaces – left without ETC coating,

right with ETC coating.

Flexible ETC ceramic wall coverings,

similar to wallpapers, can withstand

direct exposure to water, such as that in

a shower cubicle thanks to their highly

water-repellent surface. [2]

(Fig.2.30) Ultra-clean white surfaces of

poolside armchairs achieved using

water-repellent surface coatings. [2]

(Fig.2.29) The angle of contact determines the

hydrophobic degree of a surface. The contact

angle describes the degree of wetting, and is a

function of the relative surface tensions of the

solids, water and air. [2]



Degussa benefits from being able to sue their in-

house products: various parts of the interior feature

a particularly robust nanoceramic wall covering. It

is flexible, impact-resistant and is vapor permeable

whilst water-repellent. It can be applied similar to

a normal wallpaper and is available in rolls.

Beyond conventional applications, it can also be

used in areas where conventional wallpaper would

be inappropriate, for instance, as a replacement for

wall tiles in toilet areas.

The water-repellent surface, together with a water

repellent adhesive to protect the joins, means that

this product can be used in all manner of water

areas. In this respect, it compares favorably with

wall tiles.

Thanks to a slightly mottled coloring, the joins are

practically invisible, giving the impression of a

homogeneous uninterrupted surface.

Kaldewei Kompetenz-center (KKC), Ahlen, Germany:

Architecture Bolles + Wilson, Munster, Germany

Product Kaldewei steel-enamel with self-cleaning “Perl-Effekt”, easy-to-clean

surface

Manufacturer Kaldewei

Opened 2005

Kaldewei is unique among bath manufacturers in

that it has its own in-house enamel development

and production facilities. By wrapping its building

in a veillike façade of colored steel-enamel panel

elements, behind which the existing melting

facilities can be seen, the company expresses

itsbrand through architecture.

(Fig.2.31) Waterclosets of the Science to

Business Center Nanotronics & Bio. [2]

(Fig.2.32) Science to Business Center

Nanotronics & Bio. [2]

(Fig.2.33) Kaldewei Kompetenz-center. [2]



The enameled façade panels are colored in the

company„s typical color palette and are partially

equipped with an easy-to-clean coating. This

coating is otherwise used in the manufacture of

bathtubs to further improve the ease with which

one can clean the already low-maintenance

material.

2.7.1.D. Air-purifying: [2]

- Pollutants and odors are broken down into

their constituent parts.

-Does not replace ventilation, but improves air

quality.

Though not able to completely purify air, the use

of nanomaterials makes it possible to improve the

quality of air. It enables unpleasant odors and

pollutants to be eradicated.

Nanotechnology makes it possible to chemically

decompose odors into their harmless constituent

parts.Here the molecules are cracked, giving off

steam and carbon dioxide. This approach can also

be used to counteract the sick building symptoms

(SBS).

Indoors, air purification technology is increasingly

being used for textiles and paints. It should be

noted that although it is possible to improve the

quality of air, this doesn„t necessarily make it

“good”. Other factors such as oxygen content and

relative humidity also contribute to the air quality

and should not be neglected when using air-

purifying products.

Yet outdoors, the air-purifying capacity of

photocatalytic concrete for example provides a

possible means of combating existing pollutants.

Recently, building façades, road surfaces and

alike, equipped with appropriate coatings, are

being implemented in test installations to

counteract the effect of industrial and vehicle

exhausts. Applications are air-purifying paving

stones, road surfaces and paints.

(Fig.2.34) Exterior façade of Kaldewei

Kompetenz-center. [2]

(Fig.2.35) Air-purifying materials such as

plasterboard or acoustic panels. [2]

(Fig.2.36) The European Hq. of Hyundai

Motors Europe in Offenbach, Germany,

is lined with air-purifying plasterboards. [2]



As with indoor air environments, outdoor air

purification applications are only a supporting

measure for tackling symptoms and are an

adequate means of reducing existing pollution.

They do not eradicate the cause of pollution but

can be used to reduce smog and improve the

outdoor air quality. The question is whether a

noticeable difference to the quality of air can be

made with the use of air-purifying surfaces, and

how significant this effect actually is.

With regard to reducing air pollutants, greater

attention should be given to avoiding their

emission in the first place.

However, it will take a while before environmental

protection aims are fully realized. Until then, once

their effectiveness has been demonstrated, air

purifying surfaces may offer a possible interim

solution. It remains to be seen whether one day the

extensive use of such surfaces will become

standard practice in urban conurbations.

Jubilee Church, La Chiesa del Dio Padre Misericordioso, Rome, Italy:

Architecture Richard Meier & Partners, New York, NY, USA

Product TX Millenium, TX Active, photocatalytic cement

Manufacturer Italcementi

Completion 2003

Three giant sails reaching up to 36m into the sky

give this church and community centre its

unmistakable appearance. Made of prefabricated

highdensity concrete, their white color is achieved

by adding Carrara marble and TiO2 to the mixture.

The photocatalytic self-cleaning additive enables

the architect to achieve his trademark white

coloring in an urban environment that is heavily

polluted by car exhaust gases.

The building not only remains clean, the large

surface area of the sails also helps combat

pollution by reducing the amount of volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide in

the air considerably.

(Fig.2.37) Photocatalytic pavement

surfacing. [2]

(Fig.2.38) Jubilee Church, Richard. [2]

Meier.



Paving for Leien Boulevard, Antwerp, Belgium:

Architecture 51N4E Space Producers, Antwerp, Belgium

Product Air-purifying paving tiles

Manufacturer With integrated technology from Mitsubishi

Area 48.000m2

A decorative paving tile was developed for central

Antwerp with a multiangular form whose shape is

derived from Moorish patterns. The paving

element, which wasn„t realized for this project, is

equipped with further functionality: with the help

of sunlight and oxidative catalysis, it is able to

convert environmental pollutants such as NO into

inert nitric acid ions.

In this way, large areas of the urban realm have the

potential to be used to reduce pollution levels in

inner cities. As such the paving tiles represent an

exemplary combination of decoration and

function.

2.7.1.E. Anti-fogging: [2]

-Clarity for steamed-up surfaces

Due to nanotechnology a permanently clear view

is now possible without the use of electricity. The

solution is an ultra-thin coating of nanoscalar

TiO2, which exhibits a high surface energy and

therefore greater moisture attraction. On

hydrophilic surfaces moisture forms an ultra-thin

film instead of water droplets. It still settles on the

surface but remains invisible. The film is

transparent, creating a fog-free clear appearance.

Bathroom mirrors are obvious candidates for such

coating, as are glass surfaces in airconditioned

rooms in the tropics, which tend to cloud as soon

as outdoor air streams into a room.

Anti-fogging coatings can also be applied to

plastics.Anti-fogging sprays are effective as a temporary means of making surfaces appear clear

but the effect doesn„t last long. Further application areas for anti-fogging surfaces are currently

being developed but are not yet ready for the market place.

Two aspects are common to all anti-fogging variants: condensation itself is not stopped. Instead,

and more importantly, it remains transparent and therefore appears invisible.A clear view is

possible at all times, simply and effortlessly, without the need for heating, wiping down or a

hairdryer.

(Fig.2.39) Air-purifying paving tiles. [2]

(Fig.2.40) Mirrors with anti-fogging

coating do not steam up. [2]



2.7.1.F. Thermal insulation: Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs): [2]

-Maximum thermal insulation.

-Minimum insulation thickness.

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are ideally suited

for providing very good thermal insulation with a

much thinner insulation thickness than usual. In

comparison with conventional insulation materials

such as polystyrene, the thermal conductivity is up

to ten times lower. This results either in much

higher levels of thermal resistance at the same

insulation thickness or means that thinner

insulation layers are required to achieve the same

level of insulation. In other words, maximum

thermal resistance can be achieved with minimum

insulation thinness. At 0.005 W/mK, the thermal

conductivity of VIPs is extremely low. The

thickness of these VIPs ranges from 2mm to

40mm.

Vacuum insulation panels can be used both for

new buildings constructions as well as in

conversion and renovation work and can be

applied to walls as well as floors. The lifetime of

modern panels is generally estimated at between

30 and 50 years. It can be applied not just for

buildings but also to insulate pipelines, in

electronics and for insulating packages, for

example for the cool chain transport of

medications.

Seitzstrasse mixed-use building, Munich, Germany:

Architecture Pool architekten, Martin Pool, Munich, Germany

Product Vacuum insulation panel (VIP)

Manufacturer Va-Q-tech, Würzburg, Germany

Area 1.250m2

The seven-storey mixed-use residential and

commercial building in Munich is the first

building of a substantial size to be fully clad with

vacuum insulation panels (VIPs).

The compact rectangular form of the white

building is punctured by large windows that wrap

around its corners. At between 8 and 10 times

greater efficiency than conventional insulation

materials, the ultra-slim VIPs are extremely good

insulators.

(Fig.2.41) Different sized vacuum

insulation panels in storage. [2]

(Fig.2.42) VIP insulation must be made

to measure & fitted precisely on site. [2]

(Fig.2.43) Exterior of Seitzstrasse

building. [2]



Their potential lies not only in reducing energy

consumption but also in maximizing the available

area as result of thinner wall constructions. It

resulted in a floor area gain of 10% of the overall

floor area.

VIPs were also used in the roof terrace and

window constructions. This inner-city building

leads to energy savings as well as increased

economic returns.

2.7.1.G. Thermal insulation: Aerogel: [2]

-High-performance thermal insulation.

-Light and airy nanofoam.

Aerogel currently holds the record as the lightest

known solid material and was developed back in

1931. It is relatively banal: it is simply an ultra

light aerated foam that consists almost 100% of

air. The remaining foam material is a glass-like

material, and silica.

The nanodimension is of vital importance for the

pore interstices of the foam: the air molecules

trapped within the minute nanpores –each with a

mean size of just 20nm – are unable to move,

lending the aerogel its excellent thermal insulation

properties.

It is used as an insulating fill material in various

kinds of cavities – between glass panes, U-profile

glass or acrylic glass multi-wall panels – and is

therefore well suited for use in external envelopes

of buildings. That way aerogels can help reduce

heating and cooling costs significantly. Because it

is translucent, aerogel exhibits good light

transmission, spreading light evenly and

pleasantly. In addition to its thermal insulating

properties, aerogel also acts as a sound insulator

according to the same basic principle.

With its above-average thermal and sound

insulation properties aerogel contributes towards

energy efficiency, which is its primary functional property. It is an extraordinary high

performance insulator and a comparatively new product on the market. A further advantage is its

good light transmission and daylight transmittance. From an aesthetic point of view, its light

weight makes homogeneous and slender façade constructions possible – all in all a whole

catalogue of advantages with great potential.

(Fig.2.44) Seitzstrasse building rooftop. [2]

(Fig.2.45) Aerogel in combination with

glass. [2]

(Fig.2.46) Glass sample with black

edging & aerogel-filled glazing cavity. [2]



School extension, London, England:

Architecture Jacobs UK Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland

Product Kalwall+Nanogel glazing

Manufacturer Stoakes Systems Ltd.

An extension to an existing school building makes

the most of daylighting. The south elevation,

behind which classrooms, the assembly hall, an

internet café and a dance studio are located, is clad

entirely in translucent 70nm thick aerogel-filled

panels. It softens daylight, providing a pleasant

and light atmosphere indoors whilst obscuring the

view outwards.

Its excellent thermal insulation properties result in

energy savings, reducing the school„s running

costs and offsetting the initial investment

necessary to finance such large translucent

surfaces.

2.7.1.H. Temperature regulation: Phase change

materials (PCMs): [2]

-Passive temperature regulation.

-Reduced heating and cooling demand.

The good thermal retention of PCMs can be used

both in new and existing buildings as a passive

means of evening out temperature fluctuations and

reducing peak temperatures. It can be used both

for heating as well as cooling. As PCM is able to

take up energy (heat) without the medium itself

getting warm, it can absorb extremes in

temperature, allowing indoor areas to remain

cooler for longer, with the heat being retained in

the PCM and used to liquefy the paraffin. Energy

is stored latently when the material changes from

one physical state to another, whether from solid

to liquid or from liquid to gaseous. The latent

warmth or cold, which effectively fulfils a buffer

function, can be used for temperature regulation.

The predefined, so-called switching temperature,

in which the phase change from one physical state

to another occurs in latent heat storing materials

designed for construction, is defined as 25oC,

(Fig.2.47) School extension. [2]

(Fig.2.48) Close-up of a phase-changing

material embedded in glazing. [2]

(Fig.2.49) Right; an image of an opened

microcapsule embedded in a concrete

carrier matrix, taken using SEM.

Left; an image of minute paraffin-filled

capsules in their solid state, taken using

light microscopy. They exhibit an

exceptionally high thermal capacity and

during a phase change turn to liquid. [2]



as above this temperature the indoor air

temperature is generally regarded as being

unpleasantly warm.

Depending upon the PCM used, to regulate a 5oC

increase in temperature only 1mm of phase change

material is required in comparison to 10-40mm of

concrete.

The PCM has a far greater thermal capacity: a

concrete wall warms up much more quickly whilst

the temperature of a PCM remains unchanged. In

the meantime, PCMs have become available in the form of additives that can be integrated into

conventional building materials such as plaster, plasterboards or aerated concrete blocks with

specific retention properties.

In addition to conserving energy by reducing the energy demand for heating & cooling, PCMs

are also recyclable and biologically degradable.

"Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people, Domat/Ems, Switzerland:

Architecture Dietrich Schwarz, GlassX AG, Zurich, Switzerland

Product Latent heat storing glass, PCM, GLASSXcrystal

Manufacturer GlassX

Area 148m2 GlassXcrystal glazing

A building with 20 disabled accesses sheltered

flats in the Swiss Alps. All flats have large

expanses of south-facing glazing and, depending

on the season, the flats are heated actively or

passively.

The central of three cavities of an 8cm thick

composite glass element contains a slat hydrate fill

material that functions as a latent heat store for

solar heat and protects the rooms from

overheating.

The latent heat store has a thermal absorption capacity equivalent to a 15cm thick concrete wall.

The glass panel is transparent when the fill material has melted when frozen.

The material's change of state is therefore immediately reflected in the building's appearance.

The buffer function of the latent heat store enables the indoor temperature to be regulated mostly

passively, resulting in significant energy savings for heating (and cooling).

(Fig.2.50) Layer composition of a

decorative PCM gypsum plaster applied

to a masonry substrate. Although only

15mm thick, it contains 3KG of

microencapsulated latent heat storage

material per square meter. [2]

(Fig.2.51) "Sur Falveng" house for elderly

people, façade. [2]



2.7.1.I. UV protection: [2]

-Lasting and highly transparent protection.

There are two kinds of UV protection, both of

which are organic and employ additives. Both are

typically used in combination: one variant

involves the use of UV absorbers that filter out the

harmful rays in sunlight before they come into

contact with the material itself. As such they need

to be on an upper layer and are typically applied in

the form of a protective lacquer.

The second approach uses so-called free-radical

scavengers, which in contrast to the first approach

take effect at a later stage.

A prerequisite of protective coatings is that they

are transparent so that the coloring and structure of

the material beneath is preserved. To achieve this,

the individual inorganic UV-absorbing particles in

the formulation must be smaller than 15nm in size.

Below this size they no longer scatter visible light

and become effectively visible.

2.7.1.J. Solar protection: [2]

-No blinds necessary.

-Glass darkens automatically or is switchable without the need for a constant electric

current (memory effect).

The advent of nanotechnology has provided a new means of integrating electochromatic glass in

buildings. The primary difference from the earlier product is that a constant electric current is no

longer necessary.

A single switch is all that is required to change the

degree of light transmission from one state to

another, i.e. on switch to change from transparent

to darken and a second to change back. The

electrical energy required to color the ultra-thin

nanocoating is minimal and the switching process

itself takes a few minutes. Photochromatic glass is

another solution for darkening glass panels. Here

the sunlight itself causes the glass to darken

automatically without the switching.

Nanotechnology has made it possible to provide an

energy-efficient means of solar protection that can

also be combined with other glass functions.

(Fig.2.52) Electron microscope image

of UV-absorbent zinc oxide particles

contained within a clear varnish. In order

for the material to remain transparent, the

particles must be sufficiently small and not

clump together; the even distribution can

be seen clearly. [2]

(Fig.2.53) Electrochromatic glass with

an ultra-thin nanocoating needs only

be switched once to change state,

gradually changing to a darkened yet

transparent state. At present the

maximum dimension of glazing panels

is limited maximum size is 120*200cm. [2]



2.7.1.K. Fire-proof: [2]

-Highly efficient fire protection.

-Light and transparent.

The German Degussa has produced the Aerosil

material, a pyrogenic silicic acid used for a

number of purposes including the paint industry.

The pyrogenic nanoparticles, or nano-silica, are

only 7nm large and due to their relatively large

surface area are highly reactive.

Depending on the desired duration of

fireresistance, the highly effective fill material is

sandwiched between one or more panes of glass.

Standard products are generally between 90 and

380m2 per gram!

The main advantages are the comparatively

lightweight of the glass, the slender construction

and accompanying optical appearance as well as

the long duration of fireresistance.

In the event of fire, the fire-resistant layer expands

in the form of foam preventing the fire from

spreading and keeping escape routes accessible for

users and firemen alike.

The additional layer doesn't exhibit any clouding,

streaking or fractures and is practically invisible.

An additional side effect is improved noise

insulation.

Flame-resistant lightweight building boards,

sandwich constructions made of straw and hemp,

are a further interesting application by coating the

product in a transparent covering of glasslike

particles, it's to render its weatherproof and flame

resistant.

The glass-like coating also serves as the adhesive and further flame-retardant additives are not

required. It is of particular interest for corridors, foyers and meeting rooms, i.e. wherever fire

safety is very important.

(Fig.2.54) A robust sandwich panel

made of straw and hemp with a glassy

coating that serves as bonding agent

and is also fire-resistant. When exposed

to fire the product smolders and

extinguishes. [2]

(Fig.2.55) The gel fill material in the

glazing cavity (here faulty but clearly

visible) foams when exposed to fire for

an extended period. [2]



Deutsche Post headquarter, Bonn, Germany:

Architecture Murphy/Jahn, Chicago, IL, USA

Product SGG Contraflam fire safety glass

Manufacturer Vetrotech SaintGobain

Completion 2005

Area 90.000m2 gross floor area

The landmark 160m high office tower in Bonn

accomodates more than 2000 members of staff.

The oval towers façade is clad in high-tech

transparent glazing and transparent materials are

also used throughtout its interiors: glazed partition,

glazed staircases and glazed connecting bridges

are central elements of the interior design concept.

A fire safety glass with a particularly slender

profile was selected for the project. Space,

form, construction and materials are carefully

coordinated, resulting in a harmoious overall

concept.

2.7.1.L. Anti-graffiti: [2]

-Permeable surfaces with permanent anti-graffiti

coating.

-Highly hydrophobic and dirt-resistant.

An anti-graffiti function is intended as a

preventative measure to avoid unsightly graffiti to

buildings or construction such as noise barriers,

walls and bridges piers. Nanotechnology has

provided a new means to protect existing building

fabric by anti-graffiti coatings.

(Fig.2.57) Deutsche Post HQ. Germany. [2]

(Fig.2.56) Interior spaces in the Deutsch Post HQ.

shows the huge amount of the used fire-proofing

glass. [2]

(Fig.2.58) Historic monuments such as

the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin are

protected with an anti-graffiti coating. [2]



They are highly effective and are used to make

building materials water-repellent. Their extremely

hydrophobic properties mean that graffiti can be

removed more easily with appropriate detergents.

Even porous and highly absorbent materials such

as brick, lime sandstone, concrete and other

similar materials can be protected efficiently using

such nanobased coatings. Although the coating is

effectively an impregnation, unlike other systems

it doesn't close the pores of the material, allowing

the material to retain its vapor permeability. As the

material remains permeable potential damage

resulting from dampness is avoided.

The ultra-thin nanocoating lines the capillary pores

without closing them. More dense materials such

as compressed concrete in general require less coating material. In addition, the coating also

reduces dirt accumulation significantly, making the coating applicable for use on floor surfaces

too. The effect of the impregnated coating is a result of several layers of molecules.

New Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany:

Architecture Stephan Braunfels Architekten, Berlin, Germany

Product Faceal Oleo HD, anti-graffiti and dirt-repellent coating

Manufacturer PSS Interservice

Completion 2006

Area 6700m2 total gross floor area

Ever since the destruction caused during the

WWII, the urban state of the Neue StraBe in Ulm

has remained unresolved. On one side it borders

on the Ulm Minster and Richard Meier's Stadthaus

building, on the other side the medieval city hall

and Gottfried Böhm's city library building.

The insertion of two new infill buildings, a

Sparkasse bank building and the Münstertor

department store, provides better definition of the

surrounding urban space.

The Sparkasse consists of two intersecting

volumes that meet to form a glazed slot opposite

the city hall. The tapering form of the department

store relates to the medieval scale of the

surroundings.

(Fig.2.59) The UEFA headquarter in

Nyon, Switzerland, is fitted with

flooring that makes it easier to remove

chewing gum. [2]

(Fig.2.60) New Centre Ulm, Germany. [2]



Both buildings have exposed concrete façades whose clean-cut forms are best appreciated when

the surfaces are equally clean. For this reason, the concrete surfaces have been coated with a

nanoscalar high-tech coating. Such dirt-repellent anti-graffiti surfaces are well suited for use in

urban environments where the potential for undesirable defilement is particularly great.

Unsightly damage to buildings can be avoided as a result.

2.7.1.M. Anti-reflective: [2]

-Improving solar transmission.

The use of anti-reflective glass to solve the

problem of reflection is in itself nothing new. In

interior architecture, such glass is used in

exhibition design for glass cabinets for example.

Its complicated manufacture, which involves

applying several layers, means that it is expensive

and other disadvantages.

Transparent nanoscalar surface structures, where

the particles are smaller than the wavelength of

visible light, offer not only an innovative but also

a costeffective and efficient anti-reflective

solution. Their structure consists of minute 30

50nm large silicondioxide (SiO2) balls.

A coating thickness of 150nm is regarded as ideal.

The ratio of reflected light reduces from 8% to less

than 1%. Another cost-effective means of

producing anti-reflective surfaces is the moth-eye

effect, the cornea of moths, which are active

mostly at night, exhibits a structure that reduces

reflections.

The disadvantages of conventional anti-reflective

technology, such as the limited spectral region and

the complex production process, are eradicated

using nanotechnology.

Anti-reflective glass can now be used in large quantities in construction in order to benefit from

the increased solar transmission resulting from broadband spectral de-reflection.

Of particular interest is the increased efficiency of photovoltaic systems as the entire spectrum of

solar energy from 400 to 2500nm is now transmitted. The degree of transmission at low angles

of incidence is also much better than before making such systems less dependent upon the angle

of the sun. By reducing the amount of under-utilized and therefore lost solar energy, the energy

gain and efficiency of the photovoltaic systems is improved, resulting in an overall performance

gain of up to 15%.

(Fig.2.61) A Photovoltaic module with

and without anti-reflective (AR) solar

glass coating. [2]

(Fig.2.62) Silica glass capsules are

used in nanoporous anti-reflective coatings

with a thickness of 150nm that are also

able to reflect the invisible spectrum of

light. [2]



2.7.1.N. Antibacterial: [2]

-Bactria are targeted and destroyed.

-The use of disinfectants can be reduced.

-Supports hygiene methods – especially in health care environments

Photocatalytic surfaces have an antibacterial side

effect due to their ability to break down organic

substances in dirt. With the help of silver

nanoparticles –for its antimicrobial properties, it is

possible to manufacture surfaces specifically

designed to be antibacterial or germicidal.

Various products are already commercially

available and the product palette ranges from floor

coverings to panel products and paints to textiles

with an innovative finish that renders them germ

free.

The antibacterial effect of silver results from the

ongoing slow diffusion of silver ions. The very

high surface area to volume ratio of the

nanoparticles means that the ions can be emitted

more easily and therefore kill bacteria more

effectively. The antibacterial effect itself is also

permanent – it doesn't wear off after a period of

time.

As the use of disinfectants in health care cannot

yet be avoided, it is important that coatings and

materials are proven to withstand standard

disinfections. In addition, it is also advisable to

equip surfaces with an anti-stick function to

prevent the buildup of a bio-film of dead bacteria

from which new bacteria could eventually grow.

Operating Theatre, Goslar, Germany:

Architecture Schweitzer + Partner, Braunschweig, Germany

Product "Hydrotect" tiles, photocatalytic surface with antibacterial effect

Manufacturer Agrob Buchtal Architectural Ceramic, Deutsche Steinzeug AG

Completion 2005

(Fig.2.63) Contact surfaces such as

light switches, door grips and handles

are typical germ accumulators. An

antibacterial material, such as that

used for this light switch, can prevent

germs spreading. [2]

(Fig.2.64) Nanoscalar silver particles

contained in the glaze applied to ceramic

sanitary installations lend it antibacterial

properties. [2]



In both operating theatres, the floors and walls

have been clad in photocatalytic tiles. Hygiene is

of primary importance in operating theatres and

antibacterial tiling contributes to lessening the risk

of infection. In the Klinikum im Friedrichshain,

the architects have gone one step further and

minimized the amount of tile joints, lessening

weak points where bacteria can settle and lending

the room a calmer appearance.

Large-format tiling is more difficult to lay, and a

conventional tile format was chosen for the high

tech antibacterial tiles used in the Harzkliniken.

The light-colored grouting contrasts pleasantly

with the fresh green tiling.

2.7.1.O. Anti-fingerprints: [2]

-No more visible fingerprints.

Steel and glass are popular materials in

architecture when used in interiors they have a

disadvantage – fingerprints show very clearly and

affected by repeated touching. The appearance of

cleanliness, whether desirable for aesthetic or

hygienic reasons, vanishes when surfaces are

covered in fingerprints. An anti-fingerprint coating

can offer a suitable solution for this problem and

in some cases makes it possible to employ such

materials in the first place. With the help of these

coatings fingerprint marks are made practically

invisible. The coating alters the refraction the light

in the same way the fingerprints itself does so that

new fingerprints have little effect – one can think

of the coating as a kind of enlarged fingerprint.

The light reflections on the coating make steel or

glass surfaces appear smooth, giving the

impression of cleanliness that many users have

come to expect. The coating itself is ultra-thin and

steel that has been coated can be bent into shape

without the coating breaking or fracturing. This

can be useful for the production of particular

architectonic details and the coating is used mainly

for applications such as lifts, cladding and

furniture.

(Fig.2.65) Operation theatre interior

shows the green antibacterial tiles. [2]

(Fig.2.66) The critical area around

doorknobs. [2]



Facility management benefits from this as well as

other nanocoatings as they lead to a reduction in

cleaning costs. A more recent innovation is a

touchproof coating that can also be used for

coloring matt glass.

An important aspect here, as with other

nanocaotings, is scratch-resistance, which should

be assessed carefully depending on where the

product is to be used. Antifingerprint coatings are

useful for stainless steel and sandblasted glass

wherever one can expect people to touch them, i.e.

where they are in easy reach.

Nanocoatings enable glass and steel to be used for

interiors without being impaired by visible finger

and handprints and obviate the need for regular

cleaning; in short, to achieve a clean appearance.

2.7.1.P. Scratchproof and abrasion resistant: [2]

-Improvement of scratch and abrasion resistance.

-Transparent coating.

-Creating a basis for durability.

Nanotechnology makes it possible to improve

scratch-resistance whilst maintain transparency.

Scratch-resistance is a desirable property for many

materials and coatings can be applied to materials

of different kinds such as wood, metal and

ceramics.

In architectural context, scratchproof paints and

varnishes are desirable, for instance , to protect the

varnished surfaces of parquet flooring or the

surfaces of other gloss lacquered surfaces.

Consumers who associate patina with negative

connotations such as a "lack of care" and "old and

worn" will value a durable gloss that maintains its

original appearance.

Scratch-resistant surfaces in combination with UV protection and easy-to-clean properties seem

to be a particularly attractive combination for many users, in order to reduce traces of use.

Likewise, cleanly designed surfaces maintain their appearance better through the use of

scratchproof and abrasion-resistant surfaces.

(Fig.2.67) The effect of the antifingerprint

coating on this sheet of stainless steel is

clearly evident. [2]

(Fig.2.68) Abrasion tests indicate a

surface's resilience against abrasion and

wear and tear. [2]



2.7.1.Q. The holistic application of nanosurfaces in interiors: [2]

(Fig.2.69) A schematic plan for a hotel room with a general strategic approach for the use

of nano functions. [2]

01 – Curtains: Air-purifying 10 – Bedding: Anti-bacterial 02 – Window: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 11 – Light Switches: Anti-bacterial, non-stick 03 – Window: Self-cleaning photochromatic

or electrochromic 12 – Wall Paint: Air-purifying

04 – TV: Anti-reflective 13 – Upholstery: Air-purifying 05 – Wall Paint: Air-purifying 14 – Glass Table: Anti-fingerprints 06 – W.C.: Easy to clean 15 – Carpet: Air-purifying 07 – Mirror: Anti-fogging 16 – Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 08 – Bathtub & Shower Screen: Easy to

clean, non-stick 17 – Frosted Glass: Anti-fingerprints

09 – Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering



(Fig.2.70) A schematic plan for a patient room in a hospital with a general strategic

approach for the use of nano functions. [2]

01 – Tiles: Anti-bacterial 09 – Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 02 – Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 10 – Curtains: Air-purifying 03 – Tiles: Anti-bacterial 11 – TV: Anti-reflective 04 – W.C.: Easy to clean 12 – Call-button, Light Switch, TV/Radiobuttons:

Anti-bacterial 05 – Wall Paint: Air-purifying 13 – Mirror: Anti-fogging 06 – Upholstery, Carpets: Air-purifying, oxidative

catalysis

14 – Shower Screen: Easy to clean, anti-fogging

07 – Table Surfaces: Anti-fingerprints,

scratchproofing

15 – Doorknobs: Anti-fingerprints, antibacterial

08 – Window: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 16 – Carpets: Anti-bacterial, air-purifying



(Fig.2.71) A schematic plan for an office room in a bank branch with a general strategic

approach for the use of nano functions. [2]

01 – Glass Table: Anti-fingerprints 08 – Chairs: Dirt-repellent 02 – W.C.: Easy to clean 09 – Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 03 – Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 10 – Screen: Anti-reflective 04 – Window: Self-cleaning photochromatic or

electrochromic 11 – Carpet: Air-purifying

05 – Windows: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 12 – Counter: Anti-fingerprints 06 – Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 13 – Upholstery: Air-purifying 07 – Switches & Handles: Antibacterial, non-stick 14 – Screen: Anti-reflective



Nano functions have been employed in interior design only occasionally if at all, and more or

less by chance. Three schematic plans for a hotel room, a room in a clinic or hospital and an

office room in a bank branch demonstrate concepts for a general strategic approach to using nano

functions in interior design.

The overall concept varies depending on the respective needs of the different uses. The spaces

are optimized through the strategic use of nanosurfaces with regard to aesthetic, economical and

ecological concerns.

Improved comfort and cost-effectiveness go hand in hand. Cost assessments should take account

not only of the initial expenditure but also the follow-on costs, which are reduced considerably.

Despite the fact that these are visionary concepts, they could already be realized today in this or a

similar form.

2.3.3.R. Next Generation Building Cleaning Solution: [35]

Objective: Building exterior self cleaning, protection and energy saving Road self-cleaning,

protection and car exhausts purification

Solution: Gens Nano photocatalyst coating is the combination of photocatalyst and nano

technology. Just simple application of Gens Nano coating on the building exterior

surface will bring diversified excellent features to the building.

Also, coating can be sprayed on highway barriers and side walks to provide the

self-cleaning & air purification function. Gens Nano coating can keep the

surfaces in a very new look and reduce the cleaning & maintenance costs.

Features: - Super hydrophilicity

- Air purification

- Anti-bacterial and anti-mold

- UV damage protection

- Surface antistatic

- Self-cleaning

- Easy-cleaning

Benefits: - Keeps the building clean

- Protects the surface from dust, acid rain and air pollutant damage

- Purifies the air pollutants near and on the surface

(e.g. car exhausts, NOx, Formaldehyde, Benzene, VOCs)

- Decomposes the organic pollutants on the surface.

- Makes the surface without water stain after raining

- Reduces the energy consumption for cooling building in summer

- Restrains mildew or alga from growing

- Kills bacteria and virus on the surface and in the air near the coated building

- Absorbs UV rays from sun and protects the surface from UV damage

- Restrains the dust electrostatic adsorption



Example 1. Exterior wall self-cleaning : [35]

Surface Granite Application by spray

Product Nano photocatalyst coating Period 3 months

This picture shows a granite wall which has

become old and dirty after years of weathering.

The area divided by yellow adhesive tape will be

coated with photocatalyst sol later.

Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the

surface, proper pre-cleaning work is necessary.

We applied photocatalyst on the left part of the

cleaned area.

After 3 months of weathering, the wall on the left

side coated with photocatalyst shows the results of

our self-cleaning product.

The uncoated area on the right side becomes dirty

and dark due to the poor air quality and pollution.

(Fig.2.72.A) This picture shows a granite

wall which has become

old and dirty after years of weathering.

(Photo #1 dated Dec. 14th 2005). [35]

(Fig.2.72.B) Before photocatalyst coating

is applied on the surface, proper pre-

cleaning work is necessary.

(Photo #2 dated Dec. 14th 2005). [35]

(Fig.2.72.C) After 3 months of

weathering.

(Photo #3 dated Mar. 15th 2006). [35]



Example 2. External Limestone Cladding self-cleaning & anti-moss : [35]

Surface Limestone Application by spray

Product Nano photocatalyst coating Period 224 days

(Fig.2.73.B) After 224 days of

weathering. [35]

(Fig.2.73.A) Before photocatalyst coating

is applied on the surface. [35]



2.7.2. ENERGY

2.7.2.A Insuladd [34]

The complex blend of microscopic hollow ceramic

spheres that makes up INSULADD have a

vacuum inside like mini-thermos bottles. While

the use of INSULADD on interior walls is

extremely beneficial, its use on exterior walls is

even more dramatically effective since it blocks

the extreme heat of the sun. INSULADD ceramic-

filled paint on interior walls looks like ordinary

flat wall paint.

The ceramic materials have unique energy saving

properties that reflect heat while dissipating it. The

hollow ceramic microspheres reflective quality

affects the warming phenomenon called "Mean

Radiant Temperature," where heat waves from a

source such as direct sunlight cause a person to

feel warmer even though the actual air

temperature is not different between a shady and

sunny location.

It is the molecular friction within the skin caused

by the sun's radiant energy waves which makes

the body feel warmer.

The ceramic particles in INSULADD® create a

thermal barrier. These particles refract, reflect, and

dissipate heat.

2.7.2.B. Energy Coating [34]

Similar to the way a plant absorbs sunlight and

turns it into chemical energy to fuel the growth of

a plant, energy coatings absorb sunlight and

indoor light and convert them into electrical

energy.

( Fig. 2.74 ) Insuladd paints. [34]

( Fig. 2.75 ) Energy coating. [34]



Energy coatings are produced by working on the nano scale by injecting a dye into titanium

dioxide, a white pigment commonly used in toothpaste and paint. The dye, applied to a flexible

material, absorbs energy from both the sun and indoor light. This light energy travels through the

titanium dioxide and a series of electrodes and is converted into electrical energy.

Konarka, the major producer of energy coatings, develops and manufactures power plastic that is

inexpensive, lightweight, flexible and versatile. The light-activated power plastic film can be

embedded within devices, systems and structures. Since the manufacturing process uses the

printing technology, the film can be produced in any color and transparency. The film can be

applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy.

2.7.2.C. Heat Absorbing Windows [34]

Heat absorbing windows, manufactured by

Vanceva, offer solar performance superior to that

of previously available laminating systems.

Alone, or when combined with solar management

glass, this new glazing interlayer provides the

architectural marketplace with new, cost effective

options to control heat and energy loads in

buildings.

By selectively reducing the transmittance of solar

energy relative to visible light, these solar

performance interlayers produce glazing systems

that can result in savings in the capital cost of

energy control equipment as well as operating

costs of climate control equipment.

Benefits:

• Energy efficiency keeps solar heat out of a building while maintaining optimal visible light

transmission, facilitating lower capital expenditures on energy control equipment and lower

operating costs of equipment .

• Safety and security When subjected to accidental impact, the glass and solar interlayer combine

to absorb the force of the impact. Should the force be sufficient to break the glass, the resulting

fragments tend to remain adhered to the solar interlayer.

( Fig. 2.76 ) Heat absorbing windows. [34]



• Ultraviolet protection The solar interlayer blocks up to 99% of the sun's UV rays while

allowing the important visible light to pass through.

• Design versatility Architectural laminated glass, made with solar interlayer, can be used in

curtain walls, windows, doors, skylights, shop fronts, and virtually any other application

imaginable.

2.7.3. DESIGN

2.7.3.A Nanohouse [34]

Team

Coordination Carl Masens

Architecture James Muir

Design Douglas Tomkin

Energy Joe Zhu

The Nanohouse Initiative is a collaboration between the

best of Australia's scientists, engineers, architects,

designers and builders - working together to design and

build a new type of ultra-energy efficient house and

exploiting the new materials being developed by

nanotechnology.

New materials are being discovered and developed

everyday as a result of the knowledge of how to achieve

molecular and atomic precision in engineering of

materials.

These new materials present new

opportunities to solve problems.The Initiative is led by

the University of Technology, Sydney through its Institute for Nanoscale Technology, jointly

with Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization.

Why a House? Shelter is a basic need. Every one understands what a house is. In this context it is

easy to see where nanotechnology will be used and how the new technology will impact upon

our lives."The NanoHouse takes us from imagination to reality. The principles upon which it is

based are energy efficiency, sustainability, and mass customisation," Mr Masens says.

The NanoHouse has a radiative cooling paint as the outer surface of some of the roofing

material. A metal roof coated with this paint will become a cooling element in a building rather

than a source of unwanted heat gain. Other features are self-cleaning glass, cold lighting systems

and the dye solar cell - a photovoltaic cell based on titanium dioxide rather than silicon.

The architectural model of the house is the first stage of the concept, with the creators planning a

full size version in the future.

( Fig. 2.77.A ) Nanohouse 3D. [34]

( Fig. 2.77.B ) Nanohouse model [34]



2.7.3.B. Carbon Tower [34]

Firm Peter Testa Architects

Architects Peter Testa and Devyn

Weiser

The Initiative is led by the University of Technology,

Sydney through its Institute for Nanoscale Technology,

jointly with Commonwealth Science and Industrial

Research Organization.

The Carbon Tower Prototype is a 40-story mixed-use

high-rise that incorporates five innovative systems: pre-

compressed double-helix primary structure, tensile-

laminated composite floors, two external filament-bound

ramps, breathable thin-film membrane, and vritual duct

displacement ventilation.

Studies conducted by Arup suggest that, if built, the

tower would the lightest and strongest building of its

type.

"The complexity of contemporary buildings is an

enormous achievement, but we need to question how we

came to the point of building with such complexity.

We believe we need to rethink how we assemble

buildings." Peter Testa

( Fig. 2.78.C ) Carbon Tower

Model. [34]

( Fig. 2.78.A ) Section of Carbon

Tower. [34]

( Fig. 2.78.B ) The entrance of

Carbon Tower. [34]



2.7.3.C. Aegis Hyposurface [34]

Architect Mark Goulthorpe

Firm DECOI

This interactive, dynamically reconfigurable 3D screen

reacts in real time to surrounding motion and sound,

transforming Hyposurface‟s complex topography and

colors. This project, which dECOi continues to research

at MIT‟s Media Lab, foreshadows fully kinetic and

environmentally responsive architectural surfaces,

sensitized to changes in climate or security needs.

The Aegis Hyposurface is a dECOi project, designed

principally by Mark Goulthorpe and the dECOi office

with a large multi-disciplinary team of architects,

engineers, mathematicians and computer programmers,

among others.

This team included a Professor Mark Burry, who was

working at Deakin University at the time, along with

various others from Deakin, including Professor Saeid

Navahandi and Dr Abbas Kouzani. Please see below for

a full list of the members of the project team.

This project was developed for a competition for an interactive art-work for the foyer of The

Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre.

The piece is a facetted metallic surface that has potential to deform physically in response to

electronic stimuli from the environment (movement, sound, light,etc). Driven by a bed of 896

pneumatic pistons, the dynamic „terrains‟ are generated as real-time calculations.

The piece marks the transition from autoplastic (determinate) to alloplastic (interactive,

indeterminate) space, a new species of reciprocal architecture.

The idea behind is, that due to the different positions of the small metal tiles, the reflection of the

surrounding light is changing. In this way a tremendous poetic way of displaying patterns and

shapes is possible.The Prototype consists out of about 1000 of these metal tiles.

They are moved by “telescopic fingers” which reach a speed up to 60 km/h and have a stroke of

50 cm.

( Fig. 2.79 ) Aegis Hyposurface. [34]



2.7.3.D. Nanostudio [19]

Nanostudio explores architecture and nanotechnology

Design by George Elvin .

What would buildings look like if they were made from

materials 100 times stronger than steel, if sensors

embedded in materials and inhabitants created smart

environments, and walls and ceilings changed color

based on user preferences? These are some of the

questions answered by the nanostudio, a joint

exploration by Ball State University (BSU) and Illinois

Institute of Technology (IIT).

The students palette of materials included nanomaterials

already developed in laboratories that are now working

their way to market.

These include transparent carbon nanotubes 100 times stronger than steel, nanosensors small

enough to embed not only in building components but their users as well, and quantum dot

lighting able to change the color and opacity of walls and ceilings. But this was no mere "house-

of-the-future" fantasy. Students also addressed the social and environmental concerns raised by

nanotechnology, from toxicity (nanoparticles are so tiny they can pass through cell membranes)

to privacy (who controls the data gathered by embedded nanosensors?)

2.7.3.E. The Nano Towers [36]

The Nano Towers :

Architecture Allard Architecture

Function Mixed use

Situation Proposal

Location The new headquarters of the DuBiotech Research Park in Dubai

Height of tower 262m

Area 160 000m2

„The Nano Towers were proposed as the new headquarters of the DuBiotech Research Park in

Dubai. This mixed use development offers 160 000m2 officespace, laboratories, hotel,

residential and associated support facilities in a 262m high tower. The canopy at ground level

provides sunshading while creating a dramatic entrance to the towers: a conceptual ground plane

from which the towers grow.

( Fig. 2.80 ) Nanostudio model. [19]



Architecturally interesting is the repetitive grid of

the exoskeletal structure, which has non-curved

beams of equal length.

The entire facade of the tower is faceted, inspired

by a nano scale carbon tube, the structure creates

junctions where the geometry shifts from vertical

to horizontal. This creates multiple opportunities

for dividing the interior space along mullion lines.

Perhaps this is the promise and the peril of nanotechnology that its consequences are so extreme

and yet so near, as billions of dollars pour into new research and development every year and

new advances pour out. The real danger in nanotechnology is not rampant self-replicating viruses

or nanobots overunning the planet; the real danger is that, as most of us experienced wit cloning,

we will awake one day to find that a technological revolution has already occurred, without our

knowledge or our consent, and without us even taking time to determine what we think about it,

how we feel about it, or to share those thoughts and feelings in the discourse critical to a

reasoned advance in technology.

The biggest ideas in architecture today are coming out of the science of the small.

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, promises to transform

architecture in ways we can hardly imagine today.

The nanotech revolution can bring dramatic improvements in building performance, energy

efficiency and sustainability to building projects .

(Fig.2.81.A) The Nano Towers. [36]

(Fig.2.81.C) The canopy at ground level

[36]

(Fig.2.81.B) View between the towers. [36]

2.8. NANO ARCHITECTURE RISK [33]


CHAPTER THREE


G R E E N

N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E

CHAPTER THREE GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER KEY : GNA , GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY , GREEN BUILDING , SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 77

3.1. INTRODUCTION [20]

Nanotechnology has the potential to be doubly “green.” It promises to give companies the ability

to design new products that are made from more environmentally-friendly materials, and that use

less energy and generate less waste throughout the product lifecycle. Green nanotechnology

could also earn businesses hefty profits.

Already, lighter, stronger materials enabled by nanotechnology are making a difference in fuel

and material use. Electronic data storage has been increased thousands of times because of

nanomaterials, and lighting is more efficient because of nanoscaled materials.

As part of its GreenNano initiative to advance the application of green chemistry and green

engineering principles to nanotechnology, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies will host a

program focused on corporate perspectives of green nanotechnology.

Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental,

sustainability of processes currently producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of

the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It is about doing things right in the first

place--about making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.

A “cradle-to-grave” analysis of building products, from the gathering of raw materials to their

ultimate disposal, provides a better understanding of the long-term costs of materials.

These costs are paid not only by the client, but also by the owner, the occupants, and the

environment.

The principles of Life Cycle Design provide important guidelines for the selection of building

materials. Each step of the manufacturing process, from gathering raw materials, manufacturing,

distribution, and installation, to ultimate reuse or disposal, is examined for its environmental

impact.

A material‟s life cycle can be organized into three phases: Pre-Building, Building, and Post-

Building. These stages parallel the life cycle phases of the building itself .

3. GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

3.2. LIFE CYCLE DESIGN [5]



The evaluation of building materials‟ environmental impact at each stage allows for a cost-

benefit analysis over the lifetime of a building, rather than simply an accounting of initial

construction costs.

3.3.1. Criteria [5]

An informal survey of building materials

manufacturers conducted by the University of

Michigan revealed environmentally sustainable

replacements for use in every building system.

Products selected from this survey illustrate the

wide variety of available materials that are

designed and manufactured with environmental

considerations. The selection criteria include

sustainability in regard to a wide range of

environmental issues: raw material extraction and

harvesting, manufacturing processes, construction

techniques, and disposal of demolition waste.

Figure 3.2. is a chart of the criteria, grouped by the affected building life-cycle phase. This chart

helps compare the sustainable qualities of different materials used for the same purpose. The

presence of one or more of these "green features" in a building material can assist in determining

its relative sustainability.

( Fig.3.1 ) Three phases of the building material life cycle. [5]

3.3. THE GREEN FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING [5]

MATERIALS

( Fig.3.2 ) Key to the green features of

sustainable building materials. [5]



3.3.2. Pre-Building Phase: Manufacture [5]

Waste Reduction

The waste reduction feature indicates that the manufacturer has taken steps to

make the production process more efficient, by reducing the amount of scrap

material that results. This scrap may come from the various molding,

trimming, and finishing processes, or from defective and damaged products.

For products with this feature, scrap materials can be reincorporated into the

product or removed for recycling elsewhere.

Some industries can power their operations by using waste products

generated on-site or by other industries. These options reduce the waste that

goes into landfills.

Pollution

Prevention

The pollution prevention feature indicates that the manufacturer has reduced

the air, water, and soil pollution associated with the manufacturing process,

implying measures that exceed the legislative minimums required of

manufacturers. These reductions may be achieved through on-site waste

processing, reduced emissions, or the recycling of water used in the

manufacturing process. Environmentally sound packaging is another

pollution prevention feature, as the way in which a product is packaged and

shipped affects the total amount of waste generated by the product.

Recycled

Content

A product featuring recycled content has been produced partially or entirely

of post-industrial or post-consumer waste. The incorporation of waste

materials from industrial processes or households into usable building

products reduces the waste stream and the demand on virgin natural

resources.

Embodied

Energy

Reduction

The embodied energy of a material refers to the total energy required to

produce that material, including the collection of raw materials. Any revision

of a manufacturing process that saves energy reduces the embodied energy of

the material. A conventional material with a high embodied-energy content

can often be replaced with a low-embodied-energy material, while still using

conventional design and construction techniques.

Use of Natural

Materials

Natural materials are generally lower in embodied energy and toxicity than

man-made materials. They require less processing and are less damaging to

the environment. Many, like wood, are theoretically renewable. When low-

embodied-energy natural materials are incorporated into building products,

the products become more sustainable.



3.3.3. Building Phase: Use [5]

Reduction in

Construction

Waste

Many building materials come in standard sizes, based on the 4' x 8' module

defined by a sheet of plywood. Designing a building with these standard

sizes in mind can greatly reduce the waste material created during the

installation process.

Efficient use of materials is a fundamental principle of sustainability.

Materials that are easily installed with common tools also reduce overall

waste from trimming and fitting.

Energy

Efficiency

Energy efficiency is an important feature in making a building material

environmentally sustainable. Depending on type, the energy efficiency of

building materials can be measured with factors such as R-value, shading

coefficient, luminous efficiency, or fuel efficiency.

The ultimate goal in using energy efficient materials is to reduce the amount

of artificially generated power that must be brought to a building site.

Water Treatment

/ Conservation

Products with the water treatment/conservation feature either increase the

quality of water or reduce the amount of water used on a site. Generally, this

involves reducing the amount of water that must be treated by municipal

septic systems, with the accompanying chemical and energy costs.

This can be accomplished in two ways: by physically restricting the amount

of water that can pass through a fixture (showerhead, faucet, toilet), or by

recycling water that has already entered the site.

Graywater from cooking or hand-washing may be channeled to flush toilets.

Captured rainwater can be used for irrigation.

Use of Non-

Toxic or Less-

Toxic Materials

Non- or less-toxic materials are less hazardous to construction workers and

building occupants. Many materials adversely affect indoor air quality and

expose occupants to health hazards.

Some materials, like adhesives, emit dangerous fumes for only a short time

during and after installation; others can reduce air quality throughout a

building‟s life.

Renewable

Energy Systems

Renewable energy systems replace traditional building systems that are

dependent on the off-site production of electricity and fuel. Solar, wind, and

geothermal energy utilize the natural resources already present on a site.

Components that encourage daylighting, passive solar heating, and on-site

power generation are included in this category.

Longer Life Materials with a longer life relative to other materials designed for the same

purpose need to be replaced less often. This reduces the natural resources

required for manufacturing and the amount of money spent on installation

and the associated labor.

Durable materials that require less maintenance produce less landfill waste

over the building‟s lifetime.



3.3.4. Post-Building Phase: Disposal [5]

Reusability

Reusability is a function of the age and durability of a material.

Very durable materials may outlast the building itself, and can be reused at a

new site.

These materials may have many useful years of service left when the

building in which they are installed is decommissioned, and may be easily

extracted and reinstalled at a new site.

Recyclability

Recyclability measures a material‟s capacity to be used as a resource in the

creation of new products. Steel is the most commonly recycled building

material, in large part because it can be easily separated from construction

debris with magnets.

Glass can theoretically be recycled, but is difficult to handle and separate at a

demolition site.

Biodegradability

The biodegradability of a material refers to its potential to naturally

decompose when discarded. Organic materials can return to the earth rapidly,

while others, like steel, take a long time.

An important consideration is whether the material in question will produce

hazardous materials as it decomposes, either alone or in combination with

other substances.

One of the key selling points of green nanotechnology is its promise of more sustainable

production of goods, by using less energy and resources (e.g. raw materials, water) and using

less toxic materials.

However, it can be hard to make such a comparison. Very few life cycle assessments comparing

the sustainability of conventional and nanotechnology-based materials are as yet available, but

emerging data points to any environmental gains achieved by nanotechnology potentially being

outweighed by the negative environmental impacts of their production.

3.4. Using nanotechnology for sustainable production and consumption [42]



GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY + ARCHITECTURE = GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

Green nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, "to minimize potential

environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of

nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nano-

products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle."

Green Nanotechnology has two goals: producing nanomaterials and products without harming

the environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to

environmental problems. It uses existing principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering

to make nanomaterials and nano-products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using

less energy and renewable inputs wherever possible, and using lifecycle thinking in all design

and engineering stages. In addition to making nanomaterials and products with less impact to the

environment, Green Nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current

manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmentally friendly.

For example, nanoscale membranes can help separate desired chemical reaction products from

waste materials.

Nanoscale catalysts can make chemical reactions more efficient and less wasteful. Sensors at the

nanoscale can form a part of process control systems, working with nano-enabled information

systems. Using alternative energy systems, made possible by nanotechnology, is another way to

"green" manufacturing processes.

The second goal of Green Nanotechnology involves developing products that benefit the

environment either directly or indirectly.Nanomaterials or products directly can clean hazardous

waste sites, desalinate water, treat pollutants, or sense and monitor environmental pollutants.

Indirectly, lightweight nanocomposites for automobiles and other means of transportation could

save fuel and reduce materials used for production; nanotechnology-enabled fuel cells and light-

emitting diodes (LEDs) could reduce pollution from energy generation and help conserve fossil

fuels; self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings could reduce or eliminate many cleaning

chemicals; and enhanced battery life could lead to less material use and less waste.

Green Nanotechnology takes a broad systems view of nanomaterials and products, ensuring that

unforeseen consequences are minimized and that impacts are anticipated throughout the full life

cycle.

3.5. DEFINITION OF GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE (GNA) [21]

3.6. GREEN NANO TECHNOLOGY GOALS [21]



1.Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate

environmental impact assessment tools.

2.Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being.

3.Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities.

4.Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as

possible.

5.Minimize depletion of natural resources.

6.Strive to prevent waste.

7.Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography,

aspirations, and cultures.

8.Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate,

and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.

9.Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.

As nanotechnology applications and nanomaterials

slowly move into mainstream manufacturing, there

will have to be an increasing focus on the

environmental footprint that the production of

various nanomaterials creates. A growing research

body promises to lead to green(er)

nanomanufacturing technologies .

This emerging field of green nanoscience faces

considerable research challenges to achieve the

maximum performance and benefit from

nanotechnology while minimizing the impact on

human health and the environment.

As it stands now, it remains to be seen what the

environmental footprint of nanotechnologies will

be. So far, the message is mixed.

"Life cycle studies of emerging nanotechnologies are susceptible to huge uncertainties due to

issues of data quality and the rapidly evolving nature of the production processes , With missing

data about the large scale impact of nanotechnology, life cycle assessments of potential

nanoproducts should form an integral part of nanotechnology research at early stages of decision

making as it can help in the screening of different process alternatives."

3.7. PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING [43]

3.8. EVALUATION OF 'GREEN' NANOTECHNOLOGY REQUIRES A

FULL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT [22]

( Fig. 3.3 ) Typical life cycle of polymer

nanocomposite. Dotted lines indicate the

system boundary for the cradle to gate

comparison of PNCs with steel. Dashed

lines represent the boundary for the

automotive body panel case study. [22]



Nanotechnology is all about getting more function on less space. Efficiency and getting more

with less is essential for sustainability. How can nanotechnology contribute to making energy

conversion and energy storage more efficient or improving product durability?

More for less: Nanotechnology is about getting more function on less space. Efficiency and

getting more with less is essential for sustainability. Nanotechnology is also about integrating

disciplines and building a cross disciplinary research community. New solutions to replace non-

renewable energy based technologies and minimize their impact on the environment will need

this cross disciplinary approach. Nanotechnology can contribute to making energy conversion

and energy storage more efficient or improving product durability. Catalyst design can improve

H2 production, nanoparticles as fuel additive can reduce waste gas emission, nanostructured

materials can be used for direct energy conversion or to improve photovoltaic cells, electrodes

and membranes for fuel cells or improve lighting.

Carbon nanotubes provide atomically smooth channels with unprecedented properties for water

purification.They can at the same time be used for light weight, high strength composites for

future cars and planes that may consume less energy and be more efficient.

Nanoparticles based on biomimetic systems can be used to clean up waste. Increasing population

and pollution levels has already started to affect the food industry. Nanotechnology will impact

how food is grown, processed and packed or can be used to reduce pesticides. These are all

potential contributions of nanotechnology to sustainability. A lot of it is not yet real but there is a

significant potential.

3.9.1. Nanotechnology and clean technology [23]

This year‟s 10th NSTI nanotechnology conference in Santa Clara teamed up with the first

conference on clean technology . „CleanTech‟ has become a buzz word that is increasingly

gaining attention since sustainability is an issue in the context of global warming, climate change

and increasing cost of primary natural resources. [14]

The issue of sustainability has clearly caught

the interest of the economic world. A strong support from the venture capital community in

California can be traced to the fact that the long term perspective for any clean technology is

very stable .

Any new technology is however expensive at the beginning. But increasing energy cost and the

cost of other natural resources make alternative energy sources and intelligent solutions more

cost competitive while mass production of the new technology helps to drive costs down.

3.9. NANOTECHNOLOGY , GREEN BUILDING AND SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN [23]



3.9.2. Energy and big things start small [23]

One of the main issues about sustainability is the way we use energy. We use mostly non-

renewable energy. The main demand of sustainable technology is that it makes a radical shift

towards the use of renewable energy.

There is plenty of sun energy shining on us and we have yet to learn how to make use of it. How

can energy conversion and energy storage be improved? How can energy consumption be

reduced through intelligent design or by intelligent system integration? We could imagine a

system where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, stored as chemical energy

and is recovered on demand.

The roofs of our buildings could be covered with solar panels or collectors to convert sun light

into thermal or electrical energy. Sun collectors combined with a Sterling engine show promising

results . Electricity might soon flow in the installations of our house in both directions. [14]

Surplus energy from our roofs will provide electricity to the grid reducing overall consumption

of non-renewable energy sources.

3.9.3. Facing facts [23]

Nanotechnology has the potential to make a big impact on sustainability. But this will need a

multiple of cross disciplinary approaches to solve main issues that resulted from 150 years of

massive industrialization.

It is not enough that a scientist makes a discovery when industry is based on non-renewable

natural resources; it is not enough to design new products without knowing what is going to

happen to it at the end of its lifetime.

Today, Sustainability is the biggest challenge that humans face.

3.10.1. NANO CITY [37]

To develop a sustainable city with world class infrastructure and to create an ecosystem for

innovation leading to economy, ecology and social cohesion.

3.10. GREEN NANO ARCHITECTURE APPLICATION



3.10.1.A. Overview [37]

Nanocity spans 11138 acres of flatland located just

beyond the foothills of the Himalayas. It is less

than 25 kms east of Chandigarh and just over 200

kms north of Delhi. Two seasonal rivers form the

eastern and western borders of the city and two

streams trickle within its boundaries.

It is well connected by National highway- 73 (

NH-73 ) and State highway-1 ( SW-1). It is a

public/private partnership between Sabeer Bhatia

Group and the Haryana State Government.

3.10.1.B. Design Principles [37]

NANOCITY has been designed on the principles

of :

3.10.1.B.i. Greencity [37]

Uses context as opportunity, promotes a lush and

shaded climate-sensitive environment, encourages

the expansion of local natural systems, and

advances ecologically intelligent and sustainable

design. Half of the land will thrive as a green open

space.

Grassy frontages, green belts, courtyards, walking

trails and public parks will contribute to the all –

natural vibrancy of the city.

Tree lined boulevards will offer shaded, climate

sensitive environments. The urban infrastructure

will be ecologically intelligent and sustainable by

outfitting the buildings with energy efficient

systems and renewable energy sources.

( Fig. 3.4 ) Nano City location. [37]

( Fig. 3.5 ) Nano City Views. [37]



3. 10.1.B.ii. Flexcity [37]

Creates an adaptable and evolving framework that is flexible over time, responds to changing

needs, and adjusts to future uses and patterns of growth.

A city will not reach its full potential overnight and for this reason, Nanocity has been planned to

emerge in incremental phases. This will ensure the completion of high-quality, dependable

infrastructure. This gradual method of build-out will also allow the city to be flexible and

responsive to new conditions and changing needs over time.

3. 10.1.B.iii. Complexcity [37]

Proposes a city of mixed use districts, encourages a dynamic sequence of neighborhoods and

open spaces, defined unique nodes of density and character, and linked by efficient systems of

transportation. Nanocity will provide diverse, hybrid spaces that cultivate creativity through their

unique nodes of character.

This will be evident in the different types of residential options and housing accommodations

available. The function of each district will determine its spirit.

3. 10.1.C. MASTER PLAN [37]

3. 10.1.C.i. A CITY OF PARKS AND PUBLIC OPEN SPACE [37]

Parks and open spaces help facilitate healthy living

and create positive social environment that give

citizens a sense of belonging. They are community

development tools which bring about recreational

activities and a learning experience. They are the

lungs of a city that help keep the air clean. In

NANOCITY, 50% of the land is earmarked for

development of parks and upkeep of open space.

A park will be less than a five minute walk away

from any starting point in the city. These parks

will host bike and jogging paths, playing fields,

and other out door leisure opportunities. Nanocity

will foster an urban atmosphere on an eco-island

of living landscape.

( Fig. 3.6 ) Nano City a city of parks and

public open space. [37]



3. 10.1.C.ii. A CITY OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY [37]

The urban structures in NANOCITY has been

developed as mixed-use buildings, with the street

level devoted to business and trade and the upper

floors allocated for residential use.The mixed-use

derives from the notion of creating a market of

mutually complimentary and supportive services

and activities. The city has been divided into four

districts viz: IT, University, Airport and Biotech

districts for administrative control. The IT district

houses: Information technologies, promenade, golf

course, market square, amphitheatre, central and

link park.

University district houses: University Campus,

Cricket stadium and Culture and Arts. Airport

district houses: Convention centres, hotels, ware

house and industry. Biotech district houses:

Medical centre, Eco centre, Horse race track,

Resort, Eco Park and Bio Technologies.

Innovation is the motivation for Nanocity‟s four

districts. It will generate a vast quantity and

variety of employment opportunities in the state of

Haryana.

For every high- tech employment position

introduced, three low wage or informal sector jobs

will be created. These concentrated areas will be

urban agglomerations of residential, commercial,

business, institutional and industrial infrastructure.

The districts will house a number of unique

neighbourhoods and will be connected through a

comprehensive system of roads and public transit

options.

3. 10.1.C.iii. HIGH DENSITY NODES [37]

The high density nodes have been located in areas which will minimize the impact of dense

development on surrounding neighbourhoods.

( Fig. 3.7 ) Nano City a city of economic

opportunity. [37]

( Fig. 3.8 ) Nano City high density

nodes. [37]



The city has been divided for even and sustainable development into four high density nodes viz

: technology and ecology region, research and development, knowledge and innovation and

international communication and exchange regions.

3. 10.1.C.iv. A CITY OF COMPREHENSIVE

STATE OF THE ART TRANSIT [37]

The pedestrian has priority in Nanocity. Tree-lined

streets, green store fronts and narrow, shaded

sidewalks will ensure a pleasant walking

environment.

To dissuade "car culture", a state of the art public

transit system has been envisaged. on the move.

Nanocity‟s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system will

consist of a main loop connecting the entire city.

There are secondary loops, neighbourhood loops

with transfer stops and regional transit centres to

increase the efficiency of mass transport.

Each residence will be within a five minute

walking distance from every starting point in the

city.

If one has to journey by car, two wheelers & other

automobiles, there are lanes that are specifically

meant for them thereby making the journey safe

and comfortable.

3. 10.1.C.v. A CITY OF SUSTAINABILITY

AND SUSTENANCE [37]

Global warming and climate change make the

contemporary urban agenda a global one.

Nanocity will preserve the naturally existing resources of the land. During monsoon, water will

be harvested for retention and use throughout the year.

( Fig. 3.9 ) Nano City a city of

comprehensive state of the art transit. [37]



The water reclaimed from the rivers and other

natural sources will undergo intensive

bioremediation to make it safe for consumption.

The city will be outfitted with a dual distribution

piped water system to separate drinking water

from reclaimed greywater used for non-potable

purposes.

Living machine technology will provide Nanocity

with the capacity to convert wastewater into odor-

free drinking water.

Half of the energy used in the city will come from

renewable sources viz: wind, solar and

photovoltaic technologies.

Buildings will use climate responsive design

techniques such as sun shading, cross ventilation

and direct evaporative cooling.

At least 70% of the city‟s waste will be recycled or

composted.

3. 10.1.C.vi. A CITY OF INCLUSION [37]

It takes a village to build a city. Local villagers will be

encouraged to gain employment through local

construction projects and live in the builder‟s town.

These towns will provide technical training, low cost

housing, electricity, safe drinking water and education

to children.

They will also offer temporary commercial outlets for

the sale of building materials and storage space as well

as everyday items and refreshments.

As the city grows outward and the need for

construction diminishes, the builder‟s towns will be

integrated into the greater urban fabric of Nanocity.


sustainability. [37]


sustenance. [37]



3. 10.1.D. INFRASTRUCTURE

3. 10.1.D.i. POWER [37]

Power is one of the main drivers of an economy.

Efforts are underway at NANOCITY to find a

solution to provide uninterrupted power supply.

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,

geothermal, biomass are the alternatives being

explored.

We believe that majority of power will come from

hydro sources from the neighbouring, energy

surplus, state of Himachal Pradesh.

3. 10.1.D.ii. WATER [37]

At NANOCITY, we hope to use minimal water

resources with concepts such as rain harvesting,

waste water management, green building concepts,

use of solar geysers, and energy efficient lamps.

Talks are on with leading authorities in thefield of

water resource management to find a suitable

solution to have continuous water supply.

Conceptual plans, like creation of artificial

dams,to store water and installation of state of the

art water purification systems to provide safe and

hygienic water for drinking are being researched.

3. 10.1.D.iii. CONNECTIVITY [37]

In today‟s world, information is the currency of

economic growth. We hope to provide world class

connectivity, through myriad sources, to every

individual in NANOCITY through fibre optic

links, Wi Max and 3G connectivity.

( Fig. 3.12 ) Power at Nano City. [37]

( Fig. 3.13 ) Water resources at

Nano City. [37]

( Fig. 3.14 ) Nano City Wi Max and 3G

connectivity. [37]



3.10.2. UTOPIA ONE: DUBAI TALL EMBLEM STRUCTURE [38]

Utopia one: dubai tall emblem structure :

Architecture Cesar bobonis-zequeira, Ivan

perez-rossello and Teresita del

valle

Location Zaabeel Park.Dubai

SITUATION Proposal

The tower and its elements are composed of

materials that resemble a smooth sculptural piece

that are integrated into the park. The base behaves

as a single unit housing the programmed spaces,

entry areas and existing walkways. form creates a

courtyard intended for gatherings and general

leisure. Conceptually, the structure reacts to the

gravitational forces that act upon it self and gives

the allusion of hovering above the ground. The

tower grows from the base element becoming an

extension of the sculpture giving way to the

observation deck.

The elevator is constructed of glass all around and

encased inside a shaft with a glass exterior to

permit views to the outside as one rises. The

observation deck (oculus platform) is formed by a

ring that supports a glass floor intended to give the

sensation of flight.

Nano-cell technology will be integrated to the

exterior skin of the building, providing a portion

of the energy to run the elevator systems, hvac

systems and electrical systems.

Nano-cell technology is a thin photovoltaic film

bonded to metal surfaces. Heat sensitive glass

reacts to the sun‟s position and controls the heat

gain in the glassed surfaces.

Water management features will reuse grey water

for irrigation and provide water for the hvac

systems.

( Fig.3.15 ) 'utopia one' tower. [38]

( Fig.3.16 ) 'utopia one' power, through

nanotechnology. [38]



3.10.3. NANO VENT SKIN [39]

This project was born as an alternative to all the

gigantic projects being built around the world,

where it seems that in order to be green you have

to think big and build something impressively

huge.

Nano Vent-skin (NVS) tries to make people think

on a smaller scale and apply it to existing

buildings, houses and structures (tunnels, road

barriers, etc) to generate energy.

3.10.3.A.SCALE MODEL [39]

With this approach NVS makes existing objects

greener by covering them with a skin made out of

micro wind turbines.

It consists of a set of micro turbines

(25mmx10.8mm), which generate energy from

wind and sunlight.

( Fig. 3.17 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on

highway tunnels to power the lights. [39]

( Fig. 3.20 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on

existing buildings to supply electricity. [39]

( Fig. 3.19 ) NVS wrapped around train

tunnels uses the wind generated from the

speed of trains to power the lights of the

next station. [39]

( Fig. 3.18 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on road

barriers to power the lights, where there is

no access to electricity. [39]



3.10.3.B. WHY NANO ? [39]

Nowadays controversy runs around the topic of scientists praying God in trying to reshape

organisms and living things. It‟s true that we run the risk of not knowing what the consequences

will be. But we have to think as well of all the benefits we are missing out on.

Nature is a 4.5 billion year old research center of trial and error. The more we learn and take

advantage of this huge database, the less we run into dead end solutions.We can‟t improve

nature. It does this by itself and in a way we will never achieve. It even reinvents itself in order

to survive in areas where humankind is trying to destroy it.

NVS is not trying to reinvent or reshape nature. It‟s just acting as a merger of different means

and approaches into energy absorption and transformation, which will never happen in nature.

For example: a palm tree can never learn from an arctic raspberry bush or a bonsai tree if they

never coexist within the same surroundings.

NVS takes advantage of globalized knowledge of different species and resources and turns them

into a joint organism where three different ways of absorbing and transforming energy work in

symbiosis.

Using nano-manufacturing with bioengineered organisms as a production method, NVS merges

different kinds of micro organisms that work together to absorb and transform natural energy

from the environment. What comes out of this merging of living organisms is a skin that

transforms two of the most abundant sources of green energy on earth: Sunlight and Wind.

There is another advantage of using living organisms: the absorption of CO2 from the air.

( Fig. 3.21 ) Each wind turbine is 25mm

long by 10.8mm wide. [39]

( Fig. 3.22 ) Images of the model against

the sky, testing the final proportions. [39]



3.10.3.C. NANO ENGINEERED DETAILS [39]

How does NVS work?

The outer skin of the structure absorbs sunlight through

an organic photovoltaic skin and transfers it to the nano-

fibers inside the nano-wires which then is sent to storage

units at the end of each panel.Each turbine on the panel

generates energy by chemical reactions on each end

where it makes contact with the structure. Polarized

organisms are responsible for this process on every

turbine‟s turn.

The inner skin of each turbine works as a filter

absorbing CO2 from the environment as wind passes

through it.The fact of using nano-bioengineering and

nano-manufacturing as means of production is to

achieve an efficient zero emission material which uses

the right kind and amount of material where needed.

These micro organisms have not been genetically

altered; they work as a trained colony where each

member has a specific task in this symbiotic process.

This resembles an ant or a bee colony, where the queen

knows what has to be done and distributes the tasks

between the members.Imagine NVS as the human skin.

When we suffer a cut, our brain sends signals and

resources to this specific region to get it restored as soon

as possible.

NVS works in the same way. Every panel has a sensor

on each corner with a material reservoir. When one of

the turbines has a failure or breaks, a signal is sent

through the nano-wires to the central system and

building material (microorganisms) is sent through the

central tube in order to regenerate this area with a self-

assembly process.

As researchers have stated, nano-manufacturing will be

a common way to produce everyday products.

( Fig. 3.23 ) NVS interacting with

Sunlight, Wind and CO2. [39]

( Fig. 3.24 ) Nano-structure

components. [39]

( Fig. 3.25 ) Zoom in showing the

scale of nano engineered

structures. [39]



3.10.3.D. WIND CONTACT STUDY [39]

In order to achieve the best outcome of energy, the blades of each turbine are symmetrically

designed. With this feature, even if the wind's direction changes, each turbine adapts itself by

rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the situation.

3.10.3.E. NVS_BUILDING ON SITE [39]

This Building was developed to show how Nano Vent-Skin can be used on new designs and

concepts.

( Fig. 3.27 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind

contact study. [39]

( Fig. 3.26 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind

contact analysis. [39]

( Fig. 3.28 ) NVS View from the

beach. [39]

( Fig. 3.29 ) NVS Detail side view. [39]

( Fig. 3.30 ) NVS Bay view. [39]

( Fig. 3.31 ) NVS View from the

interior. [39]



3.10.3.F. STORAGE AND SUPPLY UNITS [39]

Each panel has four round supply units (one on each

corner).

These units are incharge of:

-Monitoring that all the turbines are working.

-Delivering material to regenerate broken or malfunct-

ioning turbines.

-Receiving and storing the energy produced by the

turbines.

This technology for Nano Green Building is used to a large extent to ensure avoidance of any

potential risks of this new technology to the field of architecture.

It also ensures that use in order to achieve sustainability and the change in the current

architectural design techniques rather than by design, but also for the energy and new materials,

which will change the concept of architecture in the world.

( Fig. 3.32 ) Storage and supply

units. [39]


General Conclusion

98

- Nanotechnology is a fusion technology and therefore incorporates, for instance, bio and

information technologies. The synergy effects, resulting from the interface of two or more

systems, will amplify the complexity and inevitably exceed the hypothetical consequences of one

single technology.

- The world is entering the sphere of nano, even where information and communication

technologies have not yet pervaded society at large. In the developing countries, where

preindustrializedand post-modern technologies coexist with the newly emerging technologies,

nano-engineered commodities and services can be designed for the needs of people belonging to

pre-industrialized, post-modern or knowledge societies since no preclusions apply.

- As far as the predictions of nano‘s future are concerned, global trends suggest that nano is

gathering momentum. Expansion in scientific research and development, public and corporate

investments, public-private partnerships, media coverage, patents, services and devices clearly

indicate that nanotechnology is growing rapidly.

- Nano has the potential to become the flagship of the new millennium‘s building methods and

architectural style in the developed as well as in the developing worlds. Nanotech will certainly

not replace all other technologies used in architecture, but will coexist with and borrow from the

technological inventions of the past.

- It is thus unlikely that the nano era will replace the digital. Instead, the digital age will converge

with the nano, and their synergy effects will lead to fundamental and irreversible alterations in

the existing, cultures andinstitutions of society, societal organization, and various mechanisms

and patterns, including the demographic structure of society.

- Nanoarchitecture would be the upcoming new architectural trend of the contemporary time.

The impact of such new technology will exceed those of the precedent technologies because the

intensity of the impact of any phenomenon is positively correlated with its pervasiveness. The

circumstances indicate that the possible impacts of nanotech will exceed even those of the revolt

against classicism some three centuries ago.

The advancements of nanotechnology in Egypt necessitate the following recommendations :

1-The development of science curricula to keep pace with advanced technology.

2-The diffusion of the field of nanotechnology. We should make the society aware of it in order

to drive this technology to improve its benefits for the society.

3-The Study for the better by using nanotechnology to achieve sustainability in architecture.

4-The stress of the importance of nanotechnology to the field of Architecture and their

integration to show the nanoarchitecture and focus on the influence in architecture.

5-The increase of the manufacturing of nanomaterials, which will reflect new architectural

conceptions.

GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS [44]

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ملخص الرسالة باللغة العربية

الرسالة ملخص

هذه الرسالة تلقى الضوء على التطور المالحظ فى اآلونة اآلخيرة فى استكشاف الجديد فى مجال التكنولوجيا والذى ادى

ة ـــاسوب صغيرة الحجم وفائقة السرعــــة بداية من أجهزة الحــاليوميالى ظهور تكنولوجيا النانو حيث أصبحت ترتبط بحياتنا واألقمشة المقاومة للبقع وحتى عالج المرضى من خاليا سرطانية معينة وقد أصبح العديد من المنتجات المطروحة باالسواق

على األستغالل األمثل للتكنولوجيا والجدير بالذآر أن معظم هذه المنتجات تعتمد .تعتمد فى صناعتها على تكنولوجيا النانوومن المتوقع أن تشهد العقود المقبلة طفرة هائلة فى هذه .المتعارف عليها مثل األسطح المقاومة للخدش او التصاق األتربة بها

.التكنولوجيا ستدهش البشرية جمعاءمية متسلسلة بدءا من تعريف تكنولوجيا تم تقسيم هذه الرسالة الى ثالثة أجزاء يتم من خاللها عرض الموضوع بطريقة عل

.النانو وما قدمته تلك التكنولوجيا للبشرية وأثرها فى مجال العمارة وآذلك على فكر المهندس المعمارى فى وقتنا هذا :ونلخصها فيما يلى

تكنولوجيا النانو - ١

اآتشاف الكثير والجديد مما يساعد على حياة افضل آنتيجة متوقعة للبحث العلمى والتطور المستمر فى مجال التكنولوجيا يتم للبشرية ومن هذا المنطلق يبدأ حديثنا فى الباب األول عن تعريف لمعنى آلمة نانو ومن ثم نتجه الى المقاييس المتناهية فى

لى حيث اآتشاف هذه الجزيئات المتناهية فى الصغر أدى ا NANO SCALE )(الصغر التى تقاس بوحدة النانو متر وقد أخترقت هذه التكنولوجيا .وبالتالى الى ظهور تكنولوجيا النانو NANO SCIENCE)(البحث العلمى فى مجال النانو

.جميع المجاالت فى الحياة وذلك يرجع الى الخصائص و المميزات الناتجة عنها عمارة النانو -٢

.من عدة اوجه المجالعمارة النانو هى عباره عن أندماج تكنولوجيا النانو مع العماره و تأثيرها على هذا و يتجه حديثنا فى هذا الباب الى األثارالمترتبة على اآتشاف تكنولوجيا النانو وتاثيرها على مجال العمارة وايضا على فكر

على خصائص المواد وايضا على الطاقة والذى أدى بدوره الى أختالف المهندس المعمارى فتكنولوجيا النانو لها أثرهاملحوظ فى اساليب التفكير والتصميم المعمارى حيث يتم عرض هذه األختالفات وآذلك التساؤالت عن وجود آية مخاطر

التطوير فى تكنولوجيا النانو اوأثارجانبية لتكنولوجيا النانو تعود بالضرر على األنسان والبيئة مما يجعلنا نأخذ الحذر ويكون .على مجال العمارة تطويرا يساعد على وجود األستدامة

عمارة النانو الخضراء -٣

عمارة النانو الخضراء هى عباره عن اندماج تكنولوجيا النانو الخضراء مع العماره او يمكن ان ننظر لها من وجه اخر و هو حيث أدت المخاوف من تكنولوجيا النانو الى توخى الحذر من األضرار الجانبية الخضراءاندماج تكنولوجيا النانو مع العماره

على األنسان والبيئة ولذلك آان األتجاه واأللحاح على وجود االستدامة فى استخدام تكنولوجيا النانو فى مجال العمارة حتى . تجنب أثارها الجانبية على األنسان والبيئةتكون عمارة النانو الخضراء لضمان األستفادة من تكنولوجيا النانو و

وبالفعل بدأ البحث فى هذا االتجاه والوصول الى نتائج مبشره لمستقبل افضل لمجال العماره و ظهرت تلك النتائج فى التصميم عماريه المستخدمه جيث بدء ظهور مدن بأآملها تبني بهذه التكنولوجيا مثل مدينة النانو آما ظهر التأثير ايضا على المواد الم

فى عمليه البناء و الديكور واخيرا التأثير على الطاقه و جاء هذا التأثير من حيث جعل المواد المستخدمه مجدده للطاقه او بمعنى ادق مولده للطاقه و بذلك يكون الوصول للهدف من تكنولوجيا النانو قد تحقق و لكنه تحقق مع وجود االستدامه فى

. ةالعمار لمجالضمن مستقبل افضل المبانى و بذلك ن

من هذه الرساله هو توضيح اهمية تكنولوجيا النانو على البشريه و على جميع مجاالت الحياه و نتجه بالترآيز االساسىالهدف . على تأثيرها فى مجال العماره لتظهر عمارة النانو و بالتعمق فى هذا االندماج نتمكن من التوصل الى عمارة النانو الخضراء

الرسالة ملخص

نانو الخضراءال ةعمار من ةمقدم

ةحميدأحمد عمر فهد عبد العزيز. مةعمارريوس وبکال االسکندرية ةجامع

ةللحصول علی درج

ةالمعماري ةماجيستير فی الهندسال

ونموافق :ةالرسال على الحكم و ةالمناقش لجنة

) مشرفًا رئيسيًا( إبراهيم العال عبد محمد /دآتور أستاذ ---------------------------- ةمعماريلا ةهندسلا قسم ، المتفرغ عمارةلا أستاذ

ةاألسكندري ةجامع ، ةهندسلا ليةآ

)عضوًا( محمد طارق الصياد /دآتور أستاذ ----------------------------ة معماريلا ةهندسلا قسم ،المتفرغ عمارةلا أستاذ


)عضوًا( ودىمحمد هشام سع /دآتور أستاذ ---------------------------- ةعمارلا قسم ، عمارةلا أستاذ

ةاألسكندري ةجامع ، الجميلةفنون لا ليةآو وآيل

البسطويسى يوسف بتهالإ /دآتور أستاذ ---------------------------- ثوبحلا و يالعلا اتدراسلل ةيلكلا لوآي ةاألسكندري ةجامع ، ةهندسلا ليةآ

:االشراف لجنة

) مشرفًا رئيسيًا( إبراهيم العال عبد محمد /دآتور أستاذ ---------------------------- ةمعماريلا ةهندسلا قسم ، المتفرغ عمارةلا أستاذ


) مشرفًا( أسامة محمود عبد الرحمن /دآتور أستاذ ---------------------------- ة معماريلا ةهندسلا قسم ، عمارةلا أستاذ

ةاألسكندري ةجامع ،ة هندسلا ليةآ

االسکندرية ةجامع ةالهندس ةآلي

مقس ةاريمعمال ةالهندس

نانو الخضراءال ةعمار مةقدم ةرسال

ملقس ةاإلسكندري ةعمجا – ةالهندس ةآلي – ةاريمعمال ةالهندس ةدرج على الحصول تتطلبام نمض

يراجستم فى العلوم ةيارمعمالالهندسة

من ةمقدم

ةفهد عبد العزيز أحمد عمر حميد. معمارةريوس وبکال االسکندرية ةجامع

٢٠١٠يناير

university of alexandria - cpas · oleophobic surfaces are resistant against oils and fats. ( fig....

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